Topical Notes

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Malignant Ulcers | Ulcers Of Oral Cavity | Oral Cavity / Buccal Cavity | Otorhinolaryngology (Ear Nose Throat / E.N.T) | 4th Year (Fourth Year) | MBBS | Detailed Free Notes

1. EXAM-READY DEFINITION (PRECISE + EXPANDED) Malignant ulcers of the oral cavity are chronic, non-healing, progressively destructive ulcers caused by oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), characterized by induration, irregular everted margins, infiltration of surrounding tissues, and potential regional and distant …

Pathogenesis | Ischemic Heart Disease | Blood Vessels and Heart | Special Pathology (Special Patho) | 4th Year (Fourth Year) | MBBS | Detailed Free Notes

1. Core Concept: What Is Ischemic Heart Disease? Ischemic heart disease represents a spectrum of myocardial disorders caused by an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Exam anchor line:Ischemic heart disease results from reduced coronary blood flow leading to …

Tuberculous Ulcers | Ulcers Of Oral Cavity | Oral Cavity / Buccal Cavity | Otorhinolaryngology (Ear Nose Throat / E.N.T) | 4th Year (Fourth Year) | MBBS | Detailed Free Notes

1. EXAM-READY DEFINITION (PRECISE + EXPANDED) Tuberculous ulcers of the oral cavity are chronic, painful or painless, irregular ulcers caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, occurring either as: Secondary lesions due to pulmonary tuberculosis (most common), or Primary oral tuberculosis …

Malignant Tumours | Tumours of Blood Vessels | Blood Vessels and Heart | Special Pathology (Special Patho) | 4th Year (Fourth Year) | MBBS | Detailed Free Notes

1. Core Concept: Malignant Vascular Tumours Malignant tumours of blood vessels are aggressive neoplasms derived from endothelial cells with a strong tendency for: Local tissue destruction Early hematogenous spread Poor prognosis Exam anchor line:Malignant vascular tumours are aggressive endothelial neoplasms …

Agranulocytic Ulcers | Ulcers Of Oral Cavity | Oral Cavity / Buccal Cavity | Otorhinolaryngology (Ear Nose Throat / E.N.T) | 4th Year (Fourth Year) | MBBS | Detailed Free Notes

1. EXAM-READY DEFINITION (PRECISE + EXPANDED) Agranulocytic ulcers are severe, rapidly progressive necrotic ulcers of the oral cavity occurring due to marked reduction or absence of granulocytes (especially neutrophils) in the peripheral blood, leading to loss of host defense, secondary …

Benign Tumours | Tumours of Blood Vessels | Blood Vessels and Heart | Special Pathology (Special Patho) | 4th Year (Fourth Year) | MBBS | Detailed Free Notes

PART 1 — Classification, General Pathogenesis & Hemangiomas 1. Core Concept: Vascular Tumours — Pathology Framework Tumours of blood vessels arise from: Endothelial cells Pericytes Vascular smooth muscle They are broadly classified into: Benign Intermediate (borderline / locally aggressive) Malignant …

Clinical Features | Varicose Veins | Blood Vessels and Heart | Special Pathology (Special Patho) | 4th Year (Fourth Year) | MBBS | Detailed Free Notes | | Blood Vessels and Heart | Special Pathology (Special Patho) | 4th Year (Fourth Year) | MBBS | Detailed Free Notes

PART 1 — Early Symptoms, Local Venous Changes & Functional Complaints 1. Core Concept: What “Clinical Features” Encompass Clinical features of varicose veins include: Subjective symptoms felt by the patient Objective signs visible or palpable on examination Functional consequences of …

Aphthous Ulcers | Ulcers Of Oral Cavity | Oral Cavity / Buccal Cavity | Otorhinolaryngology (Ear Nose Throat / E.N.T) | 4th Year (Fourth Year) | MBBS | Detailed Free Notes

1. EXAM-READY DEFINITION (EXPANDED) Aphthous ulcers, also known as Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS), are recurrent, painful, non-infective ulcers of the oral mucosa, characterized by round or oval shallow ulcers with a yellowish fibrinous base and erythematous halo, occurring in otherwise …

Predisposing Factors | Varicose Veins | Blood Vessels and Heart | Special Pathology (Special Patho) | 4th Year (Fourth Year) | MBBS | Detailed Free Notes

PART 1 — Constitutional, Genetic & Anatomical Factors (Foundation of Disease) 1. Core Concept: What “Predisposing Factors” Actually Mean Predisposing factors are conditions or characteristics that increase the likelihood of venous valve failure and venous hypertension, thereby setting the stage …

Vincent’s Angina| Ulcers Of Oral Cavity | Oral Cavity / Buccal Cavity | Otorhinolaryngology (Ear Nose Throat / E.N.T) | 4th Year (Fourth Year) | MBBS | Detailed Free Notes

1. EXAM-READY DEFINITION (EXPANDED & PRECISE) Vincent’s angina is an acute, fulminant, necrotizing infection of the gingiva and oral mucosa, characterized by painful ulceration, gingival necrosis, foul-smelling breath, bleeding gums, and systemic toxicity, caused by a synergistic infection of anaerobic …