Topics:

• Alcohol
  • Alcohol
  • Structures of Alcohol
  • Drawing the structure of alcohol
  • General formula
  • Formation of Alcohols
  • Combustion
  • Oxidation of Alcohols
  • Uses of Alcohols
• Carboxylic Acid
  • Structure of Carboxylic acids
  • Drawing Carboxylic acids
  • Formation of Carboxylic Acids
  • Reaction of Carboxylic Acids
  • Esterification

Alcohol

Alcohol:

• Alcohols are a homologous series of compounds that contain OH functional group (called hydroxyl group).
• Alcohol naming convention is similar to Alkanes and Alkenes: Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Butanol and so on.
• Alcohols are soluble in water.
• Keep in mind that alcohols are not alkalis even though they have OH in them.

Structures of Alcohols:

The following diagram shows the structures of the first four alcohols.

Drawing the structure of Alcohols:

• Let’s say we are to draw the structure of pentanol, 5 carbon alcohol.
• We draw a straight chain of carbons. The corner carbon will have 3 hydrogens and all the other carbons will have 2 hydrogens.
• The last carbon will have OH attached to it as well.

General Formula:

Alcohols have the general formula: C_nH_2n+1OH SO for example, we have 4 carbons i.e. butanol: C₄H_{2(4) +1}OH = C₄H₉OH Which can be verified from the above diagram.

Formation of Alcohols:

As discussed earlier in previous lecture, alcohols are formed by the addition of steam to alkenes with the presence of a catalyst. Ethanol is also formed by the fermentation of Glucose. This is carried out my micro-organisms.

• We use a moderate 37 degrees temperature since too high temperature will kill yeast.
• Make sure that oxygen does not react with the alcohol and turn it into carboxylic acid.
• We keep checking the alcohol formation using the limewater test of carbon dioxide.

Combustion:

Alcohols burn in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. E.g. C₄H₉OH + 6.5O₂ → 4CO₂ + 5H₂O

Oxidation of Alcohols:

Alcohols are oxidized into carboxylic acids. This happens in the presence of acidified Potassium Dichromate (H₂SO₄ K₂Cr₂O₇) which acts as the oxidizing agent. E.g. Ethanol can be converted to Ethanoic Acid.

Uses of Alcohol:

• It is used as a solvent for, for example, detergents and perfumes
• Alcohol can also be used as a fuel since it burns.
• It is used as antiseptics.
• Drinks and beverages.

Carboxylic Acids:

• Carboxylic Acids are a homologous series that contain the COOH functional group.
• They are weak acids that partially ionize.
• They are soluble in water.
• Carboxylic Acids have to groups, the hydroxyl group (OH) and the carbonyl group (C=O).

Structures of Carboxylic Acids:

The following diagram shows the structures of the first four Carboxylic Acids.

General Formula of Carboxylic Acids:

Carboxylic Acids have the general formula: C_nH_2n+1COOH SO for example, we have 4 carbons i.e. butanoic acid, we will count the 3 carbons in the first part as one is in the COOH Part: C₃H_{2 (3) +1}COOH = C₃H₇COOH Which can be verified from the above diagram.

Drawing the structure of Carboxylic Acids:

• Let’s say we are to draw the structure of propanoic acid, 3 carbon carboxylic acid.
• We draw a straight chain of carbons one less than the number needed. Here we draw 2. The corner carbon will have 3 hydrogens and all the other carbons will have 2 hydrogens.
• The last carbon will have COOH attached to it as well.

Formation of Carboxylic Acids:

As discussed above, carboxylic acids are formed by the oxidation of alcohols using acidified catalysts that act as oxidizing agents. This can be Potassium Dichromate or Potassium Permanganate. Also, while fermentation, if oxygen is added, acids are produced, ethanol.

Reactions of Carboxylic Acids:

Since they are weak acids, they react with some carbonates, bases and metals in the similar way the other acids react.

Metals:

They donate the H (as acids do) and form salts and hydrogen with metals:

Bases:

They neutralize and produce salt and water with bases:

Carbonates:

They product salt, water and carbon dioxide with carbonates.

Esterification:

• Carboxylic acids and alcohols react together to form sweet-smelling organic compounds called esters.
• Esters are used in artificial flavoring and perfumes as well.
• Acids donate H and alcohols donate OH and hence, water is also formed together with the esters.
• They are called alkyl carboxylate e.g. when methanol and propanoic acid form an ester, it will be called methyl propanoate.
  • CH3CH2COOH + CH3OH → CH3CH2COOCH3

Structures of esters:

The following diagram shows the structures of esters of the first 4 carbon compounds:

Esters with Methanol and acids:

Esters with Ethanol and acids:

Similarly, we can make with propanol and butanol with all acids.

Drawing structures of esters:

For example we have to draw the structure of Propyl methanoate:

• Draw the alkyl, in this case Propyl first,
• Add an -O- for the alcohol and acid joining part
• Draw the carboxylate part. In this case, methyl with the structure meaning only OCH.

Lesson Tags

Alcohol | Carboxylic Acid | Addition | Detailed Notes For Preparation & Revision | O Level Chemistry 5070 and IGCSE Chemistry 0620

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