Cell Structure: The Microscope In Cell Studies: Make Temporary Preparations Of Cellular Material Suitable For Viewing With A Light Microscope

Cell Structure: The Microscope In Cell Studies: Draw Cells From Microscope Slides And Photomicrographs

Cell Structure: The Microscope In Cell Studies: Calculate Magnifications Of Images And Actual Sizes Of Specimens From Drawings, Photomicrographs And Electron Micrographs (Scanning And Transmission)

Cell Structure: The Microscope In Cell Studies: Use An Eyepiece Graticule And Stage Micrometer Scale To Make Measurements And Use The Appropriate Units, Millimetre (Mm), Micrometre (µm) And Nanometre (Nm)

Cell Structure: The Microscope In Cell Studies: Define Resolution And Magnification And Explain The Differences Between These Terms, With Reference To Light Microscopy And Electron Microscopy

Cell Structure: Cells As The Basic Units of Living Organisms: Recognise Organelles And Other Cell Structures Found In Eukaryotic Cells And Outline Their Structures And Functions, Limited To: Cell Surface Membrane

Cell Structure: Cells As The Basic Units of Living Organisms: Recognise Organelles And Other Cell Structures Found In Eukaryotic Cells And Outline Their Structures And Functions, Limited To: Nucleus, Nuclear Envelope And Nucleolus

Cell Structure: Cells As The Basic Units of Living Organisms: Recognise Organelles And Other Cell Structures Found In Eukaryotic Cells And Outline Their Structures And Functions, Limited To: Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Cell Structure: Cells As The Basic Units of Living Organisms: Recognise Organelles And Other Cell Structures Found In Eukaryotic Cells And Outline Their Structures And Functions, Limited To: Golgi Body (Golgi Apparatus Or Golgi Complex)

Cell Structure: Cells As The Basic Units of Living Organisms: Recognise Organelles And Other Cell Structures Found In Eukaryotic Cells And Outline Their Structures And Functions, Limited To: Mitochondria (Including The Presence Of Small Circular Dna)

Cell Structure: Cells As The Basic Units of Living Organisms: Recognise Organelles And Other Cell Structures Found In Eukaryotic Cells And Outline Their Structures And Functions, Limited To: Ribosomes (80s In The Cytoplasm And 70s In Chloroplasts And Mitochondria)

Cell Structure: Cells As The Basic Units of Living Organisms: Recognise Organelles And Other Cell Structures Found In Eukaryotic Cells And Outline Their Structures And Functions, Limited To: Lysosomes

Cell Structure: Cells As The Basic Units of Living Organisms: Recognise Organelles And Other Cell Structures Found In Eukaryotic Cells And Outline Their Structures And Functions, Limited To: Centrioles And Microtubules

Cell Structure: Cells As The Basic Units of Living Organisms: Recognise Organelles And Other Cell Structures Found In Eukaryotic Cells And Outline Their Structures And Functions, Limited To: Cilia

Cell Structure: Cells As The Basic Units of Living Organisms: Recognise Organelles And Other Cell Structures Found In Eukaryotic Cells And Outline Their Structures And Functions, Limited To: Microvilli

Cell Structure: Cells As The Basic Units of Living Organisms: Recognise Organelles And Other Cell Structures Found In Eukaryotic Cells And Outline Their Structures And Functions, Limited To: Chloroplasts (Including The Presence Of Small Circular Dna)

Cell Structure: Cells As The Basic Units of Living Organisms: Recognise Organelles And Other Cell Structures Found In Eukaryotic Cells And Outline Their Structures And Functions, Limited To: Cell Wall

Cell Structure: Cells As The Basic Units of Living Organisms: Recognise Organelles And Other Cell Structures Found In Eukaryotic Cells And Outline Their Structures And Functions, Limited To: Plasmodesmata

Cell Structure: Cells As The Basic Units of Living Organisms: Recognise Organelles And Other Cell Structures Found In Eukaryotic Cells And Outline Their Structures And Functions, Limited To: Large Permanent Vacuole And Tonoplast Of Plant Cells

Cell Structure: Cells As The Basic Units of Living Organisms: Describe And Interpret Photomicrographs, Electron Micrographs And Drawings Of Typical Plant And Animal Cells

Cell Structure: Cells As The Basic Units of Living Organisms: Compare The Structure Of Typical Plant And Animal Cells

Cell Structure: Cells As The Basic Units of Living Organisms: State That Cells Use Atp From Respiration For Energy-requiring Processes

Cell Structure: Cells As The Basic Units of Living Organisms: Outline Key Structural Features Of A Prokaryotic Cell As Found In A Typical Bacterium, Including: Unicellular

Cell Structure: Cells As The Basic Units of Living Organisms: Outline Key Structural Features Of A Prokaryotic Cell As Found In A Typical Bacterium, Including: Generally 1–5 Μm Diameter

Cell Structure: Cells As The Basic Units of Living Organisms: Outline Key Structural Features Of A Prokaryotic Cell As Found In A Typical Bacterium, Including: Peptidoglycan Cell Walls

Cell Structure: Cells As The Basic Units of Living Organisms: Outline Key Structural Features Of A Prokaryotic Cell As Found In A Typical Bacterium, Including: Circular Dna

Cell Structure: Cells As The Basic Units of Living Organisms: Outline Key Structural Features Of A Prokaryotic Cell As Found In A Typical Bacterium, Including: 70s Ribosomes

Cell Structure: Cells As The Basic Units of Living Organisms: Outline Key Structural Features Of A Prokaryotic Cell As Found In A Typical Bacterium, Including: Absence Of Organelles Surrounded By Double Membranes

Cell Structure: Cells As The Basic Units of Living Organisms: Compare The Structure Of A Prokaryotic Cell As Found In A Typical Bacterium With The Structures Of Typical Eukaryotic Cells In Plants And Animals

Cell Structure: Cells As The Basic Units of Living Organisms: State That All Viruses Are Non-cellular Structures With A Nucleic Acid Core (Either Dna Or Rna) And A Capsid Made Of Protein, And That Some Viruses Have An Outer Envelope Made Of Phospholipids

Biological Molecules: Testing For Biological Molecules: Describe And Carry Out The Benedict’s Test For Reducing Sugars, The Iodine Test For Starch, The Emulsion Test For Lipids And The Biuret Test For Proteins

Biological Molecules: Testing For Biological Molecules: Describe And Carry Out A Semi-quantitative Benedict’s Test On A Reducing Sugar Solution By Standardising The Test And Using The Results (Time To First Colour Change Or Comparison To Colour Standards) To Estimate The Concentration

Biological Molecules: Testing For Biological Molecules: Describe And Carry Out A Test To Identify The Presence Of Non-reducing Sugars, Using Acid Hydrolysis And Benedict’s Solution

Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates And Lipids: Describe And Draw The Ring Forms Of Α-glucose And Β-glucose

Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates And Lipids: Define The Terms Monomer, Polymer, Macromolecule, Monosaccharide, Disaccharide And Polysaccharide

Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates And Lipids: State The Role Of Covalent Bonds In Joining Smaller Molecules Together To Form Polymers

Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates And Lipids: State That Glucose, Fructose And Maltose Are Reducing Sugars And That Sucrose Is A Non-reducing Sugar

Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates And Lipids: Describe The Formation Of A Glycosidic Bond By Condensation, With Reference To Disaccharides, Including Sucrose, And Polysaccharides

Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates And Lipids: Describe The Breakage Of A Glycosidic Bond In Polysaccharides And Disaccharides By Hydrolysis, With Reference To The Non-reducing Sugar Test

Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates And Lipids: Describe The Molecular Structure Of The Polysaccharides Starch (Amylose And Amylopectin) And Glycogen And Relate Their Structures To Their Functions In Living Organisms

Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates And Lipids: Describe The Molecular Structure Of The Polysaccharide Cellulose And Outline How The Arrangement Of Cellulose Molecules Contributes To The Function Of Plant Cell Walls

Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates And Lipids: State That Triglycerides Are Non-polar Hydrophobic Molecules And Describe The Molecular Structure Of Triglycerides With Reference To Fatty Acids (Saturated And Unsaturated), Glycerol And The Formation Of Ester Bonds

Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates And Lipids: Relate The Molecular Structure Of Triglycerides To Their Functions In Living Organisms

Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates And Lipids: Describe The Molecular Structure Of Phospholipids With Reference To Their Hydrophilic (Polar) Phosphate Heads And Hydrophobic (Non-polar) Fatty Acid Tails

Biological Molecules: Proteins: Describe And Draw The General Structure Of An Amino Acid And The Formation And Breakage Of A Peptide Bond

Biological Molecules: Proteins: Explain The Meaning Of The Terms Primary Structure, Secondary Structure, Tertiary Structure And Quaternary Structure Of Proteins

Biological Molecules: Proteins: Describe The Types Of Interaction That Hold Protein Molecules In Shape: Hydrophobic Interactions

Biological Molecules: Proteins: Describe The Types Of Interaction That Hold Protein Molecules In Shape: Hydrogen Bonding

Biological Molecules: Proteins: Describe The Types Of Interaction That Hold Protein Molecules In Shape: Ionic Bonding

Biological Molecules: Proteins: Describe The Types Of Interaction That Hold Protein Molecules In Shape: Covalent Bonding, Including Disulfide Bonds

Biological Molecules: Proteins: State That Globular Proteins Are Generally Soluble And Have Physiological Roles And Fibrous Proteins Are Generally Insoluble And Have Structural Roles

Biological Molecules: Proteins: Describe The Structure Of A Molecule Of Haemoglobin As An Example Of A Globular Protein, Including The Formation Of Its Quaternary Structure From Two Alpha (α) Chains (α–globin), Two Beta (β) Chains (β–globin) And A Haem Group

Biological Molecules: Proteins: Relate The Structure Of Haemoglobin To Its Function, Including The Importance Of Iron In The Haem Group

Biological Molecules: Proteins: Describe The Structure Of A Molecule Of Collagen As An Example Of A Fibrous Protein, And The Arrangement Of Collagen Molecules To Form Collagen Fibres

Biological Molecules: Proteins: Relate The Structures Of Collagen Molecules And Collagen Fibres To Their Function

Biological Molecules: Water: Explain How Hydrogen Bonding Occurs Between Water Molecules And Relate The Properties Of Water To Its Roles In Living Organisms, Limited To Solvent Action, High Specific Heat Capacity And Latent Heat Of Vaporisation

Enzymes: Mode of Action of Enzymes: State That Enzymes Are Globular Proteins That Catalyse Reactions Inside Cells (Intracellular Enzymes) Or Are Secreted To Catalyse Reactions Outside Cells (Extracellular Enzymes)

Enzymes: Mode of Action of Enzymes: Explain The Mode Of Action Of Enzymes In Terms Of An Active Site, Enzyme–substrate Complex, Lowering Of Activation Energy And Enzyme Specificity, Including The Lock-and-key Hypothesis And The Induced-fit Hypothesis

Enzymes: Mode of Action of Enzymes: Investigate The Progress Of Enzyme-catalysed Reactions By Measuring Rates Of Formation Of Products Using Catalase And Rates Of Disappearance Of Substrate Using Amylase

Enzymes: Mode of Action of Enzymes: Outline The Use Of A Colorimeter For Measuring The Progress Of Enzyme-catalysed Reactions That Involve Colour Changes

Enzymes: Factors That Affect Enzyme Action: Investigate And Explain The Effects Of The Following Factors On The Rate Of Enzyme-catalysed Reactions: Temperature

Enzymes: Factors That Affect Enzyme Action: Investigate And Explain The Effects Of The Following Factors On The Rate Of Enzyme-catalysed Reactions: Ph (Using Buffer Solutions)

Enzymes: Factors That Affect Enzyme Action: Investigate And Explain The Effects Of The Following Factors On The Rate Of Enzyme-catalysed Reactions: Enzyme Concentration

Enzymes: Factors That Affect Enzyme Action: Investigate And Explain The Effects Of The Following Factors On The Rate Of Enzyme-catalysed Reactions: Substrate Concentration

Enzymes: Factors That Affect Enzyme Action: Investigate And Explain The Effects Of The Following Factors On The Rate Of Enzyme-catalysed Reactions: Inhibitor Concentration

Enzymes: Factors That Affect Enzyme Action: Explain That The Maximum Rate Of Reaction (Vmax) Is Used To Derive The Michaelis–menten Constant (Km), Which Is Used To Compare The Affinity Of Different Enzymes For Their Substrates

Enzymes: Factors That Affect Enzyme Action: Explain The Effects Of Reversible Inhibitors, Both Competitive And Non-competitive, On Enzyme Activity

Enzymes: Factors That Affect Enzyme Action: Investigate The Difference In Activity Between An Enzyme Immobilised In Alginate And The Same Enzyme Free In Solution, And State The Advantages Of Using Immobilised Enzymes

Cell Membranes And Transport: Fluid Mosaic Membranes: Describe The Fluid Mosaic Model Of Membrane Structure With Reference To The Hydrophobic And Hydrophilic Interactions That Account For The Formation Of The Phospholipid Bilayer And The Arrangement Of Proteins

Cell Membranes And Transport: Fluid Mosaic Membranes: Describe The Arrangement Of Cholesterol, Glycolipids And Glycoproteins In Cell Surface Membranes

Cell Membranes And Transport: Fluid Mosaic Membranes: Describe The Roles Of Phospholipids, Cholesterol, Glycolipids, Proteins And Glycoproteins In Cell Surface Membranes, With Reference To Stability, Fluidity, Permeability, Transport (Carrier Proteins And Channel Proteins), Cell Signalling (Cell Surface Receptors) And Cell Recognition (Cell Surface Antigens – See 11.1.2)

Cell Membranes And Transport: Fluid Mosaic Membranes: Outline The Main Stages In The Process Of Cell Signalling Leading To Specific Responses: Secretion Of Specific Chemicals (Ligands) From Cells

Cell Membranes And Transport: Fluid Mosaic Membranes: Outline The Main Stages In The Process Of Cell Signalling Leading To Specific Responses: Transport Of Ligands To Target Cells

Cell Membranes And Transport: Fluid Mosaic Membranes: Outline The Main Stages In The Process Of Cell Signalling Leading To Specific Responses: Binding Of Ligands To Cell Surface Receptors On Target Cells

Cell Membranes And Transport: Movement Into And Out of Cells: Describe And Explain The Processes Of Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Osmosis, Active Transport, Endocytosis And Exocytosis

Cell Membranes And Transport: Movement Into And Out of Cells: Investigate Simple Diffusion And Osmosis Using Plant Tissue And Non-living Materials, Including Dialysis (Visking) Tubing And Agar

Cell Membranes And Transport: Movement Into And Out of Cells: Illustrate The Principle That Surface Area To Volume Ratios Decrease With Increasing Size By Calculating Surface Areas And Volumes Of Simple 3-d Shapes (As Shown In The Mathematical Requirements)

Cell Membranes And Transport: Movement Into And Out of Cells: Investigate The Effect Of Changing Surface Area To Volume Ratio On Diffusion Using Agar Blocks Of Different Sizes

Cell Membranes And Transport: Movement Into And Out of Cells: Investigate The Effects Of Immersing Plant Tissues In Solutions Of Different Water Potentials, Using The Results To Estimate The Water Potential Of The Tissues

Cell Membranes And Transport: Movement Into And Out of Cells: Explain The Movement Of Water Between Cells And Solutions In Terms Of Water Potential And Explain The Different Effects Of The Movement Of Water On Plant Cells And Animal Cells (Knowledge Of Solute Potential And Pressure Potential Is Not Expected)

The Mitotic Cell Cycle: Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells: Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells: Describe The Structure Of A Chromosome, Limited To: DNA

The Mitotic Cell Cycle: Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells: Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells: Describe The Structure Of A Chromosome, Limited To: Histone Proteins

The Mitotic Cell Cycle: Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells: Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells: Describe The Structure Of A Chromosome, Limited To: Sister Chromatids

The Mitotic Cell Cycle: Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells: Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells: Describe The Structure Of A Chromosome, Limited To: Centromere

The Mitotic Cell Cycle: Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells: Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells: Describe The Structure Of A Chromosome, Limited To: Telomeres

The Mitotic Cell Cycle: Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells: Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells: Explain The Importance Of Mitosis In The Production Of Genetically Identical Daughter Cells During: Growth Of Multicellular Organisms

The Mitotic Cell Cycle: Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells: Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells: Explain The Importance Of Mitosis In The Production Of Genetically Identical Daughter Cells During: Replacement Of Damaged Or Dead Cells

The Mitotic Cell Cycle: Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells: Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells: Explain The Importance Of Mitosis In The Production Of Genetically Identical Daughter Cells During: Repair Of Tissues By Cell Replacement

The Mitotic Cell Cycle: Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells: Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells: Explain The Importance Of Mitosis In The Production Of Genetically Identical Daughter Cells During: Asexual Reproduction

The Mitotic Cell Cycle: Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells: Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells: Outline The Mitotic Cell Cycle, Including: Interphase (Growth In G1 And G2 Phases And Dna Replication In S Phase)

The Mitotic Cell Cycle: Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells: Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells: Outline The Mitotic Cell Cycle, Including: Mitosis

The Mitotic Cell Cycle: Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells: Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells: Outline The Mitotic Cell Cycle, Including: Cytokinesis

The Mitotic Cell Cycle: Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells: Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells: Outline The Role Of Telomeres In Preventing The Loss Of Genes From The Ends Of Chromosomes During Dna Replication

The Mitotic Cell Cycle: Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells: Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells: Outline The Role Of Stem Cells In Cell Replacement And Tissue Repair By Mitosis

The Mitotic Cell Cycle: Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells: Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells: Explain How Uncontrolled Cell Division Can Result In The Formation Of A Tumour

The Mitotic Cell Cycle: Chromosome Behavior In Mitosis: Describe The Behaviour Of Chromosomes In Plant And Animal Cells During The Mitotic Cell Cycle And The Associated Behaviour Of The Nuclear Envelope, The Cell Surface Membrane And The Spindle (Names Of The Main Stages Of Mitosis Are Expected: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase And Telophase)

The Mitotic Cell Cycle: Chromosome Behavior In Mitosis: Interpret Photomicrographs, Diagrams And Microscope Slides Of Cells In Different Stages Of The Mitotic Cell Cycle And Identify The Main Stages Of Mitosis

Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis: Structure of Nucleic Acids and Replication of DNA: Describe The Structure Of Nucleotides, Including The Phosphorylated Nucleotide Atp (Structural Formulae Are Not Expected)

Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis: Structure of Nucleic Acids and Replication of DNA: State That The Bases Adenine And Guanine Are Purines With A Double Ring Structure, And That The Bases Cytosine, Thymine And Uracil Are Pyrimidines With A Single Ring Structure (Structural Formulae For Bases Are Not Expected)

Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis: Structure of Nucleic Acids and Replication of DNA: Describe The Structure Of A Dna Molecule As A Double Helix, Including: Differences In Hydrogen Bonding Between C–g And A–t Base Pairs

Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis: Structure of Nucleic Acids and Replication of DNA: Describe The Structure Of A Dna Molecule As A Double Helix, Including: The Importance Of Complementary Base Pairing Between The 5′ To 3′ Strand And The 3′ To 5′ Strand (Antiparallel Strands)

Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis: Structure of Nucleic Acids and Replication of DNA: Describe The Structure Of A Dna Molecule As A Double Helix, Including: Linking Of Nucleotides By Phosphodiester Bonds

Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis: Structure of Nucleic Acids and Replication of DNA: Describe The Semi-conservative Replication Of Dna During The S Phase Of The Cell Cycle, Including: The Roles Of Dna Polymerase And Dna Ligase (Knowledge Of Other Enzymes In Dna Replication In Cells And Different Types Of Dna Polymerase Is Not Expected)

Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis: Structure of Nucleic Acids and Replication of DNA: Describe The Semi-conservative Replication Of Dna During The S Phase Of The Cell Cycle, Including: The Differences Between Leading Strand And Lagging Strand Replication As A Consequence Of Dna Polymerase Adding Nucleotides Only In A 5′ To 3′ Direction

Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis: Structure of Nucleic Acids and Replication of DNA: Describe The Structure Of An Rna Molecule, Using The Example Of Messenger Rna (Mrna)

Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis: Protein Synthesis: State That A Polypeptide Is Coded For By A Gene And That A Gene Is A Sequence Of Nucleotides That Forms Part Of A Dna Molecule

Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis: Protein Synthesis: Describe The Principle Of The Universal Genetic Code In Which Different Triplets Of Dna Bases Either Code For Specific Amino Acids Or Correspond To Start And Stop Codons

Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis: Protein Synthesis: Describe How The Information In Dna Is Used During Transcription And Translation To Construct Polypeptides, Including The Roles Of: Rna Polymerase

Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis: Protein Synthesis: Describe How The Information In Dna Is Used During Transcription And Translation To Construct Polypeptides, Including The Roles Of: Messenger Rna (Mrna)

Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis: Protein Synthesis: Describe How The Information In Dna Is Used During Transcription And Translation To Construct Polypeptides, Including The Roles Of: Codons

Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis: Protein Synthesis: Describe How The Information In Dna Is Used During Transcription And Translation To Construct Polypeptides, Including The Roles Of: Transfer Rna (Trna)

Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis: Protein Synthesis: Describe How The Information In Dna Is Used During Transcription And Translation To Construct Polypeptides, Including The Roles Of: Anticodons

Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis: Protein Synthesis: Describe How The Information In Dna Is Used During Transcription And Translation To Construct Polypeptides, Including The Roles Of: Ribosomes

Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis: Protein Synthesis: State That The Strand Of A Dna Molecule That Is Used In Transcription Is Called The Transcribed Or Template Strand And That The Other Strand Is Called The Non-transcribed Strand

Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis: Protein Synthesis: Explain That, In Eukaryotes, The Rna Molecule Formed Following Transcription (Primary Transcript) Is Modified By The Removal Of Non-coding Sequences (Introns) And The Joining Together Of Coding Sequences (Exons) To Form Mrna

Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis: Protein Synthesis: State That A Gene Mutation Is A Change In The Sequence Of Base Pairs In A Dna Molecule That May Result In An Altered Polypeptide

Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis: Protein Synthesis: Explain That A Gene Mutation Is A Result Of Substitution Or Deletion Or Insertion Of Nucleotides In Dna And Outline How Each Of These Types Of Mutation May Affect The Polypeptide Produced

Transport In Plants: Structure of Transport Tissues: Draw Plan Diagrams Of Transverse Sections Of Stems, Roots And Leaves Of Herbaceous Dicotyledonous Plants From Microscope Slides And Photomicrographs

Transport In Plants: Structure of Transport Tissues: Describe The Distribution Of Xylem And Phloem In Transverse Sections Of Stems, Roots And Leaves Of Herbaceous Dicotyledonous Plants

Transport In Plants: Structure of Transport Tissues: Draw And Label Xylem Vessel Elements, Phloem Sieve Tube Elements And Companion Cells From Microscope Slides, Photomicrographs And Electron Micrographs

Transport In Plants: Structure of Transport Tissues: Relate The Structure Of Xylem Vessel Elements, Phloem Sieve Tube Elements And Companion Cells To Their Functions

Transport In Plants: Transport Mechanisms: State That Some Mineral Ions And Organic Compounds Can Be Transported Within Plants Dissolved In Water

Transport In Plants: Transport Mechanisms: Describe The Transport Of Water From The Soil To The Xylem Through The: Apoplast Pathway, Including Reference To Lignin And Cellulose

Transport In Plants: Transport Mechanisms: Describe The Transport Of Water From The Soil To The Xylem Through The: Symplast Pathway, Including Reference To The Endodermis, Casparian Strip And Suberin

Transport In Plants: Transport Mechanisms: Explain That Transpiration Involves The Evaporation Of Water From The Internal Surfaces Of Leaves Followed By Diffusion Of Water Vapour To The Atmosphere

Transport In Plants: Transport Mechanisms: Explain How Hydrogen Bonding Of Water Molecules Is Involved With Movement Of Water In The Xylem By Cohesion-tension In Transpiration Pull And By Adhesion To Cellulose In Cell Walls

Transport In Plants: Transport Mechanisms: Make Annotated Drawings Of Transverse Sections Of Leaves From Xerophytic Plants To Explain How They Are Adapted To Reduce Water Loss By Transpiration

Transport In Plants: Transport Mechanisms: State That Assimilates Dissolved In Water, Such As Sucrose And Amino Acids, Move From Sources To Sinks In Phloem Sieve Tubes

Transport In Plants: Transport Mechanisms: Explain How Companion Cells Transfer Assimilates To Phloem Sieve Tubes, With Reference To Proton Pumps And Cotransporter Proteins

Transport In Plants: Transport Mechanisms: Explain Mass Flow In Phloem Sieve Tubes Down A Hydrostatic Pressure Gradient From Source To Sink

Transport In Mammals: The Circulator System: State That The Mammalian Circulatory System Is A Closed Double Circulation Consisting Of A Heart, Blood And Blood Vessels Including Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules And Veins

Transport In Mammals: The Circulator System: Describe The Functions Of The Main Blood Vessels Of The Pulmonary And Systemic Circulations, Limited To Pulmonary Artery, Pulmonary Vein, Aorta And Vena Cava

Transport In Mammals: The Circulator System: Recognise Arteries, Veins And Capillaries From Microscope Slides, Photomicrographs And Electron Micrographs And Make Plan Diagrams Showing The Structure Of Arteries And Veins In Transverse Section (Ts) And Longitudinal Section (Ls)

Transport In Mammals: The Circulator System: Explain How The Structure Of Muscular Arteries, Elastic Arteries, Veins And Capillaries Are Each Related To Their Functions

Transport In Mammals: The Circulator System: Recognise And Draw Red Blood Cells, Monocytes, Neutrophils And Lymphocytes From Microscope Slides, Photomicrographs And Electron Micrographs

Transport In Mammals: The Circulator System: State That Water Is The Main Component Of Blood And Tissue Fluid And Relate The Properties Of Water To Its Role In Transport In Mammals, Limited To Solvent Action And High Specific Heat Capacity

Transport In Mammals: The Circulator System: State The Functions Of Tissue Fluid And Describe The Formation Of Tissue Fluid In A Capillary Network

Transport In Mammals: Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide: Describe The Role Of Red Blood Cells In Transporting Oxygen And Carbon Dioxide With Reference To The Roles Of: Haemoglobin

Transport In Mammals: Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide: Describe The Role Of Red Blood Cells In Transporting Oxygen And Carbon Dioxide With Reference To The Roles Of: Carbonic Anhydrase

Transport In Mammals: Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide: Describe The Role Of Red Blood Cells In Transporting Oxygen And Carbon Dioxide With Reference To The Roles Of: The Formation Of Haemoglobinic Acid

Transport In Mammals: Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide: Describe The Role Of Red Blood Cells In Transporting Oxygen And Carbon Dioxide With Reference To The Roles Of: The Formation Of Carbaminohaemoglobin

Transport In Mammals: Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide: Describe The Chloride Shift And Explain The Importance Of The Chloride Shift

Transport In Mammals: Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide: Describe The Role Of Plasma In The Transport Of Carbon Dioxide

Transport In Mammals: Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide: Describe And Explain The Oxygen Dissociation Curve Of Adult Haemoglobin

Transport In Mammals: Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide: Explain The Importance Of The Oxygen Dissociation Curve At Partial Pressures Of Oxygen In The Lungs And In Respiring Tissues

Transport In Mammals: Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide: Describe The Bohr Shift And Explain The Importance Of The Bohr Shift

Transport In Mammals: The Heart: Describe The External And Internal Structure Of The Mammalian Heart

Transport In Mammals: The Heart: Explain The Differences In The Thickness Of The Walls Of The: Atria And Ventricles

Transport In Mammals: The Heart: Explain The Differences In The Thickness Of The Walls Of The: Left Ventricle And Right Ventricle

Transport In Mammals: The Heart: Describe The Cardiac Cycle, With Reference To The Relationship Between Blood Pressure Changes During Systole And Diastole And The Opening And Closing Of Valves

Transport In Mammals: The Heart: Explain The Roles Of The Sinoatrial Node, The Atrioventricular Node And The Purkyne Tissue In The Cardiac Cycle (Knowledge Of Nervous And Hormonal Control Is Not Expected)

Gas Exchange: The Gas Exchange System: Describe The Structure Of The Human Gas Exchange System, Limited To: Lungs

Gas Exchange: The Gas Exchange System: Describe The Structure Of The Human Gas Exchange System, Limited To: Trachea

Gas Exchange: The Gas Exchange System: Describe The Structure Of The Human Gas Exchange System, Limited To: Bronchi

Gas Exchange: The Gas Exchange System: Describe The Structure Of The Human Gas Exchange System, Limited To: Bronchioles

Gas Exchange: The Gas Exchange System: Describe The Structure Of The Human Gas Exchange System, Limited To: Alveoli

Gas Exchange: The Gas Exchange System: Describe The Structure Of The Human Gas Exchange System, Limited To: Capillary Network

Gas Exchange: The Gas Exchange System: Describe The Distribution In The Gas Exchange System Of Cartilage, Ciliated Epithelium, Goblet Cells, Squamous Epithelium Of Alveoli, Smooth Muscle And Capillaries

Gas Exchange: The Gas Exchange System: Recognise Cartilage, Ciliated Epithelium, Goblet Cells, Squamous Epithelium Of Alveoli, Smooth Muscle And Capillaries In Microscope Slides, Photomicrographs And Electron Micrographs

Gas Exchange: The Gas Exchange System: Recognise Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles And Alveoli In Microscope Slides, Photomicrographs And Electron Micrographs And Make Plan Diagrams Of Transverse Sections Of The Walls Of The Trachea And Bronchus

Gas Exchange: The Gas Exchange System: Describe The Functions Of Ciliated Epithelial Cells, Goblet Cells And Mucous Glands In Maintaining The Health Of The Gas Exchange System

Gas Exchange: The Gas Exchange System: Describe The Functions In The Gas Exchange System Of Cartilage, Smooth Muscle, Elastic Fibres And Squamous Epithelium

Gas Exchange: The Gas Exchange System: Describe Gas Exchange Between Air In The Alveoli And Blood In The Capillaries

Infectious Diseases: Infectious Diseases: State That Infectious Diseases Are Caused By Pathogens And Are Transmissible

Infectious Diseases: Infectious Diseases: State The Name And Type Of Pathogen That Causes Each Of The Following Diseases: Cholera – Caused By The Bacterium Vibrio Cholerae

Infectious Diseases: Infectious Diseases: State The Name And Type Of Pathogen That Causes Each Of The Following Diseases: Malaria – Caused By The Protoctists Plasmodium Falciparum, Plasmodium Malariae, Plasmodium Ovale And Plasmodium Vivax

Infectious Diseases: Infectious Diseases: State The Name And Type Of Pathogen That Causes Each Of The Following Diseases: Tuberculosis (Tb) – Caused By The Bacteria Mycobacterium Tuberculosis And Mycobacterium Bovis

Infectious Diseases: Infectious Diseases: State The Name And Type Of Pathogen That Causes Each Of The Following Diseases: Hiv/aids – Caused By The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (Hiv)

Infectious Diseases: Infectious Diseases: Explain How Cholera, Malaria, Tb And Hiv Are Transmitted

Infectious Diseases: Infectious Diseases: Discuss The Biological, Social And Economic Factors That Need To Be Considered In The Prevention And Control Of Cholera, Malaria, Tb And Hiv (Details Of The Life Cycle Of The Malarial Parasite Are Not Expected)

Infectious Diseases: Antibiotics: Outline How Penicillin Acts On Bacteria And Why Antibiotics Do Not Affect Viruses

Infectious Diseases: Antibiotics: Discuss The Consequences Of Antibiotic Resistance And The Steps That Can Be Taken To Reduce Its Impact

Immunity: The Immune System: Describe The Mode Of Action Of Phagocytes (Macrophages And Neutrophils)

Immunity: The Immune System: Explain What Is Meant By An Antigen (See 4.1.3) And State The Difference Between Self Antigens And Non-self Antigens

Immunity: The Immune System: Describe The Sequence Of Events That Occurs During A Primary Immune Response With Reference To The Roles Of: Macrophages

Immunity: The Immune System: Describe The Sequence Of Events That Occurs During A Primary Immune Response With Reference To The Roles Of: B-lymphocytes, Including Plasma Cells

Immunity: The Immune System: Describe The Sequence Of Events That Occurs During A Primary Immune Response With Reference To The Roles Of: T-lymphocytes, Limited To T-helper Cells And T-killer Cells

Immunity: The Immune System: Explain The Role Of Memory Cells In The Secondary Immune Response And In Long-term Immunity

Immunity: Antibodies And Vaccination: Relate The Molecular Structure Of Antibodies To Their Functions

Immunity: Antibodies And Vaccination: Outline The Hybridoma Method For The Production Of Monoclonal Antibodies

Immunity: Antibodies And Vaccination: Outline The Principles Of Using Monoclonal Antibodies In The Diagnosis Of Disease And In The Treatment Of Disease

Immunity: Antibodies And Vaccination: Describe The Differences Between Active Immunity And Passive Immunity And Between Natural Immiunity And Artificial Immunity

Immunity: Antibodies And Vaccination: Explain That Vaccines Contain Antigens That Stimulate Immune Responses To Provide Long-term Immunity

Immunity: Antibodies And Vaccination: Explain How Vaccination Programmes Can Help To Control The Spread Of Infectious Diseases