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Aims and Methods of the Faraizi Movement — History & Culture Paper 1 (2059/0448), by Hunain Zia

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Outline

  • Background of Muslim Decline in Bengal Before the Faraizi Movement
  • Meaning of the Faraizi Movement
  • Founder of the Faraizi Movement: Haji Shariatullah
  • Religious Conditions of Muslims in Bengal
  • Aims of the Faraizi Movement
  • Revival of Faraiz (Obligatory Duties of Islam)
  • Elimination of Un-Islamic Practices
  • Opposition to British and Hindu Influences
  • Social and Moral Reform Objectives
  • Methods of the Faraizi Movement
  • Use of Preaching and Religious Education
  • Role of Mosques and Religious Gatherings
  • Emphasis on Simple and Pure Islamic Practices
  • Leadership of Dudu Miyan and Expansion of the Movement
  • Methods Used to Enforce Islamic Discipline
  • Reaction of British Authorities and Hindu Landlords
  • Impact of the Faraizi Movement on Muslim Society
  • Strengths and Limitations of the Faraizi Movement
  • Evaluation of the Aims and Methods of the Faraizi Movement
  • Examiner-Focused Points for High-Scoring Paper 1 Answers

Background of Muslim Decline in Bengal Before the Faraizi Movement

  • During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Bengal was under:
    • British control
    • Strong Hindu landlord influence
  • Muslims in Bengal faced:
    • Political weakness
    • Economic exploitation
    • Religious decline
  • British rule:
    • Introduced new laws
    • Reduced Muslim influence in administration
  • Hindu landlords:
    • Imposed taxes
    • Pressured Muslims socially and economically
  • Islam:
    • Was mixed with local customs
    • Was practised without proper understanding
  • Many Muslims:
    • Ignored basic Islamic obligations
    • Followed rituals blindly

This environment created an urgent need for religious reform.

Meaning of the Faraizi Movement

  • The word “Faraizi” comes from:
    • “Faraiz”
  • Faraiz refers to:
    • Obligatory duties of Islam
  • The Faraizi Movement aimed to:
    • Revive compulsory Islamic practices
    • Reform Muslim religious life
  • It was:
    • A peaceful religious reform movement
    • Focused on purification of faith
  • The movement targeted:
    • Ordinary Muslims
    • Rural Muslim communities

The name itself reflects its core religious purpose.

Founder of the Faraizi Movement: Haji Shariatullah

  • Haji Shariatullah was born in:
    • 1781 in Bengal
  • He spent:
    • Many years in Makkah
  • There he:
    • Studied Islam deeply
    • Observed pure Islamic practices
  • On returning to Bengal, he:
    • Noticed widespread religious decline
  • He believed:
    • Muslims had abandoned Faraiz
  • His mission:
    • Revive true Islamic teachings
    • Reform Muslim society peacefully

His exposure to Islamic learning shaped the movement’s aims.

Religious Conditions of Muslims in Bengal

  • Muslims in Bengal:
    • Lacked religious education
  • Common problems included:
    • Neglect of prayer
    • Ignorance of fasting and zakat
  • Un-Islamic customs:
    • Had become normal
  • Islamic identity:
    • Was weakening
  • Religious leadership:
    • Was ineffective
  • Islam was practised:
    • As tradition
    • Not as a way of life

These conditions defined the need for the Faraizi Movement.

Aims of the Faraizi Movement

  • The Faraizi Movement had clear aims:
    • Revival of Islamic obligations
    • Purification of Muslim beliefs
  • It focused on:
    • Religious reform
    • Moral improvement
  • The movement was not:
    • Primarily political
  • Its aim was:
    • Strengthening Islam from within
  • Haji Shariatullah believed:
    • Religious revival leads to social strength

These aims guided every action of the movement.

Revival of Faraiz (Obligatory Duties of Islam)

  • The primary aim was:
    • Revival of Faraiz
  • These included:
    • Daily prayers
    • Fasting in Ramadan
    • Zakat
    • Other compulsory duties
  • Muslims were encouraged to:
    • Perform obligations regularly
  • Neglect of Faraiz was seen as:
    • The root cause of decline
  • This revival:
    • Strengthened faith
    • Restored discipline

Reviving Faraiz was the foundation of the movement.

Elimination of Un-Islamic Practices

  • The movement aimed to remove:
    • Bid‘ah (innovations)
    • Superstitions
  • Practices opposed included:
    • Shrine worship
    • Hindu-influenced rituals
  • These practices:
    • Weakened Islamic purity
  • Haji Shariatullah:
    • Preached against these customs
  • The aim:
    • Restore Islam to its original form

This purification strengthened Muslim identity.

Opposition to British and Hindu Influences

  • The movement opposed:
    • British cultural influence
    • Hindu religious dominance
  • British policies:
    • Undermined Islamic law
  • Hindu landlords:
    • Imposed religious pressure
  • The movement encouraged Muslims to:
    • Resist un-Islamic influence
  • However:
    • It avoided direct violent confrontation initially

This aim protected Islamic values under foreign rule.

Social and Moral Reform Objectives

  • The Faraizi Movement aimed to:
    • Improve moral standards
  • It encouraged:
    • Honesty
    • Discipline
    • Simplicity
  • Muslims were taught:
    • Islam governs daily behaviour
  • Social reform:
    • Strengthened community unity
  • Moral revival:
    • Reduced social evils

Religion was used as a tool for social improvement.

Methods of the Faraizi Movement

  • The movement used:
    • Peaceful methods
  • Key methods included:
    • Preaching
    • Education
  • It avoided:
    • Armed struggle
  • Focus remained on:
    • Religious awareness
    • Personal reform
  • These methods:
    • Made the movement widely acceptable

Its methods matched its reformist aims.

Use of Preaching and Religious Education

  • Preaching was the main method:
    • Sermons in mosques
    • Public gatherings
  • Preachers explained:
    • Importance of Faraiz
  • Education focused on:
    • Basic Islamic teachings
  • This method:
    • Reached illiterate Muslims
    • Created awareness quickly

Education replaced ignorance with understanding.

Role of Mosques and Religious Gatherings

  • Mosques became:
    • Centres of reform
  • Religious gatherings:
    • Spread the message
  • Muslims learned:
    • How to practise Islam correctly
  • Mosques unified:
    • Communities
  • This method:
    • Strengthened collective identity

Mosques were the backbone of the movement.

Emphasis on Simple and Pure Islamic Practices

  • The movement promoted:
    • Simplicity in worship
  • It discouraged:
    • Elaborate rituals
  • Focus remained on:
    • Core Islamic duties
  • This approach:
    • Made Islam accessible
    • Reduced confusion

Simple practices strengthened commitment.

Leadership of Dudu Miyan and Expansion of the Movement

  • After Haji Shariatullah’s death:
    • His son Dudu Miyan led the movement
  • Dudu Miyan:
    • Expanded its influence
  • He was more:
    • Organised
    • Assertive
  • Under his leadership:
    • The movement gained strength
  • He enforced:
    • Islamic discipline more strictly

Leadership continuity ensured survival.

Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change

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Methods Used to Enforce Islamic Discipline

  • Dudu Miyan introduced:
    • Strong discipline
  • Muslims were encouraged to:
    • Follow Islamic law strictly
  • Community pressure:
    • Was used to correct behaviour
  • This method:
    • Strengthened commitment
    • Created resistance among opponents

Discipline ensured seriousness of reform.

Reaction of British Authorities and Hindu Landlords

  • British authorities:
    • Viewed the movement with suspicion
  • Hindu landlords:
    • Opposed loss of influence
  • Dudu Miyan faced:
    • Arrests
    • Legal action
  • Despite pressure:
    • The movement survived
  • Opposition:
    • Limited expansion

Resistance tested the movement’s strength.

Impact of the Faraizi Movement on Muslim Society

  • Positive impacts included:
    • Revival of Islamic practices
    • Increased religious awareness
  • Muslims:
    • Became more disciplined
  • Islamic identity:
    • Strengthened
  • Rural Muslims:
    • Benefited most

Religious revival was the greatest achievement.

Strengths and Limitations of the Faraizi Movement

  • Strengths:
    • Clear religious focus
    • Peaceful methods
  • Limitations:
    • Limited geographical spread
    • Opposition from authorities
  • Political impact:
    • Was indirect

Its strength lay in religion, not politics.

Evaluation of the Aims and Methods of the Faraizi Movement

  • Aims:
    • Clearly defined
    • Religiously focused
  • Methods:
    • Peaceful and effective
  • Overall:
    • Successful in religious revival
    • Limited in political influence

Balanced evaluation is essential for high marks.

Examiner-Focused Points for High-Scoring Paper 1 Answers

  • Clearly:
    • Separate aims and methods
  • Support points with:
    • Explanation
  • Use evaluative language:
    • “To a great extent”
    • “However”
  • Focus on:
    • Religious success over political limits

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Hunain Zia

Hunain Zia has previously achieved considerable success in the high-school educational stream, gaining a massive 154 Total A Grades and 7 Major Distinctions, a process in which he broke/ set 11 different world records, including the most A grades ever achieved, most subjects ever appeared in, most distinctions, gaining distinctions across two separate boards (Pearson Edexcel and CAIE) within the same year/ ever, and even 19 hours of constant examination. All records stand intact today. Hunain pursued his Honors Accounting Degree from the prestigious Bentley University, and then completed an LLB (in Honors) from University of London. Currently, he manages multiple social and commercial projects, has founded digital streams and works tirelessly in the education sector.

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