Organic Chemistry: Macro Molecules | Addition | Polymerization

Topics:

• Macromolecules
• Addition Polymerization
  • Polyethene
  • Uses of Poly Ethene
• Condensation Polymerization
  • Nylon
  • Terylene
  • Uses
  • Non-biodegradable plastics
• Natural Macromolecules
  • Protein
  • Fat
  • Hydrolysis

Macromolecules:

• Macromolecules are very large structures that are built from small units called monomers.
• They are polymerized molecules as discussed earlier.
• Different types of macromolecules have different types of units or linkages

There are two types of Polymerizations as discussed below.

Addition Polymerization:

• Polymerization in which no small molecule is produced in addition to the polymer chain. I.e. nothing from the reactants leave the polymer chain.
• This happens when there are unsaturated monomers, i.e. they have double or triple bonds.
• We have seen one example of addition polymerization in the form of polyethene in alkenes

Polyethene:

• Polyethene is formed when many ethene molecules join together.
• The double bond is broken, and the new available bonds join with other ethene molecules to form a large chain.
• This is shown in the diagram below. N represent a very large number. The unit in the brackets is one monomer. In this case, ethene.

Uses of Polyethene:

• We have heard the term polyethene bags. The most common use of polyethene is the making of plastic bags. Plastic is a polymer. Polyethene is one type of plastic.
• Polyethene is also used to make cling films.

Condensation Polymerization:

• Condensation polymerization is the type of polymerization where a small molecule is removed from the monomers to free the bond and create the chain.
• This small molecule can be anything such as water or HCl etc.
• There are three major Condensation polymers that we need to know: Polyamide, Nylon and Terylene.

Nylon/ Polyamide:

Polyamide is a condensation polymer that contains the amide linkage. Amide linkage means -C=ONH- linkage.

• Polyamide is formed when diamides and dicarboxylic acids react together.
• Water molecules are removed as carboxylic acid loses OH and amide loses H.
• They bond together.
• This can also happen on the other side creating a long chain.

Terylene/ Polyester:

Polyester is a condensation polymer that contains the ester linkage. The ester linkage is O-C=O linkage.

• Polyester or terylene is formed when di-alcohols or diols and dicarboxylic acids react together.
• Water molecule is removed, and they bond together to form esters.
• This can also happen on the other side creating a long chain polymer.

Uses of Polyamide and Polyester:

There are various uses of Terylene and Nylon. These include but are not limited to clothing, materials, fishing lines, parachutes and sleeping bags.

Non-biodegradable Plastics:

Plastics that are non-biodegradable cause serious pollution as they trap in ground or water and stop the passage and flow of water. They take very long to decompose. Hence, their use is being reduced and banned. Recycling plastics is another option that is now being used.

Natural Macromolecules:

Polyethene, polyamide and polyesters are created in industries for specific purposes. However, there are several natural macromolecules. These include Protein, carbohydrates and fats.

Proteins:

Proteins have the same amide linkage as in nylon. However, their monomers are different to those of nylon. IN proteins, the amide linkage is called the peptide bond. Proteins are formed by the polymerization of amino acids that contain the amine structure on one side and carboxylic structure on the other.

Fats:

• Fats have the same ester linkage. However, the monomers for fats are difference to those of polyesters.
• The fats have three fatty acids combined with glycerol molecule to form long chains.
• Since we add three fatty acids with glycerol, fats are called triglycerides.

Hydrolysis:

Hydrolysis is the breaking down of proteins back into amino acids in the presence of water. The bonds that were formed are replaced with H and OH and amino acids are formed again.  Complex carbohydrates are also hydrolyzed for example, starch into sugar.

Lesson Tags

Organic Chemistry | Macro Molecule | Addition | Detailed Notes For Preparation & Revision | O Level Chemistry 5070 and IGCSE Chemistry 0620

Our Affordable Paid Courses

Courses Page: https://educateachange.com/courses

Paid Courses For O Level/ IGCSE Chemistry

To get the latest content, updated and detailed notes, video lectures, live classes, quizzes, assignments personally marked by Sir Hunain (past paper-based assignments) and much more, consider our paid courses.

Biology Crash Course Link: https://educateachange.com/courses/caie/chemistry-0570-or-chemistry-0620-or-chemistry-0971-o-level-or-igcse-crash-course/

Biology Full Scale Course Link: https://educateachange.com/courses/caie/chemistry-0570-or-chemistry-0620-or-chemistry-0971-o-level-or-igcse-full-scale-course/

Free Education

Check out more free material at our Free Education Section

Free Education Link: https://educateachange.com/free-education

Ask Your Question Link: https://educateachange.com/forums/forum/free-education-forum/

Contact Information

Whats App: +92 336 311 1855

Email: free@educateachange.com

Social Media For Hunain Zia

YouTube: AYLOTI

Facebook: Official Facebook Page

Instagram: Official Instagram Page

LinkedIn: Official LinkedIn Profile

TikTok: Official TikTok Profile

Twitter: Official Twitter Profile

SnapChat: Offical SnapChat Account

Free Education Groups

Facebook General Free Education Group: Real Free Education

Facebook CAIE Free Education Group: AYLOTI Education

Fair Usage Policy

NOTE: To ensure fair use and legal use of this material, please note the following: plagiarism, copying, saving, distribution, re-distribution, cross-posting and using this content on ANY other platform or website is prohibited.