The Jihad Movement and the Mujahideen: Causes and Impact — History & Culture Paper 1 (2059/0448), AYLOTI

Outline

• Historical Background of the Subcontinent Before the Jihad Movement
• Meaning of the Jihad Movement and Mujahideen in Context
• Religious, Political, and Social Conditions Leading to the Jihad Movement
• Decline of Muslim Power and Rise of Non-Muslim Dominance
• Role of Sikh Rule and Its Impact on Muslims
• Religious Causes of the Jihad Movement
• Political Causes of the Jihad Movement
• Social and Economic Causes of the Jihad Movement
• Leadership of the Mujahideen
• Organisation and Objectives of the Jihad Movement
• Early Successes of the Jihad Movement
• Problems and Weaknesses Faced by the Mujahideen
• Impact of the Jihad Movement on Muslim Religious Life
• Impact of the Jihad Movement on Muslim Political Awareness
• Short-Term Impact of the Jihad Movement
• Long-Term Impact on the Muslim Community of the Subcontinent
• Evaluation of the Causes and Impact of the Jihad Movement
• Examiner-Focused Points for High-Scoring Paper 1 Answers

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Historical Background of the Subcontinent Before the Jihad Movement

• By the early 19th century, the subcontinent was experiencing:
  • Severe political instability
  • Decline of Muslim authority
• The Mughal Empire:
  • Had lost effective control
  • Was reduced to a symbolic power
• Regional powers:
  • Emerged independently
• Muslims faced:
  • Loss of political dominance
  • Religious insecurity
• Non-Muslim powers:
  • Gained control over former Muslim territories
• This environment created:
  • Fear among Muslims
  • Desire for revival and resistance

The Jihad Movement emerged from this atmosphere of decline and oppression.

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Meaning of the Jihad Movement and Mujahideen in Context

• The Jihad Movement:
  • Was a religious reform and resistance movement
• Jihad:
  • Means struggle in the path of Islam
• Mujahideen:
  • Were those who participated in this struggle
• In this context:
  • Jihad was aimed at protecting Islam
  • Not personal gain or conquest
• The movement sought:
  • Revival of Islamic practices
  • Protection of Muslim identity

Understanding this definition is essential for examiner-focused answers.

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Religious, Political, and Social Conditions Leading to the Jihad Movement

• The Jihad Movement did not arise suddenly
• It was the result of:
  • Religious decline
  • Political oppression
  • Social injustice
• Muslims:
  • Could not practise Islam freely
• Religious institutions:
  • Were weakened
• Political leadership:
  • Failed to protect Muslim interests

These combined pressures pushed Muslims towards organised resistance.

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Decline of Muslim Power and Rise of Non-Muslim Dominance

• After the decline of the Mughals:
  • Muslims lost administrative control
• Non-Muslim rulers:
  • Took over key regions
• Muslim laws:
  • Were replaced or ignored
• Muslims:
  • Became politically marginalised
• This decline:
  • Created frustration
  • Reduced Muslim confidence

Political loss made religious revival urgent.

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Role of Sikh Rule and Its Impact on Muslims

• Sikh rule under Ranjit Singh:
  • Controlled Punjab and surrounding regions
• Policies under Sikh rule:
  • Restricted Islamic practices
  • Confiscated mosques
• Muslims faced:
  • Religious persecution
  • Economic exploitation
• Call to prayer:
  • Was banned in many areas
• This situation:
  • Deeply angered Muslims
  • Became a direct cause of the Jihad Movement

Sikh oppression was one of the most immediate triggers.

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Religious Causes of the Jihad Movement

• Religious decline was a major cause:
  • Islam was mixed with un-Islamic customs
• Muslims:
  • Followed rituals without understanding
• Religious ignorance:
  • Was widespread
• Scholars like:
  • Shah Abdul Aziz
• Declared:
  • India as Dar-ul-Harb
• This declaration:
  • Made jihad religiously permissible
• The aim:
  • Restore pure Islamic practices

Religious revival was the core motivation of the movement.

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Political Causes of the Jihad Movement

• Muslims had:
  • No political protection
• Non-Muslim rulers:
  • Ignored Muslim rights
• Mughal emperors:
  • Were powerless
• Muslims:
  • Could not influence governance
• Political helplessness:
  • Encouraged armed resistance
• The Jihad Movement aimed to:
  • Establish Islamic governance
  • Restore Muslim political authority

Political oppression turned religious reform into resistance.

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Social and Economic Causes of the Jihad Movement

• Muslims suffered:
  • Heavy taxation
  • Loss of land
• Economic decline:
  • Weakened Muslim society
• Social discrimination:
  • Reduced Muslim status
• Many Muslims:
  • Were treated unfairly
• The movement promised:
  • Justice
  • Equality under Islamic law

Economic suffering strengthened support for the Mujahideen.

---

Leadership of the Mujahideen

• The Jihad Movement was led by:
  • Syed Ahmad Barelvi
• He was supported by:
  • Shah Ismail Shaheed
• Leadership qualities:
  • Strong religious commitment
  • Charismatic influence
• They believed:
  • Political freedom required religious revival
• Their leadership:
  • United Muslims across regions

Strong leadership was a key strength of the movement.

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Organisation and Objectives of the Jihad Movement

• The movement was:
  • Organised
  • Disciplined
• Objectives included:
  • Revival of Islam
  • Establishment of Islamic rule
  • Removal of un-Islamic practices
• Mujahideen:
  • Lived disciplined lives
  • Followed Islamic principles
• The movement stressed:
  • Obedience
  • Unity
  • Sacrifice

Organisation gave the movement structure and direction.

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Early Successes of the Jihad Movement

• Initial successes included:
  • Establishment of control in some areas
• Muslims:
  • Regained confidence
• Religious practices:
  • Were restored where possible
• The movement:
  • Attracted large numbers of followers
• These successes:
  • Encouraged further resistance

Early victories boosted morale among Muslims.

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Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change

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Problems and Weaknesses Faced by the Mujahideen

• Despite early success, the Mujahideen faced:
  • Strong military resistance
• Key problems included:
  • Lack of modern weapons
  • Shortage of resources
• Internal challenges:
  • Tribal opposition
  • Lack of unity among some groups
• Local populations:
  • Did not always cooperate
• These weaknesses:
  • Reduced effectiveness of the movement

Internal and external problems slowed progress.

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Impact of the Jihad Movement on Muslim Religious Life

• Religious awareness:
  • Increased significantly
• Muslims:
  • Became more conscious of Islamic duties
• Un-Islamic practices:
  • Were challenged openly
• Islamic identity:
  • Was strengthened
• Religious revival:
  • Continued even after military failure

Religious impact outlasted political defeat.

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Impact of the Jihad Movement on Muslim Political Awareness

• Muslims:
  • Became aware of political injustice
• The movement:
  • Linked religion with politics
• It taught Muslims:
  • Political freedom required unity
• Future reformers:
  • Learned from its experiences
• Political consciousness:
  • Spread across the subcontinent

This awareness shaped later movements.

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Short-Term Impact of the Jihad Movement

• Short-term outcomes:
  • Raised Muslim confidence
  • Restored some Islamic practices
• However:
  • Military defeat weakened momentum
• Sikh and later British power:
  • Limited success
• Despite failure:
  • The idea of resistance remained alive

Short-term impact was limited but meaningful.

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Long-Term Impact on the Muslim Community of the Subcontinent

• Long-term influence was:
  • Significant
• Inspired:
  • Later Islamic movements
• Reinforced:
  • Idea of Muslim unity
• Contributed to:
  • Political awakening
• Prepared ground for:
  • Future Muslim struggles

Long-term impact was greater than immediate results.

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Evaluation of the Causes and Impact of the Jihad Movement

• Causes:
  • Religious decline
  • Political oppression
  • Social injustice
• Impact:
  • Strong religious revival
  • Increased political awareness
• Limitations:
  • Military failure
  • Lack of resources
• Overall judgment:
  • Religiously successful
  • Politically limited

Balanced evaluation secures top-band marks.

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Examiner-Focused Points for High-Scoring Paper 1 Answers

• Always:
  • Explain causes clearly
  • Separate religious and political causes
• Evaluate:
  • Both impact and limitations
• Use phrases:
  • “To a great extent”
  • “However”
• Link:
  • Jihad Movement to later Muslim revival

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Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change

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