Sample Notes: Physical Quantities And Units

Sample Notes: Practical Skills

Sample Quizzes For Preparation: Physical Quantities And Units

Sample Quizzes For Preparation: Practical Skills

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Physical Quantities: Understand That All Physical Quantities Consist Of A Numerical Magnitude And A Unit

Physical Quantities: Make Reasonable Estimates Of Physical Quantities Included Within The Syllabus

Si Units: Recall The Following Si Base Quantities And Their Units: Mass (Kg), Length (M), Time (S), Current (A), Temperature (K)

Si Units: Express Derived Units As Products Or Quotients Of The Si Base Units And Use The Derived Units For Quantities Listed In This Syllabus As Appropriate

Si Units: Use Si Base Units To Check The Homogeneity Of Physical Equations

Si Units: Recall And Use The Following Prefixes And Their Symbols To Indicate Decimal Submultiples Or Multiples Of Both Base And Derived Units: Pico (P), Nano (N), Micro (μ), Milli (M), Centi (C), Deci (D), Kilo (K), Mega (M), Giga (G), Tera (T)

Errors And Uncertainties: Understand And Explain The Effects Of Systematic Errors (Including Zero Errors) And Random Errors In Measurements

Errors And Uncertainties: Understand The Distinction Between Precision And Accuracy

Errors And Uncertainties: Assess The Uncertainty In A Derived Quantity By Simple Addition Of Absolute Or Percentage Uncertainties

Scalars And Vectors: Understand The Difference Between Scalar And Vector Quantities And Give Examples Of Scalar And Vector Quantities Included In The Syllabus

Scalars And Vectors: Add And Subtract Coplanar Vectors

Scalars And Vectors: Represent A Vector As Two Perpendicular Components

Equations Of Motion: Define And Use Distance, Displacement, Speed, Velocity And Acceleration

Equations Of Motion: Use Graphical Methods To Represent Distance, Displacement, Speed, Velocity And Acceleration

Equations Of Motion: Determine Displacement From The Area Under A Velocity–time Graph

Equations Of Motion: Determine Velocity Using The Gradient Of A Displacement–time Graph

Equations Of Motion: Determine Acceleration Using The Gradient Of A Velocity–time Graph

Equations Of Motion: Derive, From The Definitions Of Velocity And Acceleration, Equations That Represent Uniformly Accelerated Motion In A Straight Line

Equations Of Motion: Solve Problems Using Equations That Represent Uniformly Accelerated Motion In A Straight Line, Including The Motion Of Bodies Falling In A Uniform Gravitational Field Without Air Resistance

Equations Of Motion: Describe An Experiment To Determine The Acceleration Of Free Fall Using A Falling Object

Equations Of Motion: Describe And Explain Motion Due To A Uniform Velocity In One Direction And A Uniform Acceleration In A Perpendicular Direction

Momentum And Newton’s Laws Of Motion: Understand That Mass Is The Property Of An Object That Resists Change In Motion

Momentum And Newton’s Laws Of Motion: Recall F = Ma And Solve Problems Using It, Understanding That Acceleration And Resultant Force Are Always In The Same Direction

Momentum And Newton’s Laws Of Motion: Define And Use Linear Momentum As The Product Of Mass And Velocity

Momentum And Newton’s Laws Of Motion: Define And Use Force As Rate Of Change Of Momentum

Momentum And Newton’s Laws Of Motion: State And Apply Each Of Newton’s Laws Of Motion

Momentum And Newton’s Laws Of Motion: escribe And Use The Concept Of Weight As The Effect Of A Gravitational Field On A Mass And Recall That The Weight Of An Object Is Equal To The Product Of Its Mass And The Acceleration Of Free Fall

Non-uniform Motion: Show A Qualitative Understanding Of Frictional Forces And Viscous/drag Forces Including Air Resistance (No Treatment Of The Coefficients Of Friction And Viscosity Is Required, And A Simple Model Of Drag Force Increasing As Speed Increases Is Sufficient)

Non-uniform Motion: Describe And Explain Qualitatively The Motion Of Objects In A Uniform Gravitational Field With Air Resistance

Non-uniform Motion: Understand That Objects Moving Against A Resistive Force May Reach A Terminal (Constant) Velocity

Linear Momentum And Its Conservation: State The Principle Of Conservation Of Momentum

Linear Momentum And Its Conservation: Apply The Principle Of Conservation Of Momentum To Solve Simple Problems, Including Elastic And Inelastic Interactions Between Objects In Both One And Two Dimensions (Knowledge Of The Concept Of Coefficient Of Restitution Is Not Required)

Linear Momentum And Its Conservation: Recall That, For An Elastic Collision, Total Kinetic Energy Is Conserved And The Relative Speed Of Approach Is Equal To The Relative Speed Of Separation

Linear Momentum And Its Conservation: Understand That, While Momentum Of A System Is Always Conserved In Interactions Between Objects, Some Change In Kinetic Energy May Take Place

Turning Effects Of Forces: Understand That The Weight Of An Object May Be Taken As Acting At A Single Point Known As Its Centre Of Gravity

Turning Effects Of Forces: Define And Apply The Moment Of A Force

Turning Effects Of Forces: Understand That A Couple Is A Pair Of Forces That Acts To Produce Rotation Only

Turning Effects Of Forces: Define And Apply The Torque Of A Couple

Equilibrium Of Forces: State And Apply The Principle Of Moments

Equilibrium Of Forces: Understand That, When There Is No Resultant Force And No Resultant Torque, A System Is In Equilibrium

Equilibrium Of Forces: Use A Vector Triangle To Represent Coplanar Forces In Equilibrium

Density And Pressure: Define And Use Density

Density And Pressure: Define And Use Pressure

Density And Pressure: Derive, From The Definitions Of Pressure And Density, The Equation For Hydrostatic Pressure ∆p = Ρg∆h

Density And Pressure: Use The Equation ∆p = Ρg∆h

Density And Pressure: Understand That The Upthrust Acting On An Object In A Fluid Is Due To A Difference In Hydrostatic Pressure

Density And Pressure: Calculate The Upthrust Acting On An Object In A Fluid Using The Equation F = Ρgv (Archimedes’ Principle)

Energy Conservation: Understand The Concept Of Work, And Recall And Use Work Done = Force × Displacement In The Direction Of The Force

Energy Conservation: Recall And Apply The Principle Of Conservation Of Energy

Energy Conservation: Recall And Understand That The Efficiency Of A System Is The Ratio Of Useful Energy Output From The System To The Total Energy Input

Energy Conservation: Use The Concept Of Efficiency To Solve Problems

Energy Conservation: Define Power As Work Done Per Unit Time

Energy Conservation: Solve Problems Using P = W/t

Energy Conservation: Derive P = Fv And Use It To Solve Problems

Gravitational Potential Energy And Kinetic Energy: Derive, Using W = Fs, The Formula ∆ep = Mg∆h For Gravitational Potential Energy Changes In A Uniform Gravitational Field

Gravitational Potential Energy And Kinetic Energy: Recall And Use The Formula ∆ep = Mg∆h For Gravitational Potential Energy Changes In A Uniform Gravitational Field

Gravitational Potential Energy And Kinetic Energy: Derive, Using The Equations Of Motion, The Formula For Kinetic Energy Ek = 2 1 Mv2 4 Recall And Use Ek = 2 1 Mv

Stress And Strain: Understand That Deformation Is Caused By Tensile Or Compressive Forces (Forces And Deformations Will Be Assumed To Be In One Dimension Only)

Stress And Strain: Understand And Use The Terms Load, Extension, Compression And Limit Of Proportionality

Stress And Strain: Recall And Use Hooke’s Law

Stress And Strain: Recall And Use The Formula For The Spring Constant K = F/ X

Stress And Strain: Define And Use The Terms Stress, Strain And The Young Modulus

Stress And Strain: Describe An Experiment To Determine The Young Modulus Of A Metal In The Form Of A Wire

Elastic And Plastic Behaviour: Understand And Use The Terms Elastic Deformation, Plastic Deformation And Elastic Limit

Elastic And Plastic Behaviour: Understand That The Area Under The Force–extension Graph Represents The Work Done

Elastic And Plastic Behaviour: Determine The Elastic Potential Energy Of A Material Deformed Within Its Limit Of Proportionality From The Area Under The Force–extension Graph

Elastic And Plastic Behaviour: Recall And Use Ep = 2 1 Fx = 2 1 Kx2 For A Material Deformed Within Its Limit Of Proportionality

Progressive Waves: Describe What Is Meant By Wave Motion As Illustrated By Vibration In Ropes, Springs And Ripple Tanks

Progressive Waves: Understand And Use The Terms Displacement, Amplitude, Phase Difference, Period, Frequency, Wavelength And Speed

Progressive Waves: Understand The Use Of The Time-base And Y-gain Of A Cathode-ray Oscilloscope (Cro) To Determine Frequency And Amplitude

Progressive Waves: Derive, Using The Definitions Of Speed, Frequency And Wavelength, The Wave Equation V = F Λ

Progressive Waves: Recall And Use V = F Λ

Progressive Waves: Understand That Energy Is Transferred By A Progressive Wave

Progressive Waves: Recall And Use Intensity = Power/area And Intensity ∝ (Amplitude) 2 For A Progressive Wave

Transverse And Longitudinal Waves: Compare Transverse And Longitudinal Waves

Transverse And Longitudinal Waves: Analyse And Interpret Graphical Representations Of Transverse And Longitudinal Waves

Doppler Effect For Sound Waves: Understand That When A Source Of Sound Waves Moves Relative To A Stationary Observer, The Observed Frequency Is Different From The Source Frequency (Understanding Of The Doppler Effect For A Stationary Source And A Moving Observer Is Not Required)

Doppler Effect For Sound Waves: Use The Expression F Ο = F S V /(V ± Vs ) For The Observed Frequency When A Source Of Sound Waves Moves Relative To A Stationary Observer

Electromagnetic Spectrum: State That All Electromagnetic Waves Are Transverse Waves That Travel With The Same Speed C In Free Space

Electromagnetic Spectrum: Recall The Approximate Range Of Wavelengths In Free Space Of The Principal Regions Of The Electromagnetic Spectrum From Radio Waves To Γ-rays

Electromagnetic Spectrum: Recall That Wavelengths In The Range 400–700nm In Free Space Are Visible To The Human Eye

Polarisation: Understand That Polarisation Is A Phenomenon Associated With Transverse Waves

Polarisation: Recall And Use Malus’s Law (I = I0 Cos2 Θ ) To Calculate The Intensity Of A Plane-polarised Electromagnetic Wave After Transmission Through A Polarising Filter Or A Series Of Polarising Filters (Calculation Of The Effect Of A Polarising Filter On The Intensity Of An Unpolarised Wave Is Not Required)

Stationary Waves: Explain And Use The Principle Of Superposition

Stationary Waves: Show An Understanding Of Experiments That Demonstrate Stationary Waves Using Microwaves, Stretched Strings And Air Columns (It Will Be Assumed That End Corrections Are Negligible; Knowledge Of The Concept Of End Corrections Is Not Required)

Stationary Waves: Explain The Formation Of A Stationary Wave Using A Graphical Method, And Identify Nodes And Antinodes

Stationary Waves: Understand How Wavelength May Be Determined From The Positions Of Nodes Or Antinodes Of A Stationary Wave

Diffraction: Explain The Meaning Of The Term Diffraction

Diffraction: Show An Understanding Of Experiments That Demonstrate Diffraction Including The Qualitative Effect Of The Gap Width Relative To The Wavelength Of The Wave; For Example Diffraction Of Water Waves In A Ripple Tank

Interference: Understand The Terms Interference And Coherence

Interference: Show An Understanding Of Experiments That Demonstrate Two-source Interference Using Water Waves In A Ripple Tank, Sound, Light And Microwaves

Interference: Understand The Conditions Required If Two-source Interference Fringes Are To Be Observed

Interference: Recall And Use Λ = Ax /d For Double-slit Interference Using Light

The Diffraction Grating: Recall And Use D Sin Θ = Nλ

The Diffraction Grating: Describe The Use Of A Diffraction Grating To Determine The Wavelength Of Light (The Structure And Use Of The Spectrometer Are Not Included)

Electric Current: Understand That An Electric Current Is A Flow Of Charge Carriers

Electric Current: Understand That The Charge On Charge Carriers Is Quantised

Electric Current: Recall And Use Q = It

Electric Current: Use, For A Current-carrying Conductor, The Expression I = Anvq, Where N Is The Number Density Of Charge Carriers

Potential Difference And Power: Define The Potential Difference Across A Component As The Energy Transferred Per Unit Charge

Potential Difference And Power: Recall And Use V = W/q

Potential Difference And Power: Recall And Use P = Vi, P = I2 R And P = V2 /r

Resistance And Resistivity: Define Resistance

Resistance And Resistivity: Recall And Use V = Ir

Resistance And Resistivity: Sketch The I–v Characteristics Of A Metallic Conductor At Constant Temperature, A Semiconductor Diode And A Filament Lamp

Resistance And Resistivity: Explain That The Resistance Of A Filament Lamp Increases As Current Increases Because Its Temperature Increases

Resistance And Resistivity: State Ohm’s Law

Resistance And Resistivity: Recall And Use R = Ρl/a

Resistance And Resistivity: Understand That The Resistance Of A Light-dependent Resistor (Ldr) Decreases As The Light Intensity Increases

Resistance And Resistivity: Understand That The Resistance Of A Thermistor Decreases As The Temperature Increases (It Will Be Assumed That Thermistors Have A Negative Temperature Coefficient)

Practical Circuits: Recall And Use The Circuit Symbols Shown In Section 6 Of This Syllabus

Practical Circuits: Draw And Interpret Circuit Diagrams Containing The Circuit Symbols Shown In Section 6 Of This Syllabus

Practical Circuits: Define And Use The Electromotive Force (E.m.f.) Of A Source As Energy Transferred Per Unit Charge In Driving Charge Around A Complete Circuit

Practical Circuits: Distinguish Between E.m.f. And Potential Difference (P.d.) In Terms Of Energy Considerations

Practical Circuits: Understand The Effects Of The Internal Resistance Of A Source Of E.m.f. On The Terminal Potential Difference

Kirchhoff’s Laws: Recall Kirchhoff’s First Law And Understand That It Is A Consequence Of Conservation Of Charge

Kirchhoff’s Laws: Recall Kirchhoff’s Second Law And Understand That It Is A Consequence Of Conservation Of Energy

Kirchhoff’s Laws: Derive, Using Kirchhoff’s Laws, A Formula For The Combined Resistance Of Two Or More Resistors In Series

Kirchhoff’s Laws: Use The Formula For The Combined Resistance Of Two Or More Resistors In Series

Kirchhoff’s Laws: Derive, Using Kirchhoff’s Laws, A Formula For The Combined Resistance Of Two Or More Resistors In Parallel

Kirchhoff’s Laws: Use The Formula For The Combined Resistance Of Two Or More Resistors In Parallel

Kirchhoff’s Laws: Use Kirchhoff’s Laws To Solve Simple Circuit Problems

Potential Dividers: Understand The Principle Of A Potential Divider Circuit

Potential Dividers: Recall And Use The Principle Of The Potentiometer As A Means Of Comparing Potential Differences

Potential Dividers: Understand The Use Of A Galvanometer In Null Methods

Potential Dividers: Explain The Use Of Thermistors And Light-dependent Resistors In Potential Dividers To Provide A Potential

Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Infer From The Results Of The Α-particle Scattering Experiment The Existence And Small Size Of The Nucleus

Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Describe A Simple Model For The Nuclear Atom To Include Protons, Neutrons And Orbital Electrons

Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Distinguish Between Nucleon Number And Proton Number

Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Understand That Isotopes Are Forms Of The Same Element With Different Numbers Of Neutrons In Their Nuclei

Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Understand And Use The Notation A Z X For The Representation Of Nuclides

Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Understand That Nucleon Number And Charge Are Conserved In Nuclear Processes

Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Describe The Composition, Mass And Charge Of Α-, Β- And Γ-radiations (Both Β– (Electrons) And Β+ (Positrons) Are Included)

Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Understand That An Antiparticle Has The Same Mass But Opposite Charge To The Corresponding Particle, And That A Positron Is The Antiparticle Of An Electron

Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: State That (Electron) Antineutrinos Are Produced During Β– Decay And (Electron) Neutrinos Are Produced During Β+ Decay

Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Understand That Α-particles Have Discrete Energies But That Β-particles Have A Continuous Range Of Energies Because (Anti)neutrinos Are Emitted In Β-decay

Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Represent Α- And Β-decay By A Radioactive Decay Equation Of The Form U Th 92 238 90 234 2 ” + 4α

Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Use The Unified Atomic Mass Unit (U) As A Unit Of Mass

Fundamental Particles: Understand That A Quark Is A Fundamental Particle And That There Are Six Flavours (Types) Of Quark: Up, Down, Strange, Charm, Top And Bottom

Fundamental Particles: Recall And Use The Charge Of Each Flavour Of Quark And Understand That Its Respective Antiquark Has The Opposite Charge (No Knowledge Of Any Other Properties Of Quarks Is Required)

Fundamental Particles: Recall That Protons And Neutrons Are Not Fundamental Particles And Describe Protons And Neutrons In Terms Of Their Quark Composition

Fundamental Particles: Understand That A Hadron May Be Either A Baryon (Consisting Of Three Quarks) Or A Meson (Consisting Of One Quark And One Antiquark)

Fundamental Particles: Describe The Changes To Quark Composition That Take Place During Β– And Β+ Decay

Fundamental Particles: Recall That Electrons And Neutrinos Are Fundamental Particles Called Leptons

Physical Quantities And Units

Kinematics

Dynamics

Forces, Density And Pressure

Work, Energy And Power

Deformation of Solids

Waves

Superposition

Electricity

D.C. Circuits

Particles Physics

Practical Skills.

Physical Quantities And Units

Kinematics

Dynamics

Work, Energy And Power

Deformation of Solids

Waves

Superposition

Electricity

D.C. Circuits

Particle Physics

Practical Skills

Physical Quantities And Units

Kinematics

Dynamics

Forces, Density And Pressure

Work, Energy And Power

Deformation of Solids

Waves

Superposition

Electricity

D.C. Circuits

Particle Physics

Practical Skills

Physical Quantities: Understand That All Physical Quantities Consist Of A Numerical Magnitude And A Unit

Physical Quantities: Make Reasonable Estimates Of Physical Quantities Included Within The Syllabus

Si Units: Recall The Following Si Base Quantities And Their Units: Mass (Kg), Length (M), Time (S), Current (A), Temperature (K)

Si Units: Express Derived Units As Products Or Quotients Of The Si Base Units And Use The Derived Units For Quantities Listed In This Syllabus As Appropriate

Si Units: Use Si Base Units To Check The Homogeneity Of Physical Equations

Si Units: Recall And Use The Following Prefixes And Their Symbols To Indicate Decimal Submultiples Or Multiples Of Both Base And Derived Units: Pico (P), Nano (N), Micro (μ), Milli (M), Centi (C), Deci (D), Kilo (K), Mega (M), Giga (G), Tera (T)

Errors And Uncertainties: Understand And Explain The Effects Of Systematic Errors (Including Zero Errors) And Random Errors In Measurements

Errors And Uncertainties: Understand The Distinction Between Precision And Accuracy

Errors And Uncertainties: Assess The Uncertainty In A Derived Quantity By Simple Addition Of Absolute Or Percentage Uncertainties

Scalars And Vectors: Understand The Difference Between Scalar And Vector Quantities And Give Examples Of Scalar And Vector Quantities Included In The Syllabus

Scalars And Vectors: Add And Subtract Coplanar Vectors

Scalars And Vectors: Represent A Vector As Two Perpendicular Components

Equations Of Motion: Define And Use Distance, Displacement, Speed, Velocity And Acceleration

Equations Of Motion: Use Graphical Methods To Represent Distance, Displacement, Speed, Velocity And Acceleration

Equations Of Motion: Determine Displacement From The Area Under A Velocity–time Graph

Equations Of Motion: Determine Velocity Using The Gradient Of A Displacement–time Graph

Equations Of Motion: Determine Acceleration Using The Gradient Of A Velocity–time Graph

Equations Of Motion: Derive, From The Definitions Of Velocity And Acceleration, Equations That Represent Uniformly Accelerated Motion In A Straight Line

Equations Of Motion: Solve Problems Using Equations That Represent Uniformly Accelerated Motion In A Straight Line, Including The Motion Of Bodies Falling In A Uniform Gravitational Field Without Air Resistance

Equations Of Motion: Describe An Experiment To Determine The Acceleration Of Free Fall Using A Falling Object

Equations Of Motion: Describe And Explain Motion Due To A Uniform Velocity In One Direction And A Uniform Acceleration In A Perpendicular Direction

Momentum And Newton’s Laws Of Motion: Understand That Mass Is The Property Of An Object That Resists Change In Motion

Momentum And Newton’s Laws Of Motion: Recall F = Ma And Solve Problems Using It, Understanding That Acceleration And Resultant Force Are Always In The Same Direction

Momentum And Newton’s Laws Of Motion: Define And Use Linear Momentum As The Product Of Mass And Velocity

Momentum And Newton’s Laws Of Motion: Define And Use Force As Rate Of Change Of Momentum

Momentum And Newton’s Laws Of Motion: State And Apply Each Of Newton’s Laws Of Motion

Momentum And Newton’s Laws Of Motion: escribe And Use The Concept Of Weight As The Effect Of A Gravitational Field On A Mass And Recall That The Weight Of An Object Is Equal To The Product Of Its Mass And The Acceleration Of Free Fall

Non-uniform Motion: Show A Qualitative Understanding Of Frictional Forces And Viscous/drag Forces Including Air Resistance (No Treatment Of The Coefficients Of Friction And Viscosity Is Required, And A Simple Model Of Drag Force Increasing As Speed Increases Is Sufficient)

Non-uniform Motion: Describe And Explain Qualitatively The Motion Of Objects In A Uniform Gravitational Field With Air Resistance

Non-uniform Motion: Understand That Objects Moving Against A Resistive Force May Reach A Terminal (Constant) Velocity

Linear Momentum And Its Conservation: State The Principle Of Conservation Of Momentum

Linear Momentum And Its Conservation: Apply The Principle Of Conservation Of Momentum To Solve Simple Problems, Including Elastic And Inelastic Interactions Between Objects In Both One And Two Dimensions (Knowledge Of The Concept Of Coefficient Of Restitution Is Not Required)

Linear Momentum And Its Conservation: Recall That, For An Elastic Collision, Total Kinetic Energy Is Conserved And The Relative Speed Of Approach Is Equal To The Relative Speed Of Separation

Linear Momentum And Its Conservation: Understand That, While Momentum Of A System Is Always Conserved In Interactions Between Objects, Some Change In Kinetic Energy May Take Place

Turning Effects Of Forces: Understand That The Weight Of An Object May Be Taken As Acting At A Single Point Known As Its Centre Of Gravity

Turning Effects Of Forces: Define And Apply The Moment Of A Force

Turning Effects Of Forces: Understand That A Couple Is A Pair Of Forces That Acts To Produce Rotation Only

Turning Effects Of Forces: Define And Apply The Torque Of A Couple

Equilibrium Of Forces: State And Apply The Principle Of Moments

Equilibrium Of Forces: Understand That, When There Is No Resultant Force And No Resultant Torque, A System Is In Equilibrium

Equilibrium Of Forces: Use A Vector Triangle To Represent Coplanar Forces In Equilibrium

Density And Pressure: Define And Use Density

Density And Pressure: Define And Use Pressure

Density And Pressure: Derive, From The Definitions Of Pressure And Density, The Equation For Hydrostatic Pressure ∆p = Ρg∆h

Density And Pressure: Use The Equation ∆p = Ρg∆h

Density And Pressure: Understand That The Upthrust Acting On An Object In A Fluid Is Due To A Difference In Hydrostatic Pressure

Density And Pressure: Calculate The Upthrust Acting On An Object In A Fluid Using The Equation F = Ρgv (Archimedes’ Principle)

Energy Conservation: Understand The Concept Of Work, And Recall And Use Work Done = Force × Displacement In The Direction Of The Force

Energy Conservation: Recall And Apply The Principle Of Conservation Of Energy

Energy Conservation: Recall And Understand That The Efficiency Of A System Is The Ratio Of Useful Energy Output From The System To The Total Energy Input

Energy Conservation: Use The Concept Of Efficiency To Solve Problems

Energy Conservation: Define Power As Work Done Per Unit Time

Energy Conservation: Solve Problems Using P = W/t

Energy Conservation: Derive P = Fv And Use It To Solve Problems

Gravitational Potential Energy And Kinetic Energy: Derive, Using W = Fs, The Formula ∆ep = Mg∆h For Gravitational Potential Energy Changes In A Uniform Gravitational Field

Gravitational Potential Energy And Kinetic Energy: Recall And Use The Formula ∆ep = Mg∆h For Gravitational Potential Energy Changes In A Uniform Gravitational Field

Gravitational Potential Energy And Kinetic Energy: Derive, Using The Equations Of Motion, The Formula For Kinetic Energy Ek = 2 1 Mv2 4 Recall And Use Ek = 2 1 Mv

Stress And Strain: Understand That Deformation Is Caused By Tensile Or Compressive Forces (Forces And Deformations Will Be Assumed To Be In One Dimension Only)

Stress And Strain: Understand And Use The Terms Load, Extension, Compression And Limit Of Proportionality

Stress And Strain: Recall And Use Hooke’s Law

Stress And Strain: Recall And Use The Formula For The Spring Constant K = F/ X

Stress And Strain: Define And Use The Terms Stress, Strain And The Young Modulus

Stress And Strain: Describe An Experiment To Determine The Young Modulus Of A Metal In The Form Of A Wire

Elastic And Plastic Behaviour: Understand And Use The Terms Elastic Deformation, Plastic Deformation And Elastic Limit

Elastic And Plastic Behaviour: Understand That The Area Under The Force–extension Graph Represents The Work Done

Elastic And Plastic Behaviour: Determine The Elastic Potential Energy Of A Material Deformed Within Its Limit Of Proportionality From The Area Under The Force–extension Graph

Elastic And Plastic Behaviour: Recall And Use Ep = 2 1 Fx = 2 1 Kx2 For A Material Deformed Within Its Limit Of Proportionality

Progressive Waves: Describe What Is Meant By Wave Motion As Illustrated By Vibration In Ropes, Springs And Ripple Tanks

Progressive Waves: Understand And Use The Terms Displacement, Amplitude, Phase Difference, Period, Frequency, Wavelength And Speed

Progressive Waves: Understand The Use Of The Time-base And Y-gain Of A Cathode-ray Oscilloscope (Cro) To Determine Frequency And Amplitude

Progressive Waves: Derive, Using The Definitions Of Speed, Frequency And Wavelength, The Wave Equation V = F Λ

Progressive Waves: Recall And Use V = F Λ

Progressive Waves: Recall And Use Intensity = Power/area And Intensity ∝ (Amplitude) 2 For A Progressive Wave

Progressive Waves: Understand That Energy Is Transferred By A Progressive Wave

Transverse And Longitudinal Waves: Compare Transverse And Longitudinal Waves

Transverse And Longitudinal Waves: Analyse And Interpret Graphical Representations Of Transverse And Longitudinal Waves

Doppler Effect For Sound Waves: Understand That When A Source Of Sound Waves Moves Relative To A Stationary Observer, The Observed Frequency Is Different From The Source Frequency (Understanding Of The Doppler Effect For A Stationary Source And A Moving Observer Is Not Required)

Doppler Effect For Sound Waves: Use The Expression F Ο = F S V /(V ± Vs ) For The Observed Frequency When A Source Of Sound Waves Moves Relative To A Stationary Observer

Electromagnetic Spectrum: State That All Electromagnetic Waves Are Transverse Waves That Travel With The Same Speed C In Free Space

Electromagnetic Spectrum: Recall The Approximate Range Of Wavelengths In Free Space Of The Principal Regions Of The Electromagnetic Spectrum From Radio Waves To Γ-rays

Electromagnetic Spectrum: Recall That Wavelengths In The Range 400–700nm In Free Space Are Visible To The Human Eye

Polarisation: Understand That Polarisation Is A Phenomenon Associated With Transverse Waves

Polarisation: Recall And Use Malus’s Law (I = I0 Cos2 Θ ) To Calculate The Intensity Of A Plane-polarised Electromagnetic Wave After Transmission Through A Polarising Filter Or A Series Of Polarising Filters (Calculation Of The Effect Of A Polarising Filter On The Intensity Of An Unpolarised Wave Is Not Required)

Stationary Waves: Explain And Use The Principle Of Superposition

Stationary Waves: Show An Understanding Of Experiments That Demonstrate Stationary Waves Using Microwaves, Stretched Strings And Air Columns (It Will Be Assumed That End Corrections Are Negligible; Knowledge Of The Concept Of End Corrections Is Not Required)

Stationary Waves: Explain The Formation Of A Stationary Wave Using A Graphical Method, And Identify Nodes And Antinodes

Stationary Waves: Understand How Wavelength May Be Determined From The Positions Of Nodes Or Antinodes Of A Stationary Wave

Diffraction: Explain The Meaning Of The Term Diffraction

Diffraction: Show An Understanding Of Experiments That Demonstrate Diffraction Including The Qualitative Effect Of The Gap Width Relative To The Wavelength Of The Wave; For Example Diffraction Of Water Waves In A Ripple Tank

Interference: Understand The Terms Interference And Coherence

Interference: Show An Understanding Of Experiments That Demonstrate Two-source Interference Using Water Waves In A Ripple Tank, Sound, Light And Microwaves

Interference: Understand The Conditions Required If Two-source Interference Fringes Are To Be Observed

Interference: Recall And Use Λ = Ax /d For Double-slit Interference Using Light

The Diffraction Grating: Recall And Use D Sin Θ = Nλ

The Diffraction Grating: Describe The Use Of A Diffraction Grating To Determine The Wavelength Of Light (The Structure And Use Of The Spectrometer Are Not Included)

Electric Current: Understand That An Electric Current Is A Flow Of Charge Carriers

Electric Current: Understand That The Charge On Charge Carriers Is Quantised

Electric Current: Recall And Use Q = It

Electric Current: Use, For A Current-carrying Conductor, The Expression I = Anvq, Where N Is The Number Density Of Charge Carriers

Potential Difference And Power: Define The Potential Difference Across A Component As The Energy Transferred Per Unit Charge

Potential Difference And Power: Recall And Use V = W/q

Potential Difference And Power: Recall And Use P = Vi, P = I2 R And P = V2 /r

Resistance And Resistivity: Define Resistance

Resistance And Resistivity: Recall And Use V = Ir

Resistance And Resistivity: Sketch The I–v Characteristics Of A Metallic Conductor At Constant Temperature, A Semiconductor Diode And A Filament Lamp

Resistance And Resistivity: Explain That The Resistance Of A Filament Lamp Increases As Current Increases Because Its Temperature Increases

Resistance And Resistivity: State Ohm’s Law

Resistance And Resistivity: Recall And Use R = Ρl/a

Resistance And Resistivity: Understand That The Resistance Of A Light-dependent Resistor (Ldr) Decreases As The Light Intensity Increases

Resistance And Resistivity: Understand That The Resistance Of A Thermistor Decreases As The Temperature Increases (It Will Be Assumed That Thermistors Have A Negative Temperature Coefficient)

Practical Circuits: Recall And Use The Circuit Symbols Shown In Section 6 Of This Syllabus

Practical Circuits: Draw And Interpret Circuit Diagrams Containing The Circuit Symbols Shown In Section 6 Of This Syllabus

Practical Circuits: Define And Use The Electromotive Force (E.m.f.) Of A Source As Energy Transferred Per Unit Charge In Driving Charge Around A Complete Circuit

Practical Circuits: Distinguish Between E.m.f. And Potential Difference (P.d.) In Terms Of Energy Considerations

Practical Circuits: Understand The Effects Of The Internal Resistance Of A Source Of E.m.f. On The Terminal Potential Difference

Kirchhoff’s Laws: Recall Kirchhoff’s First Law And Understand That It Is A Consequence Of Conservation Of Charge

Kirchhoff’s Laws: Recall Kirchhoff’s Second Law And Understand That It Is A Consequence Of Conservation Of Energy

Kirchhoff’s Laws: Derive, Using Kirchhoff’s Laws, A Formula For The Combined Resistance Of Two Or More Resistors In Series

Kirchhoff’s Laws: Use The Formula For The Combined Resistance Of Two Or More Resistors In Series

Kirchhoff’s Laws: Derive, Using Kirchhoff’s Laws, A Formula For The Combined Resistance Of Two Or More Resistors In Parallel

Kirchhoff’s Laws: Use The Formula For The Combined Resistance Of Two Or More Resistors In Parallel

Kirchhoff’s Laws: Use Kirchhoff’s Laws To Solve Simple Circuit Problems

Potential Dividers: Understand The Principle Of A Potential Divider Circuit

Potential Dividers: Recall And Use The Principle Of The Potentiometer As A Means Of Comparing Potential Differences

Potential Dividers: Understand The Use Of A Galvanometer In Null Methods

Potential Dividers: Explain The Use Of Thermistors And Light-dependent Resistors In Potential Dividers To Provide A Potential

Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Infer From The Results Of The Α-particle Scattering Experiment The Existence And Small Size Of The Nucleus

Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Describe A Simple Model For The Nuclear Atom To Include Protons, Neutrons And Orbital Electrons

Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Distinguish Between Nucleon Number And Proton Number

Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Understand That Isotopes Are Forms Of The Same Element With Different Numbers Of Neutrons In Their Nuclei

Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Understand And Use The Notation A Z X For The Representation Of Nuclides

Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Understand That Nucleon Number And Charge Are Conserved In Nuclear Processes

Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Describe The Composition, Mass And Charge Of Α-, Β- And Γ-radiations (Both Β– (Electrons) And Β+ (Positrons) Are Included)

Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Understand That An Antiparticle Has The Same Mass But Opposite Charge To The Corresponding Particle, And That A Positron Is The Antiparticle Of An Electron

Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: State That (Electron) Antineutrinos Are Produced During Β– Decay And (Electron) Neutrinos Are Produced During Β+ Decay

Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Understand That Α-particles Have Discrete Energies But That Β-particles Have A Continuous Range Of Energies Because (Anti)neutrinos Are Emitted In Β-decay

Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Represent Α- And Β-decay By A Radioactive Decay Equation Of The Form U Th 92 238 90 234 2 ” + 4α

Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Use The Unified Atomic Mass Unit (U) As A Unit Of Mass

Fundamental Particles: Understand That A Quark Is A Fundamental Particle And That There Are Six Flavours (Types) Of Quark: Up, Down, Strange, Charm, Top And Bottom

Fundamental Particles: Recall And Use The Charge Of Each Flavour Of Quark And Understand That Its Respective Antiquark Has The Opposite Charge (No Knowledge Of Any Other Properties Of Quarks Is Required)

Fundamental Particles: Recall That Protons And Neutrons Are Not Fundamental Particles And Describe Protons And Neutrons In Terms Of Their Quark Composition

Fundamental Particles: Understand That A Hadron May Be Either A Baryon (Consisting Of Three Quarks) Or A Meson (Consisting Of One Quark And One Antiquark)

Fundamental Particles: Describe The Changes To Quark Composition That Take Place During Β– And Β+ Decay

Fundamental Particles: Recall That Electrons And Neutrinos Are Fundamental Particles Called Leptons

Physical Quantities And Units

Kinematics

Dynamics

Forces, Density And Pressure

Work, Energy And Power

Deformation of Solids

Waves

Superposition

Electricity

D.C. Circuits

Particle Physics

Practical Skills

AS Paper Structure & Weighting: AS Physics Paper Structure: Paper 1, Paper 2, Paper 3 Roles

AS Paper Structure & Weighting: Weighting of MCQs vs Structured vs Practical Skills

AS Paper Structure & Weighting: How AS Marks Are Scaled Before Carrying Forward to A Level

AS Paper Structure & Weighting: Examiner Intent at AS Level vs A2 Level

AS Paper Structure & Weighting: Why AS Papers Test Precision More Than Depth

Paper 1 (MCQs) – Strategy & Traps: Paper 1 MCQ Design: Why Options Look “Almost Correct”

Paper 1 (MCQs) – Strategy & Traps: Eliminating Distractors Using Physics Logic

Paper 1 (MCQs) – Strategy & Traps: Time Management for 40 MCQs (60 Minutes)

Paper 1 (MCQs) – Strategy & Traps: Guessing Strategy When You’re Unsure

Paper 1 (MCQs) – Strategy & Traps: Common MCQ Calculation Traps (Units, Powers, Directions)

Paper 1 – Examiner-Reported Mistakes: Misreading Graphs and Diagrams in MCQs

Paper 1 – Examiner-Reported Mistakes: Mixing Up Scalars and Vectors

Paper 1 – Examiner-Reported Mistakes: Using Wrong Formula Despite Correct Topic Recognition

Paper 1 – Examiner-Reported Mistakes: Overthinking Simple AS MCQs

Paper 1 – Examiner-Reported Mistakes: Ignoring Given Constants and Units

Paper 2 (AS Structured Questions) – Core Technique: Structure of Paper 2: Short vs Long Structured Questions

Paper 2 (AS Structured Questions) – Core Technique: How Marks Are Awarded in AS Structured Calculations

Paper 2 (AS Structured Questions) – Core Technique: Showing Working to Secure Method Marks

Paper 2 (AS Structured Questions) – Core Technique: When Explanations Are Required vs Calculations

Paper 2 (AS Structured Questions) – Core Technique: Interpreting Command Words at AS Level

AS Calculations & Mathematical Control: Handling Rearrangement of Formulae Safely

AS Calculations & Mathematical Control: Significant Figures and Rounding Rules at AS Level

AS Calculations & Mathematical Control: Power of Ten Errors in Standard Form

AS Calculations & Mathematical Control: Substitution Order in Multi-Step AS Questions

AS Calculations & Mathematical Control: Units: When Missing Units Lose Marks

AS Graphs & Data Handling: Drawing Graphs with Correct Scales and Labels

AS Graphs & Data Handling: Finding Gradient and Area Under Graphs Correctly

AS Graphs & Data Handling: Interpreting Straight-Line vs Curved Graphs

AS Graphs & Data Handling: Common Graph Plotting Errors at AS Level

AS Graphs & Data Handling: Reading Data Tables Without Assumptions

Paper 3 (Advanced Practical Skills): Paper 3 Structure: Planning, Data, Analysis, Evaluation

Paper 3 (Advanced Practical Skills): Identifying Independent, Dependent, and Control Variables

Paper 3 (Advanced Practical Skills): Writing Clear, Logical Experimental Procedures

Paper 3 (Advanced Practical Skills): Designing Tables That Match Examiner Expectations

Paper 3 (Advanced Practical Skills): Drawing Accurate and Useful Diagrams

Uncertainty & Practical Skills (AS Level): Absolute vs Percentage Uncertainty

Uncertainty & Practical Skills (AS Level): Calculating Percentage Uncertainty in Measurements

Uncertainty & Practical Skills (AS Level): Combining Uncertainties in Simple Calculations

Uncertainty & Practical Skills (AS Level): Significant Figures Consistency with Uncertainty

Uncertainty & Practical Skills (AS Level): Common Uncertainty Errors Highlighted by Examiners

Evaluation & Improvements (AS Practical): Difference Between Errors and Limitations

Evaluation & Improvements (AS Practical): Writing Valid Improvements That Score Marks

Evaluation & Improvements (AS Practical): Avoiding Unrealistic or Vague Improvements

Evaluation & Improvements (AS Practical): Trend Recognition vs Random Scatter

Evaluation & Improvements (AS Practical): Correlation vs Causation Errors

Examiner Complaints & Final Strategy: Writing Too Much for Low-Mark AS Questions

Examiner Complaints & Final Strategy: Repeating the Question Instead of Answering It

Examiner Complaints & Final Strategy: Contradicting Yourself in Explanations

Examiner Complaints & Final Strategy: Final Checking Strategy for AS Papers

Examiner Complaints & Final Strategy: Exam-Day Time Management Across Paper 1, 2 and 3

Physical Quantities And Units

Kinematics

Dynamics

Force, Density And Pressure

Work, Energy And Power

Deformation of Solids

Waves

Superposition

Electricity

D.C. Circuits

Particle Physics

Practical Skills

Understanding Paper 3 Structure & Examiner Intent: Purpose Of Paper 3 And How It Differs From Theory Papers

Understanding Paper 3 Structure & Examiner Intent: Overall Mark Distribution In Paper 3 (Planning, Analysis, Evaluation)

Understanding Paper 3 Structure & Examiner Intent: How Practical Skills Are Assessed Independently Of Theory Knowledge

Understanding Paper 3 Structure & Examiner Intent: Examiner Expectations At AS Level (Precision Over Complexity)

Understanding Paper 3 Structure & Examiner Intent: Why “Realistic School-Lab Physics” Is Always Required

Experimental Design & Planning Skills: Identifying The Independent Variable Correctly

Experimental Design & Planning Skills: Identifying The Dependent Variable Correctly

Experimental Design & Planning Skills: Selecting Valid Control Variables

Experimental Design & Planning Skills: Writing A Logical Experimental Method Step-By-Step

Experimental Design & Planning Skills: Ordering Steps So The Experiment Can Actually Be Performed

Apparatus & Measurement Technique: Choosing Appropriate Measuring Instruments

Apparatus & Measurement Technique: Understanding Resolution, Precision And Sensitivity

Apparatus & Measurement Technique: Reading Scales Correctly (Including Zero Errors)

Apparatus & Measurement Technique: Avoiding Parallax Error In Length Measurements

Apparatus & Measurement Technique: Timing Measurements Using Stopwatches Properly

Diagram Skills (High-Scoring Area): Drawing Clear, Simple And Correct Experimental Diagrams

Diagram Skills (High-Scoring Area): Correct Use Of Straight Lines, Labels And Symbols

Diagram Skills (High-Scoring Area): When Diagrams Are Required Vs Optional

Diagram Skills (High-Scoring Area): Common Diagram Mistakes That Lose Easy Marks

Diagram Skills (High-Scoring Area): Showing Measurement Points Clearly On Diagrams

Table Design & Data Collection: Designing Tables Before Taking Readings

Table Design & Data Collection: Correct Use Of Headings And Units In Tables

Table Design & Data Collection: Choosing Sensible Column Order

Table Design & Data Collection: Recording Raw Data Without Premature Processing

Table Design & Data Collection: Repeating Readings And Taking Averages Correctly

Graph Plotting & Data Presentation: Choosing Appropriate Axes And Scales

Graph Plotting & Data Presentation: Plotting Points Accurately And Neatly

Graph Plotting & Data Presentation: Best-Fit Line Vs Point-To-Point Joining

Graph Plotting & Data Presentation: Identifying Linear And Non-Linear Relationships

Graph Plotting & Data Presentation: Determining Gradient And Its Physical Meaning

Uncertainty & Error Handling (Core AS Skill): Absolute Uncertainty In Direct Measurements

Uncertainty & Error Handling (Core AS Skill): Percentage Uncertainty Calculations

Uncertainty & Error Handling (Core AS Skill): Combining Uncertainties In Simple Expressions

Uncertainty & Error Handling (Core AS Skill): Matching Significant Figures To Uncertainty

Uncertainty & Error Handling (Core AS Skill): Common Uncertainty Errors Highlighted By Examiners

Analysis & Interpretation Of Results: Recognising Trends From Experimental Data

Analysis & Interpretation Of Results: Using Data To Support Or Reject A Hypothesis

Analysis & Interpretation Of Results: Distinguishing Random Scatter From Systematic Error

Analysis & Interpretation Of Results: Explaining Anomalous Results Correctly

Analysis & Interpretation Of Results: Avoiding Over-Interpretation Of Limited Data

Evaluation & Improvements: Difference Between Limitations And Errors (Critical Distinction)

Evaluation & Improvements: Identifying Realistic Limitations Of An Experiment

Evaluation & Improvements: Writing Valid, Practical Improvements

Evaluation & Improvements: Avoiding Vague Improvements (e.g. “Use Better Equipment”)

Evaluation & Improvements: Linking Improvements Directly To Identified Limitations

Examiner-Reported Common Mistakes & Final Strategy: Writing Theoretical Physics Instead Of Practical Reasoning

Examiner-Reported Common Mistakes & Final Strategy: Proposing Unrealistic School-Lab Equipment

Examiner-Reported Common Mistakes & Final Strategy: Ignoring Safety And Feasibility

Examiner-Reported Common Mistakes & Final Strategy: Misusing Technical Terms Like “Accuracy” And “Precision”

Examiner-Reported Common Mistakes & Final Strategy: Final Exam-Day Strategy For Paper 3 Time Management

Practice Questions: Physical Quantities: Understand That All Physical Quantities Consist Of A Numerical Magnitude And A Unit

Practice Questions: Physical Quantities: Make Reasonable Estimates Of Physical Quantities Included Within The Syllabus

Practice Questions: Si Units: Recall The Following Si Base Quantities And Their Units: Mass (Kg), Length (M), Time (S), Current (A), Temperature (K)

Practice Questions: Si Units: Express Derived Units As Products Or Quotients Of The Si Base Units And Use The Derived Units For Quantities Listed In This Syllabus As Appropriate

Practice Questions: Si Units: Use Si Base Units To Check The Homogeneity Of Physical Equations

Practice Questions: Si Units: Recall And Use The Following Prefixes And Their Symbols To Indicate Decimal Submultiples Or Multiples Of Both Base And Derived Units: Pico (P), Nano (N), Micro (μ), Milli (M), Centi (C), Deci (D), Kilo (K), Mega (M), Giga (G), Tera (T)

Practice Questions: Errors And Uncertainties: Understand And Explain The Effects Of Systematic Errors (Including Zero Errors) And Random Errors In Measurements

Practice Questions: Errors And Uncertainties: Understand The Distinction Between Precision And Accuracy

Practice Questions: Errors And Uncertainties: Assess The Uncertainty In A Derived Quantity By Simple Addition Of Absolute Or Percentage Uncertainties

Practice Questions: Scalars And Vectors: Understand The Difference Between Scalar And Vector Quantities And Give Examples Of Scalar And Vector Quantities Included In The Syllabus

Practice Questions: Scalars And Vectors: Add And Subtract Coplanar Vectors

Practice Questions: Scalars And Vectors: Represent A Vector As Two Perpendicular Components

Practice Questions: Equations Of Motion: Define And Use Distance, Displacement, Speed, Velocity And Acceleration

Practice Questions: Equations Of Motion: Use Graphical Methods To Represent Distance, Displacement, Speed, Velocity And Acceleration

Practice Questions: Equations Of Motion: Determine Displacement From The Area Under A Velocity–time Graph

Practice Questions: Equations Of Motion: Determine Velocity Using The Gradient Of A Displacement–time Graph

Practice Questions: Equations Of Motion: Determine Acceleration Using The Gradient Of A Velocity–time Graph

Practice Questions: Equations Of Motion: Derive, From The Definitions Of Velocity And Acceleration, Equations That Represent Uniformly Accelerated Motion In A Straight Line

Practice Questions: Equations Of Motion: Solve Problems Using Equations That Represent Uniformly Accelerated Motion In A Straight Line, Including The Motion Of Bodies Falling In A Uniform Gravitational Field Without Air Resistance

Practice Questions: Equations Of Motion: Describe An Experiment To Determine The Acceleration Of Free Fall Using A Falling Object

Practice Questions: Equations Of Motion: Describe And Explain Motion Due To A Uniform Velocity In One Direction And A Uniform Acceleration In A Perpendicular Direction

Practice Questions: Momentum And Newton’s Laws Of Motion: Understand That Mass Is The Property Of An Object That Resists Change In Motion

Practice Questions: Momentum And Newton’s Laws Of Motion: Recall F = Ma And Solve Problems Using It, Understanding That Acceleration And Resultant Force Are Always In The Same Direction

Practice Questions: Momentum And Newton’s Laws Of Motion: Define And Use Linear Momentum As The Product Of Mass And Velocity

Practice Questions: Momentum And Newton’s Laws Of Motion: Define And Use Force As Rate Of Change Of Momentum

Practice Questions: Momentum And Newton’s Laws Of Motion: State And Apply Each Of Newton’s Laws Of Motion

Practice Questions: Momentum And Newton’s Laws Of Motion: escribe And Use The Concept Of Weight As The Effect Of A Gravitational Field On A Mass And Recall That The Weight Of An Object Is Equal To The Product Of Its Mass And The Acceleration Of Free Fall

Practice Questions: Non-uniform Motion: Show A Qualitative Understanding Of Frictional Forces And Viscous/drag Forces Including Air Resistance (No Treatment Of The Coefficients Of Friction And Viscosity Is Required, And A Simple Model Of Drag Force Increasing As Speed Increases Is Sufficient)

Practice Questions: Non-uniform Motion: Describe And Explain Qualitatively The Motion Of Objects In A Uniform Gravitational Field With Air Resistance

Practice Questions: Non-uniform Motion: Understand That Objects Moving Against A Resistive Force May Reach A Terminal (Constant) Velocity

Practice Questions: Linear Momentum And Its Conservation: State The Principle Of Conservation Of Momentum

Practice Questions: Linear Momentum And Its Conservation: Apply The Principle Of Conservation Of Momentum To Solve Simple Problems, Including Elastic And Inelastic Interactions Between Objects In Both One And Two Dimensions (Knowledge Of The Concept Of Coefficient Of Restitution Is Not Required)

Practice Questions: Linear Momentum And Its Conservation: Recall That, For An Elastic Collision, Total Kinetic Energy Is Conserved And The Relative Speed Of Approach Is Equal To The Relative Speed Of Separation

Practice Questions: Linear Momentum And Its Conservation: Apply The Principle Of Conservation Of Momentum To Solve Simple Problems, Including Elastic And Inelastic Interactions Between Objects In Both One And Two Dimensions (Knowledge Of The Concept Of Coefficient Of Restitution Is Not Required)

Practice Questions:Linear Momentum And Its Conservation: Understand That, While Momentum Of A System Is Always Conserved In Interactions Between Objects, Some Change In Kinetic Energy May Take Place

Practice Questions: Turning Effects Of Forces: Understand That The Weight Of An Object May Be Taken As Acting At A Single Point Known As Its Centre Of Gravity

Practice Questions: Turning Effects Of Forces: Define And Apply The Moment Of A Force

Practice Questions: Turning Effects Of Forces: Understand That A Couple Is A Pair Of Forces That Acts To Produce Rotation Only

Practice Questions: Turning Effects Of Forces: Define And Apply The Torque Of A Couple

Practice Questions: Equilibrium Of Forces: State And Apply The Principle Of Moments

Practice Questions: Equilibrium Of Forces: Understand That, When There Is No Resultant Force And No Resultant Torque, A System Is In Equilibrium

Practice Questions: Equilibrium Of Forces: Use A Vector Triangle To Represent Coplanar Forces In Equilibrium

Practice Questions: Density And Pressure: Define And Use Density

Practice Questions: Density And Pressure: Define And Use Pressure

Practice Questions: Density And Pressure: Derive, From The Definitions Of Pressure And Density, The Equation For Hydrostatic Pressure ∆p = Ρg∆h

Practice Questions: Density And Pressure: Use The Equation ∆p = Ρg∆h

Practice Questions: Density And Pressure: Understand That The Upthrust Acting On An Object In A Fluid Is Due To A Difference In Hydrostatic Pressure

Practice Questions: Density And Pressure: Calculate The Upthrust Acting On An Object In A Fluid Using The Equation F = Ρgv (Archimedes’ Principle)

Practice Questions: Energy Conservation: Understand The Concept Of Work, And Recall And Use Work Done = Force × Displacement In The Direction Of The Force

Practice Questions: Energy Conservation: Recall And Apply The Principle Of Conservation Of Energy

Practice Questions: Energy Conservation: Recall And Understand That The Efficiency Of A System Is The Ratio Of Useful Energy Output From The System To The Total Energy Input

Practice Questions: Energy Conservation: Use The Concept Of Efficiency To Solve Problems

Practice Questions: Energy Conservation: Define Power As Work Done Per Unit Time

Practice Questions: Energy Conservation: Solve Problems Using P = W/t

Practice Questions: Energy Conservation: Derive P = Fv And Use It To Solve Problems

Practice Questions: Gravitational Potential Energy And Kinetic Energy: Derive, Using W = Fs, The Formula ∆ep = Mg∆h For Gravitational Potential Energy Changes In A Uniform Gravitational Field

Practice Questions: Gravitational Potential Energy And Kinetic Energy: Recall And Use The Formula ∆ep = Mg∆h For Gravitational Potential Energy Changes In A Uniform Gravitational Field

Practice Questions: Gravitational Potential Energy And Kinetic Energy: Derive, Using The Equations Of Motion, The Formula For Kinetic Energy Ek = 2 1 Mv2 4 Recall And Use Ek = 2 1 Mv

Practice Questions: Stress And Strain: Understand That Deformation Is Caused By Tensile Or Compressive Forces (Forces And Deformations Will Be Assumed To Be In One Dimension Only)

Practice Questions: Stress And Strain: Understand And Use The Terms Load, Extension, Compression And Limit Of Proportionality

Practice Questions: Stress And Strain: Recall And Use Hooke’s Law

Practice Questions: Stress And Strain: Recall And Use The Formula For The Spring Constant K = F/ X

Practice Questions: Stress And Strain: Define And Use The Terms Stress, Strain And The Young Modulus

Practice Questions: Stress And Strain: Describe An Experiment To Determine The Young Modulus Of A Metal In The Form Of A Wire

Practice Questions: Elastic And Plastic Behaviour: Understand And Use The Terms Elastic Deformation, Plastic Deformation And Elastic Limit

Practice Questions: Elastic And Plastic Behaviour: Understand That The Area Under The Force–extension Graph Represents The Work Done

Practice Questions: Elastic And Plastic Behaviour: Determine The Elastic Potential Energy Of A Material Deformed Within Its Limit Of Proportionality From The Area Under The Force–extension Graph

Practice Questions: Elastic And Plastic Behaviour: Recall And Use Ep = 2 1 Fx = 2 1 Kx2 For A Material Deformed Within Its Limit Of Proportionality

Practice Questions: Progressive Waves: Describe What Is Meant By Wave Motion As Illustrated By Vibration In Ropes, Springs And Ripple Tanks

Practice Questions: Progressive Waves: Understand And Use The Terms Displacement, Amplitude, Phase Difference, Period, Frequency, Wavelength And Speed

Practice Questions: Progressive Waves: Understand The Use Of The Time-base And Y-gain Of A Cathode-ray Oscilloscope (Cro) To Determine Frequency And Amplitude

Practice Questions: Progressive Waves: Derive, Using The Definitions Of Speed, Frequency And Wavelength, The Wave Equation V = F Λ

Practice Questions: Progressive Waves: Recall And Use V = F Λ

Practice Questions: Progressive Waves: Understand That Energy Is Transferred By A Progressive Wave

Practice Questions: Progressive Waves: Recall And Use Intensity = Power/area And Intensity ∝ (Amplitude) 2 For A Progressive Wave

Practice Questions: Transverse And Longitudinal Waves: Compare Transverse And Longitudinal Waves

Practice Questions: Transverse And Longitudinal Waves: Analyse And Interpret Graphical Representations Of Transverse And Longitudinal Waves

Practice Questions: Doppler Effect For Sound Waves: Understand That When A Source Of Sound Waves Moves Relative To A Stationary Observer, The Observed Frequency Is Different From The Source Frequency (Understanding Of The Doppler Effect For A Stationary Source And A Moving Observer Is Not Required)

Practice Questions: Doppler Effect For Sound Waves: Use The Expression F Ο = F S V /(V ± Vs ) For The Observed Frequency When A Source Of Sound Waves Moves Relative To A Stationary Observer

Practice Questions: Electromagnetic Spectrum: State That All Electromagnetic Waves Are Transverse Waves That Travel With The Same Speed C In Free Space

Practice Questions: Electromagnetic Spectrum: Recall The Approximate Range Of Wavelengths In Free Space Of The Principal Regions Of The Electromagnetic Spectrum From Radio Waves To Γ-rays

Practice Questions: Electromagnetic Spectrum: Recall That Wavelengths In The Range 400–700nm In Free Space Are Visible To The Human Eye

Practice Questions: Polarisation: Understand That Polarisation Is A Phenomenon Associated With Transverse Waves

Practice Questions: Polarisation: Recall And Use Malus’s Law (I = I0 Cos2 Θ ) To Calculate The Intensity Of A Plane-polarised Electromagnetic Wave After Transmission Through A Polarising Filter Or A Series Of Polarising Filters (Calculation Of The Effect Of A Polarising Filter On The Intensity Of An Unpolarised Wave Is Not Required)

Practice Questions: Stationary Waves: Explain And Use The Principle Of Superposition

Practice Questions: Stationary Waves: Show An Understanding Of Experiments That Demonstrate Stationary Waves Using Microwaves, Stretched Strings And Air Columns (It Will Be Assumed That End Corrections Are Negligible; Knowledge Of The Concept Of End Corrections Is Not Required)

Practice Questions: Stationary Waves: Explain The Formation Of A Stationary Wave Using A Graphical Method, And Identify Nodes And Antinodes

Practice Questions: Stationary Waves: Understand How Wavelength May Be Determined From The Positions Of Nodes Or Antinodes Of A Stationary Wave

Practice Questions: Diffraction: Explain The Meaning Of The Term Diffraction

Practice Questions: Diffraction: Show An Understanding Of Experiments That Demonstrate Diffraction Including The Qualitative Effect Of The Gap Width Relative To The Wavelength Of The Wave; For Example Diffraction Of Water Waves In A Ripple Tank

Practice Questions: Interference: Understand The Terms Interference And Coherence

Practice Questions: Interference: Show An Understanding Of Experiments That Demonstrate Two-source Interference Using Water Waves In A Ripple Tank, Sound, Light And Microwaves

Practice Questions: Interference: Understand The Conditions Required If Two-source Interference Fringes Are To Be Observed

Practice Questions: Interference: Recall And Use Λ = Ax /d For Double-slit Interference Using Light

Practice Questions: The Diffraction Grating: Recall And Use D Sin Θ = Nλ

Practice Questions: The Diffraction Grating: Describe The Use Of A Diffraction Grating To Determine The Wavelength Of Light (The Structure And Use Of The Spectrometer Are Not Included)

Practice Questions: Electric Current: Understand That An Electric Current Is A Flow Of Charge Carriers

Practice Questions: Electric Current: Understand That The Charge On Charge Carriers Is Quantised

Practice Questions: Electric Current: Recall And Use Q = It

Practice Questions: Electric Current: Use, For A Current-carrying Conductor, The Expression I = Anvq, Where N Is The Number Density Of Charge Carriers

Practice Questions: Potential Difference And Power: Define The Potential Difference Across A Component As The Energy Transferred Per Unit Charge

Practice Questions: Potential Difference And Power: Recall And Use V = W/q

Practice Questions: Potential Difference And Power: Recall And Use P = Vi, P = I2 R And P = V2 /r

Practice Questions: Resistance And Resistivity: Define Resistance

Practice Questions: Resistance And Resistivity: Recall And Use V = Ir

Practice Questions: Resistance And Resistivity: Sketch The I–v Characteristics Of A Metallic Conductor At Constant Temperature, A Semiconductor Diode And A Filament Lamp

Practice Questions: Resistance And Resistivity: Explain That The Resistance Of A Filament Lamp Increases As Current Increases Because Its Temperature Increases

Practice Questions: Resistance And Resistivity: State Ohm’s Law

Practice Questions: Resistance And Resistivity: Recall And Use R = Ρl/a

Practice Questions: Resistance And Resistivity: Understand That The Resistance Of A Light-dependent Resistor (Ldr) Decreases As The Light Intensity Increases

Practice Questions: Resistance And Resistivity: Understand That The Resistance Of A Thermistor Decreases As The Temperature Increases (It Will Be Assumed That Thermistors Have A Negative Temperature Coefficient)

Practice Questions: Practical Circuits: Recall And Use The Circuit Symbols Shown In Section 6 Of This Syllabus

Practice Questions: Practical Circuits: Draw And Interpret Circuit Diagrams Containing The Circuit Symbols Shown In Section 6 Of This Syllabus

Practice Questions: Practical Circuits: Define And Use The Electromotive Force (E.m.f.) Of A Source As Energy Transferred Per Unit Charge In Driving Charge Around A Complete Circuit

Practice Questions: Practical Circuits: Distinguish Between E.m.f. And Potential Difference (P.d.) In Terms Of Energy Considerations

Practice Questions: Practical Circuits: Understand The Effects Of The Internal Resistance Of A Source Of E.m.f. On The Terminal Potential Difference

Practice Questions: Kirchhoff’s Laws: Recall Kirchhoff’s First Law And Understand That It Is A Consequence Of Conservation Of Charge

Practice Questions: Kirchhoff’s Laws: Recall Kirchhoff’s Second Law And Understand That It Is A Consequence Of Conservation Of Energy

Practice Questions: Kirchhoff’s Laws: Derive, Using Kirchhoff’s Laws, A Formula For The Combined Resistance Of Two Or More Resistors In Series

Practice Questions: Kirchhoff’s Laws: Use The Formula For The Combined Resistance Of Two Or More Resistors In Series

Practice Questions: Kirchhoff’s Laws: Derive, Using Kirchhoff’s Laws, A Formula For The Combined Resistance Of Two Or More Resistors In Parallel

Practice Questions: Kirchhoff’s Laws: Use The Formula For The Combined Resistance Of Two Or More Resistors In Parallel

Practice Questions: Kirchhoff’s Laws: Use Kirchhoff’s Laws To Solve Simple Circuit Problems

Practice Questions: Potential Dividers: Understand The Principle Of A Potential Divider Circuit

Practice Questions: Potential Dividers: Recall And Use The Principle Of The Potentiometer As A Means Of Comparing Potential Differences

Practice Questions: Potential Dividers: Understand The Use Of A Galvanometer In Null Methods

Practice Questions: Potential Dividers: Explain The Use Of Thermistors And Light-dependent Resistors In Potential Dividers To Provide A Potential

Practice Questions: Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Infer From The Results Of The Α-particle Scattering Experiment The Existence And Small Size Of The Nucleus

Practice Questions: Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Describe A Simple Model For The Nuclear Atom To Include Protons, Neutrons And Orbital Electrons

Practice Questions: Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Distinguish Between Nucleon Number And Proton Number

Practice Questions: Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Understand That Isotopes Are Forms Of The Same Element With Different Numbers Of Neutrons In Their Nuclei

Practice Questions: Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Understand And Use The Notation A Z X For The Representation Of Nuclides

Practice Questions: Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Understand That Nucleon Number And Charge Are Conserved In Nuclear Processes

Practice Questions: Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Describe The Composition, Mass And Charge Of Α-, Β- And Γ-radiations (Both Β– (Electrons) And Β+ (Positrons) Are Included)

Practice Questions: Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Understand That An Antiparticle Has The Same Mass But Opposite Charge To The Corresponding Particle, And That A Positron Is The Antiparticle Of An Electron

Practice Questions: Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: State That (Electron) Antineutrinos Are Produced During Β– Decay And (Electron) Neutrinos Are Produced During Β+ Decay

Practice Questions: Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Understand That Α-particles Have Discrete Energies But That Β-particles Have A Continuous Range Of Energies Because (Anti)neutrinos Are Emitted In Β-decay

Practice Questions: Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Represent Α- And Β-decay By A Radioactive Decay Equation Of The Form U Th 92 238 90 234 2 ” + 4α

Practice Questions: Atoms, Nuclei And Radiation: Use The Unified Atomic Mass Unit (U) As A Unit Of Mass

Practice Questions: Fundamental Particles: Understand That A Quark Is A Fundamental Particle And That There Are Six Flavours (Types) Of Quark: Up, Down, Strange, Charm, Top And Bottom

Practice Questions: Fundamental Particles: Recall And Use The Charge Of Each Flavour Of Quark And Understand That Its Respective Antiquark Has The Opposite Charge (No Knowledge Of Any Other Properties Of Quarks Is Required)

Practice Questions: Fundamental Particles: Recall That Protons And Neutrons Are Not Fundamental Particles And Describe Protons And Neutrons In Terms Of Their Quark Composition

Practice Questions: Fundamental Particles: Understand That A Hadron May Be Either A Baryon (Consisting Of Three Quarks) Or A Meson (Consisting Of One Quark And One Antiquark)

Practice Questions: Fundamental Particles: Describe The Changes To Quark Composition That Take Place During Β– And Β+ Decay

Practice Questions: Fundamental Particles: Recall That Electrons And Neutrinos Are Fundamental Particles Called Leptons

Physical Quantities

SI Units

Errors And Uncertainties

Scalars And Vectors

Equations Of Motion

Momentum And Newton’s Laws Of Motion

Non-Uniform Motion

Linear Momentum And Its Conservation

Turning Effects Of Forces

Equilibrium Of Forces

Density And Pressure

Energy Conservation

Gravitational Potential Energy And Kinetic Energy

Stress And Strain

Elastic And Plastic Behaviour

Progressive Waves

Transverse And Longitudinal Waves

Doppler Effect For Sound Waves

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Polarisation

Stationary Waves

Diffraction

Interference

The Diffraction Grating

Electric Current

Potential Difference And Power