- 21 Sections
- 1138 Lessons
- 32 Weeks
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- Notes + Written Material For Contents of The SyllabusNotes for Chapters + Written Resources Regarding The Content225
- 3.1The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Utility: Definition And Calculation Of Total Utility And Marginal Utility
- 3.2The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Utility: Diminishing Marginal Utility
- 3.3The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Utility: Equi-marginal Principle
- 3.4The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Utility: Derivation Of An Individual Demand Curve
- 3.5The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Utility: Limitations Of Marginal Utility Theory And Its Assumptions Of Rational Behaviour
- 3.6The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Indifference Curves And Budget Lines: Meaning Of An Indifference Curve And A Budget Line
- 3.7The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Indifference Curves And Budget Lines: Causes Of A Shift In The Budget Line
- 3.8The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Indifference Curves And Budget Lines: Income, Substitution And Price Effects For Normal, Inferior And Giffen Goods
- 3.9The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Indifference Curves And Budget Lines: Limitations Of The Model Of Indifference Curves
- 3.10The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Efficiency And Market Failure: Definitions Of Productive Efficiency And Allocative Efficiency
- 3.11The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Efficiency And Market Failure: Conditions For Productive Efficiency And Allocative Efficiency
- 3.12The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Efficiency And Market Failure: Pareto Optimality
- 3.13The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Efficiency And Market Failure: Definition Of Dynamic Efficiency
- 3.14The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Efficiency And Market Failure: Definition Of Market Failure
- 3.15The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Efficiency And Market Failure: Reasons For Market Failure
- 3.16The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits: Definition And Calculation Of Social Costs (Sc) As The Sum Of Private Costs (Pc) And External Costs (Ec), Including Marginal Social Costs (Msc), Marginal Private Costs (Mpc) And Marginal External Costs (Mec)
- 3.17The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits: Definition And Calculation Of Social Benefits (Sb) As The Sum Of Private Benefits (Pb) And External Benefits (Eb), Including Marginal Social Benefits (Msb), Marginal Private Benefits (Mpb) And Marginal External Benefits (Meb)
- 3.18The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits: Definition Of Positive Externality And Negative Externality
- 3.19The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits: Positive And Negative Externalities Of Both Consumption And Production
- 3.20The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits: Deadweight Welfare Losses Arising From Positive And Negative Externalities
- 3.21The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits: Asymmetric Information And Moral Hazard
- 3.22The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits: Use Of Costs And Benefits In Analysing Decisions (Knowledge Of Net Present Value Is Not Required)
- 3.23The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Short-run Production Function: Fixed And Variable Factors Of Production
- 3.24The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Short-run Production Function: Definition And Calculation Of Total Product, Average Product And Marginal Product
- 3.25The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Short-run Production Function: Law Of Diminishing Returns (Law Of Variable Proportions)
- 3.26The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Short-run Cost Function: Definition And Calculation Of Fixed Costs (Fc) And Variable Costs (Vc)
- 3.27The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Short-run Cost Function: Definition And Calculation Of Total, Average And Marginal Costs (Tc, Ac, Mc), Including Average Total Cost (Atc), Total And Average Fixed Costs (Tfc, Afc) And Total And Average Variable Costs (Tvc, Avc)
- 3.28The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Short-run Cost Function: Explanation Of Shape Of Short-run Average Cost And Marginal Cost Curves
- 3.29The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Long-run Production Function: No Fixed Factors Of Production
- 3.30The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Long-run Production Function: Returns To Scale
- 3.31The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Long-run Cost Function: Explanation Of Shape Of Long-run Average Cost Curve
- 3.32The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Long-run Cost Function: Concept Of Minimum Efficient Scale
- 3.33The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Relationship Between Economies Of Scale And Decreasing Average Costs
- 3.34The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Internal And External Economies Of Scale
- 3.35The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Internal And External Diseconomies Of Scale
- 3.36The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Definition And Calculation Of Revenue: Total, Average And Marginal Revenue (Tr, Ar, Mr)
- 3.37The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Definition Of Normal, Subnormal And Supernormal Profit
- 3.38The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Calculation Of Supernormal And Subnormal Profit
- 3.39The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Perfect Competition And Imperfect Competition: Monopoly, Monopolistic Competition, Oligopoly, Natural Monopoly
- 3.40The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Structure Of The Listed Markets As Explained By Number Of Buyers And Sellers, Product Differentiation, Degree Of Freedom Of Entry And Availability Of Information
- 3.41The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Barriers To Entry And Exit: Legal Barriers
- 3.42The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Barriers To Entry And Exit: Market Barriers
- 3.43The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Barriers To Entry And Exit: Cost Barriers
- 3.44The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Barriers To Entry And Exit: Physical Barriers
- 3.45The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Revenues And Revenue Curves
- 3.46The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Output In The Short Run And The Long Run
- 3.47The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Profits In The Short Run And The Long Run
- 3.48The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Shutdown Price In The Short Run And The Long Run
- 3.49The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Derivation Of A Firm’s Supply Curve In A Perfectly Competitive Market
- 3.50The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Efficiency And X-inefficiency In The Short Run And The Long Run
- 3.51The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Contestable Markets: Features And Implications
- 3.52The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Price Competition And Non-price Competition
- 3.53The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Collusion And The Prisoner’s Dilemma In Oligopolistic Markets, Including A Two-player Pay-off Matrix
- 3.54The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Definition And Calculation Of The Concentration Ratio
- 3.55The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: Reasons For Different Sizes Of Firms
- 3.56The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: Internal Growth Of Firms: Organic Growth And Diversification
- 3.57The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: External Growth Of Firms – Integration (Mergers And Takeovers): Methods Of Integration: Horizontal
- 3.58The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: External Growth Of Firms – Integration (Mergers And Takeovers): Methods Of Integration: Vertical (Forwards And Backwards)
- 3.59The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: External Growth Of Firms – Integration (Mergers And Takeovers): Methods Of Integration: Conglomerate
- 3.60The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: External Growth Of Firms – Integration (Mergers And Takeovers): Reasons For Integration
- 3.61The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: External Growth Of Firms – Integration (Mergers And Takeovers): Consequences Of Integration
- 3.62The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: Cartels: Conditions For An Effective Cartel
- 3.63The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: Cartels: Consequences Of A Cartel
- 3.64The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: Principal–agent Problem Arising From Differing Objectives Of Shareholders/owners And Managers
- 3.65The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Traditional Profit-maximising Objective Of Firms
- 3.66The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: An Understanding Of Other Objectives Of Firms: Survival
- 3.67The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: An Understanding Of Other Objectives Of Firms: Profit Satisficing
- 3.68The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: An Understanding Of Other Objectives Of Firms: Sales Maximisation
- 3.69The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: An Understanding Of Other Objectives Of Firms: Revenue Maximisation
- 3.70The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Price Discrimination – First, Second And Third Degree: Conditions For Effective Price Discrimination
- 3.71The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Price Discrimination – First, Second And Third Degree: Consequences Of Price Discrimination
- 3.72The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Other Pricing Policies: Limit Pricing
- 3.73The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Other Pricing Policies: Predatory Pricing
- 3.74The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Other Pricing Policies: Price Leadership
- 3.75The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Relationship Between Price Elasticity Of Demand And A Firm’s Revenue: In A Normal Downward Sloping Demand Curve
- 3.76The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Relationship Between Price Elasticity Of Demand And A Firm’s Revenue: In A Kinked Demand Curve
- 3.77Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Specific And Ad Valorem Indirect Taxes
- 3.78Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Subsidies
- 3.79Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Price Controls
- 3.80Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Production Quotas
- 3.81Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Prohibitions And Licences
- 3.82Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Regulation And Deregulation
- 3.83Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Direct Provision
- 3.84Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Pollution Permits
- 3.85Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Property Rights
- 3.86Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Nationalisation And Privatisation
- 3.87Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Provision Of Information
- 3.88Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Behavioural Insights And ‘nudge’ Theory
- 3.89Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Government Failure In Microeconomic Intervention: Definition Of Government Failure
- 3.90Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Government Failure In Microeconomic Intervention: Causes Of Government Failure
- 3.91Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Government Failure In Microeconomic Intervention: Consequences Of Government Failure
- 3.92Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Equity And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth: Difference Between Equity And Equality
- 3.93Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Equity And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth: Difference Between Equity And Efficiency
- 3.94Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Equity And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth: Distinction Between Absolute Poverty And Relative Poverty
- 3.95Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Equity And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth: The Poverty Trap
- 3.96Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Equity And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth: Policies Towards Equity And Equality, For Example: Negative Income Tax
- 3.97Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Equity And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth: Policies Towards Equity And Equality, For Example: Universal Benefits And Means-tested Benefits
- 3.98Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Equity And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth: Policies Towards Equity And Equality, For Example: Universal Basic Income
- 3.99Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Demand For Labour As A Derived Demand
- 3.100Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Factors Affecting Demand For Labour In A Firm Or An Occupation
- 3.101Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Causes Of Shifts In And Movement Along The Demand Curve For Labour In A Firm Or An Occupation
- 3.102Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Marginal Revenue Product (Mrp) Theory: Definition And Calculation Of Marginal Revenue Product
- 3.103Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Marginal Revenue Product (Mrp) Theory: Derivation Of An Individual Firm’s Demand For Labour Using Marginal Revenue Product
- 3.104Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Factors Affecting The Supply Of Labour To A Firm Or To An Occupation: Wage And Non-wage Factors
- 3.105Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Causes Of Shifts In And Movement Along The Supply Curve Of Labour To A Firm Or An Occupation
- 3.106Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Wage Determination In Perfect Markets: Equilibrium Wage Rate And Employment In A Labour Market
- 3.107Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Wage Determination In Imperfect Markets: Influence Of Trade Unions On Wage Determination And Employment In A Labour Market
- 3.108Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Wage Determination In Imperfect Markets:Influence Of Government On Wage Determination And Employment In A Labour Market Using A National Minimum Wage
- 3.109Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Wage Determination In Imperfect Markets: Influence Of Monopsony Employers On Wage Determination And Employment In A Labour Market
- 3.110Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Determination Of Wage Differentials By Labour Market Forces
- 3.111Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Transfer Earnings And Economic Rent: Definition Of Transfer Earnings
- 3.112Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Transfer Earnings And Economic Rent: Definition Of Economic Rent
- 3.113Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Transfer Earnings And Economic Rent: Factors Affecting Transfer Earnings And Economic Rent In An Occupation
- 3.114The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: Definition Of The Multiplier
- 3.115The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: Formulae For And Calculation Of Multiplier In A Closed And Open Economy, With And Without A Government Sector
- 3.116The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: Calculation Of: Average And Marginal Propensities To Save (Aps And Mps)
- 3.117The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: Calculation Of: Average And Marginal Propensities To Consume (Apc And Mpc)
- 3.118The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: Calculation Of: Average And Marginal Propensities To Import (Apm And Mpm)
- 3.119The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: Calculation Of: Average And Marginal Rates Of Tax (Art And Mrt)
- 3.120The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: National Income Determination Using Ad And Income Approach With The Multiplier Process
- 3.121The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: Calculation Of Effect Of Changing Ad On National Income Using The Multiplier
- 3.122The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: Components Of Aggregate Demand (Ad) And Their Determinants: Consumption Function: Autonomous And Induced Consumer Expenditure
- 3.123The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: Components Of Aggregate Demand (Ad) And Their Determinants: Savings Function: Autonomous And Induced Savings
- 3.124The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: Components Of Aggregate Demand (Ad) And Their Determinants: Autonomous And Induced Investment; The Accelerator
- 3.125The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: Components Of Aggregate Demand (Ad) And Their Determinants: Government Spending
- 3.126The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: Components Of Aggregate Demand (Ad) And Their Determinants: Net Exports (Exports Minus Imports)
- 3.127The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: Full Employment Level Of National Income And Equilibrium Level Of National Income: Inflationary And Deflationary Gaps
- 3.128The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Actual Growth Versus Potential Growth In National Output
- 3.129The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Positive And Negative Output Gaps
- 3.130The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Business (Trade) Cycle: Phases Of The Cycle
- 3.131The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Business (Trade) Cycle: Causes Of The Cycle
- 3.132The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Business (Trade) Cycle: Role Of Automatic Stabilisers
- 3.133The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Policies To Promote Economic Growth And Their Effectiveness
- 3.134The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Inclusive Economic Growth: Definition Of Inclusive Economic Growth
- 3.135The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Inclusive Economic Growth: Impact Of Economic Growth On Equity And Equality
- 3.136The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Inclusive Economic Growth: Policies To Promote Inclusive Growth
- 3.137The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Sustainable Economic Growth: Definition Of Sustainable Economic Growth
- 3.138The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Sustainable Economic Growth: Using And Conserving Resources
- 3.139The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Sustainable Economic Growth: Impact Of Economic Growth On The Environment And Climate Change
- 3.140The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Sustainable Economic Growth: Policies To Mitigate The Impact Of Economic Growth On The Environment And Climate Change
- 3.141The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Definition Of Full Employment
- 3.142The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Equilibrium And Disequilibrium Unemployment (Including Hysteresis)
- 3.143The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Voluntary And Involuntary Unemployment
- 3.144The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Natural Rate Of Unemployment: Definition
- 3.145The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Natural Rate Of Unemployment: Determinants
- 3.146The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Natural Rate Of Unemployment: Policy Implications
- 3.147The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Patterns And Trends In (Un)employment
- 3.148The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Mobility Of Labour: Forms Of Labour Mobility: Geographical And Occupational
- 3.149The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Mobility Of Labour: Factors Affecting Labour Mobility
- 3.150The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Policies To Reduce Unemployment And Their Effectiveness
- 3.151The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Definition, Functions And Characteristics Of Money
- 3.152The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Definition Of Money Supply
- 3.153The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Quantity Theory Of Money (Mv = Pt)
- 3.154The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Functions Of Commercial Banks: Providing Deposit Accounts (Demand Deposit Account, Savings Account)
- 3.155The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Functions Of Commercial Banks: Lending Money (Overdrafts, Loans)
- 3.156The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Functions Of Commercial Banks: Holding Or Providing Cash, Securities, Loans, Deposits, Equity
- 3.157The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Functions Of Commercial Banks: Reserve Ratio And Capital Ratio
- 3.158The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Functions Of Commercial Banks: Objectives Of Commercial Banks: Liquidity, Security, Profitability
- 3.159The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Causes Of Changes In The Money Supply In An Open Economy: Commercial Banks As Sources Of Credit Creation And The Bank Credit Multiplier
- 3.160The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Causes Of Changes In The Money Supply In An Open Economy: Role Of A Central Bank
- 3.161The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Causes Of Changes In The Money Supply In An Open Economy: Government Deficit Financing
- 3.162The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Causes Of Changes In The Money Supply In An Open Economy: Quantitative Easing
- 3.163The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Causes Of Changes In The Money Supply In An Open Economy: Changes In The Balance Of Payments
- 3.164The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Policies To Reduce Inflation And Their Effectiveness
- 3.165The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Demand For Money: Liquidity Preference Theory
- 3.166The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Interest Rate Determination: Loanable Funds Theory And Keynesian Theory
- 3.167Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Macroeconomic Policy Objectives: Objectives In Terms Of Inflation, Balance Of Payments, Unemployment, Growth, Development, Sustainability And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth
- 3.168Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness: Relationship Between The Internal Value Of Money And The External Value Of Money
- 3.169Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness: Relationship Between The Balance Of Payments And Inflation
- 3.170Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness: Relationship Between Growth And Inflation
- 3.171Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness: Relationship Between Growth And The Balance Of Payments
- 3.172Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness: Relationship Between Inflation And Unemployment: Traditional Phillips Curve
- 3.173Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness: Relationship Between Inflation And Unemployment: Expectations-augmented Phillips Curve (Short- And Long-run Phillips Curve)
- 3.174Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Effectiveness Of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives: Effectiveness Of Different Policies In Relation To Different Macroeconomic Objectives: Fiscal Policy Including Laffer Curve Analysis
- 3.175Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Effectiveness Of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives: Effectiveness Of Different Policies In Relation To Different Macroeconomic Objectives: Monetary Policy
- 3.176Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Effectiveness Of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives: Effectiveness Of Different Policies In Relation To Different Macroeconomic Objectives: Supply-side Policy Including Market-based And Interventionist Policies
- 3.177Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Effectiveness Of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives: Effectiveness Of Different Policies In Relation To Different Macroeconomic Objectives: Exchange Rate Policy
- 3.178Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Effectiveness Of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives: Effectiveness Of Different Policies In Relation To Different Macroeconomic Objectives: International Trade Policy
- 3.179Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Effectiveness Of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives: Problems And Conflicts Arising From The Outcome Of These Policies
- 3.180Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Effectiveness Of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives: Existence Of Government Failure In Macroeconomic Policies
- 3.181International Economic Issues (A Level): Policies To Correct Disequilibrium In The Balance Of Payments: Components Of The Balance Of Payments Accounts: Current Account, Financial Account And Capital Account
- 3.182International Economic Issues (A Level): Policies To Correct Disequilibrium In The Balance Of Payments: Effect Of Fiscal, Monetary, Supply-side, Protectionist And Exchange Rate Policies On The Balance Of Payments
- 3.183International Economic Issues (A Level): Policies To Correct Disequilibrium In The Balance Of Payments: Difference Between Expenditure-switching And Expenditure-reducing Policies
- 3.184International Economic Issues (A Level): Exchange Rates: Measurement Of Exchange Rates: Distinction Between Nominal And Real Exchange Rates
- 3.185International Economic Issues (A Level): Exchange Rates: Measurement Of Exchange Rates: Trade-weighted Exchange Rates
- 3.186International Economic Issues (A Level): Exchange Rates: Determination Of Exchange Rates Under Fixed And Managed Systems
- 3.187International Economic Issues (A Level): Exchange Rates: Distinction Between Revaluation And Devaluation Of A Fixed Exchange Rate
- 3.188International Economic Issues (A Level): Exchange Rates: Changes In The Exchange Rate Under Different Exchange Rate Systems
- 3.189International Economic Issues (A Level): Exchange Rates: The Effects Of Changing Exchange Rates On The External Economy Using Marshall-lerner And J Curve Analysis
- 3.190International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Classification Of Economies In Terms Of Their Level Of Development
- 3.191International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Classification Of Economies In Terms Of Their Level Of National Income
- 3.192International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Classification Of Economies In Terms Of Their Level Of Development
- 3.193International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Classification Of Economies In Terms Of Their Level Of National Income
- 3.194International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Monetary Indicators Including Real Per Capita National Income Statistics (Gdp, Gni, Nni) And Purchasing Power Parity
- 3.195International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Issues Of Comparison Using Monetary Indicators
- 3.196International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Non-monetary Indicators
- 3.197International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Composite Indicators: Human Development Index (Hdi)
- 3.198International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Composite Indicators: Measure Of Economic Welfare (Mew)
- 3.199International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Composite Indicators: Multidimensional Poverty Index (Mpi)
- 3.200International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: The Kuznets Curve
- 3.201International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Comparison Of Economic Growth Rates And Living Standards: Over Time
- 3.202International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Comparison Of Economic Growth Rates And Living Standards: Between Countries
- 3.203International Economic Issues (A Level): Characteristics Of Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Population Growth And Structure: Measurement And Causes Of Changes In Birth Rate, Death Rate, Infant Mortality And Net Migration
- 3.204International Economic Issues (A Level): Characteristics Of Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Population Growth And Structure: Optimum Population
- 3.205International Economic Issues (A Level): Characteristics Of Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Population Growth And Structure: Level Of Urbanisation
- 3.206International Economic Issues (A Level): Characteristics Of Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Income Distribution: Calculation Of Gini Coefficient And Lorenz Curve Analysis
- 3.207International Economic Issues (A Level): Characteristics Of Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Economic Structure: Employment Composition: Primary, Secondary And Tertiary Sectors
- 3.208International Economic Issues (A Level): Characteristics Of Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Economic Structure: Pattern Of Trade At Different Levels Of Development
- 3.209International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: International Aid: Forms Of Aid
- 3.210International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: International Aid: Reasons For Giving Aid
- 3.211International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: International Aid: Effects Of Aid
- 3.212International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: International Aid: Importance Of Aid
- 3.213International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Trade And Investment
- 3.214International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Role Of Multinational Companies (Mncs): Definition Of Mnc
- 3.215International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Role Of Multinational Companies (Mncs): Activities Of Mncs
- 3.216International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Role Of Multinational Companies (Mncs): Consequences Of Mncs
- 3.217International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Foreign Direct Investment (Fdi): Definition Of Fdi
- 3.218International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Foreign Direct Investment (Fdi): Consequences Of Fdi
- 3.219International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: External Debt: Causes Of Debt
- 3.220International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: External Debt: Consequences Of Debt
- 3.221International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Role Of The International Monetary Fund (Imf)
- 3.222International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Role Of The World Bank
- 3.223International Economic Issues (A Level): Globalisation: Meaning Of Globalisation And Its Causes And Consequences
- 3.224International Economic Issues (A Level): Globalisation: Distinction Between A Free Trade Area, A Customs Union, A Monetary Union And Full Economic Union
- 3.225International Economic Issues (A Level): Globalisation: Trade Creation And Trade Diversion
- Video Lectures For The ContentVideo Lectures Covering Course Content In Detail25
- 4.1Utility
- 4.2Indifference Curves And Budget Lines
- 4.3Efficiency And Market Failure
- 4.4Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits
- 4.5Types of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-Run And Long-Run Production
- 4.6Different Market Structures
- 4.7Growth And Survival of Firms
- 4.8Differing Objectives And Policies of Firms
- 4.9Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resources Allocation And Correct Market Failure
- 4.10Equity And Redistribution of Income And Wealth
- 4.11Labor Market Forces And Government Intervention
- 4.12The Circular Flow of Income
- 4.13Economic Growth And Sustainability
- 4.14Employment/ Unemployment
- 4.15Money and Banking
- 4.16Government Macroeconomic Policy Objectives
- 4.17Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness
- 4.18Effectiveness of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives
- 4.19Policies To Correct Disequilibrium In The Balance of Payments
- 4.20Exchange Rates
- 4.21Economic Development
- 4.22Characteristics of Countries At Different Levels of Development
- 4.23Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels of Development
- 4.24Globalization
- 4.25Utility
- QuizzesShort Quizzes To Auto-Test Your Knowledge of The Syllabus24
- 5.1Utility10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.2Indifference Curves And Budget Lines10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.3Efficiency And Market Failure10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.4Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.5Types of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-Run And Long-Run Production10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.6Different Market Structures10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.7Growth And Survival of Firms10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.8Differing Objectives And Policies of Firms10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.9Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resources Allocation And Correct Market Failure10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.10Equity And Redistribution of Income And Wealth10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.11Labor Market Forces And Government Intervention10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.12The Circular Flow of Income10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.13Economic Growth And Sustainability10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.14Employment/ Unemployment10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.15Money and Banking10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.16Government Macroeconomic Policy Objectives10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.17Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.18Effectiveness of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.19Policies To Correct Disequilibrium In The Balance of Payments10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.20Exchange Rates10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.21Economic Development10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.22Characteristics of Countries At Different Levels of Development10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.23Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels of Development10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.24Globalization10 Minutes0 Questions
- Quizzes For PreparationQuizzes With Detailed Explained Answers And Common Mistakes Discussed In Detail226
- 6.1The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Utility: Definition And Calculation Of Total Utility And Marginal Utility
- 6.2The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Utility: Diminishing Marginal Utility
- 6.3The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Utility: Equi-marginal Principle
- 6.4The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Utility: Derivation Of An Individual Demand Curve
- 6.5The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Utility: Limitations Of Marginal Utility Theory And Its Assumptions Of Rational Behaviour
- 6.6The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Indifference Curves And Budget Lines: Meaning Of An Indifference Curve And A Budget Line
- 6.7The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Indifference Curves And Budget Lines: Causes Of A Shift In The Budget Line
- 6.8The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Indifference Curves And Budget Lines: Income, Substitution And Price Effects For Normal, Inferior And Giffen Goods
- 6.9The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Indifference Curves And Budget Lines: Limitations Of The Model Of Indifference Curves
- 6.10The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Efficiency And Market Failure: Definitions Of Productive Efficiency And Allocative Efficiency
- 6.11The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Efficiency And Market Failure: Conditions For Productive Efficiency And Allocative Efficiency
- 6.12The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Efficiency And Market Failure: Pareto Optimality
- 6.13The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Efficiency And Market Failure: Definition Of Dynamic Efficiency
- 6.14The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Efficiency And Market Failure: Definition Of Market Failure
- 6.15The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Efficiency And Market Failure: Reasons For Market Failure
- 6.16The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits: Definition And Calculation Of Social Costs (Sc) As The Sum Of Private Costs (Pc) And External Costs (Ec), Including Marginal Social Costs (Msc), Marginal Private Costs (Mpc) And Marginal External Costs (Mec)
- 6.17The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits: Definition And Calculation Of Social Benefits (Sb) As The Sum Of Private Benefits (Pb) And External Benefits (Eb), Including Marginal Social Benefits (Msb), Marginal Private Benefits (Mpb) And Marginal External Benefits (Meb)
- 6.18The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits: Definition Of Positive Externality And Negative Externality
- 6.19The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits: Positive And Negative Externalities Of Both Consumption And Production
- 6.20The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits: Deadweight Welfare Losses Arising From Positive And Negative Externalities
- 6.21The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits: Asymmetric Information And Moral Hazard
- 6.22The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits: Use Of Costs And Benefits In Analysing Decisions (Knowledge Of Net Present Value Is Not Required)
- 6.23The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Short-run Production Function: Fixed And Variable Factors Of Production
- 6.24The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Short-run Production Function: Definition And Calculation Of Total Product, Average Product And Marginal Product
- 6.25The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Short-run Production Function: Law Of Diminishing Returns (Law Of Variable Proportions)
- 6.26The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Short-run Cost Function: Definition And Calculation Of Fixed Costs (Fc) And Variable Costs (Vc)
- 6.27The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Short-run Cost Function: Definition And Calculation Of Total, Average And Marginal Costs (Tc, Ac, Mc), Including Average Total Cost (Atc), Total And Average Fixed Costs (Tfc, Afc) And Total And Average Variable Costs (Tvc, Avc)
- 6.28The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Short-run Cost Function: Explanation Of Shape Of Short-run Average Cost And Marginal Cost Curves
- 6.29The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Long-run Production Function: No Fixed Factors Of Production
- 6.30The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Long-run Production Function: Returns To Scale
- 6.31The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Long-run Cost Function: Explanation Of Shape Of Long-run Average Cost Curve
- 6.32The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Long-run Cost Function: Concept Of Minimum Efficient Scale
- 6.33The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Relationship Between Economies Of Scale And Decreasing Average Costs
- 6.34The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Internal And External Economies Of Scale
- 6.35The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Internal And External Diseconomies Of Scale
- 6.36The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Definition And Calculation Of Revenue: Total, Average And Marginal Revenue (Tr, Ar, Mr)
- 6.37The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Definition Of Normal, Subnormal And Supernormal Profit
- 6.38The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Calculation Of Supernormal And Subnormal Profit
- 6.39The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Perfect Competition And Imperfect Competition: Monopoly, Monopolistic Competition, Oligopoly, Natural Monopoly
- 6.40The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Structure Of The Listed Markets As Explained By Number Of Buyers And Sellers, Product Differentiation, Degree Of Freedom Of Entry And Availability Of Information
- 6.41The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Barriers To Entry And Exit: Legal Barriers
- 6.42The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Barriers To Entry And Exit: Market Barriers
- 6.43The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Barriers To Entry And Exit: Cost Barriers
- 6.44The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Barriers To Entry And Exit: Physical Barriers
- 6.45The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Revenues And Revenue Curves
- 6.46The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Output In The Short Run And The Long Run
- 6.47The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Profits In The Short Run And The Long Run
- 6.48The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Shutdown Price In The Short Run And The Long Run
- 6.49The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Derivation Of A Firm’s Supply Curve In A Perfectly Competitive Market
- 6.50The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Efficiency And X-inefficiency In The Short Run And The Long Run
- 6.51The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Contestable Markets: Features And Implications
- 6.52The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Price Competition And Non-price Competition
- 6.53The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Collusion And The Prisoner’s Dilemma In Oligopolistic Markets, Including A Two-player Pay-off Matrix
- 6.54The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Definition And Calculation Of The Concentration Ratio
- 6.55The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: Reasons For Different Sizes Of Firms
- 6.56The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: Internal Growth Of Firms: Organic Growth And Diversification
- 6.57The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: External Growth Of Firms – Integration (Mergers And Takeovers): Methods Of Integration: Horizontal
- 6.58The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: External Growth Of Firms – Integration (Mergers And Takeovers): Methods Of Integration: Vertical (Forwards And Backwards)
- 6.59The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: External Growth Of Firms – Integration (Mergers And Takeovers): Methods Of Integration: Conglomerate
- 6.60The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: External Growth Of Firms – Integration (Mergers And Takeovers): Reasons For Integration
- 6.61The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: External Growth Of Firms – Integration (Mergers And Takeovers): Consequences Of Integration
- 6.62The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: Cartels: Conditions For An Effective Cartel
- 6.63The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: Cartels: Consequences Of A Cartel
- 6.64The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: Principal–agent Problem Arising From Differing Objectives Of Shareholders/owners And Managers
- 6.65The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Traditional Profit-maximising Objective Of Firms
- 6.66The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: An Understanding Of Other Objectives Of Firms: Survival
- 6.67The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: An Understanding Of Other Objectives Of Firms: Profit Satisficing
- 6.68The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: An Understanding Of Other Objectives Of Firms: Sales Maximisation
- 6.69The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: An Understanding Of Other Objectives Of Firms: Revenue Maximisation
- 6.70The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Price Discrimination – First, Second And Third Degree: Conditions For Effective Price Discrimination
- 6.71The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Price Discrimination – First, Second And Third Degree: Consequences Of Price Discrimination
- 6.72The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Other Pricing Policies: Limit Pricing
- 6.73The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Other Pricing Policies: Predatory Pricing
- 6.74The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Other Pricing Policies: Price Leadership
- 6.75The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Relationship Between Price Elasticity Of Demand And A Firm’s Revenue: In A Normal Downward Sloping Demand Curve
- 6.76The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Relationship Between Price Elasticity Of Demand And A Firm’s Revenue: In A Kinked Demand Curve
- 6.77Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Specific And Ad Valorem Indirect Taxes
- 6.78Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Subsidies
- 6.79Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Price Controls
- 6.80Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Production Quotas
- 6.81Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Prohibitions And Licences
- 6.82Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Regulation And Deregulation
- 6.83Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Direct Provision
- 6.84Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Pollution Permits
- 6.85Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Property Rights
- 6.86Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Nationalisation And Privatisation
- 6.87Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Provision Of Information
- 6.88Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Behavioural Insights And ‘nudge’ Theory
- 6.89Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Government Failure In Microeconomic Intervention: Definition Of Government Failure
- 6.90Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Government Failure In Microeconomic Intervention: Causes Of Government Failure
- 6.91Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Government Failure In Microeconomic Intervention: Consequences Of Government Failure
- 6.92Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Equity And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth: Difference Between Equity And Equality
- 6.93Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Equity And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth: Difference Between Equity And Efficiency
- 6.94Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Equity And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth: Distinction Between Absolute Poverty And Relative Poverty
- 6.95Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Equity And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth: The Poverty Trap
- 6.96Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Equity And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth: Policies Towards Equity And Equality, For Example: Negative Income Tax
- 6.97Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Equity And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth: Policies Towards Equity And Equality, For Example: Universal Benefits And Means-tested Benefits
- 6.98Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Equity And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth: Policies Towards Equity And Equality, For Example: Universal Basic Income
- 6.99Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Demand For Labour As A Derived Demand
- 6.100Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Factors Affecting Demand For Labour In A Firm Or An Occupation
- 6.101Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Causes Of Shifts In And Movement Along The Demand Curve For Labour In A Firm Or An Occupation
- 6.102Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Marginal Revenue Product (Mrp) Theory: Definition And Calculation Of Marginal Revenue Product
- 6.103Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Marginal Revenue Product (Mrp) Theory: Derivation Of An Individual Firm’s Demand For Labour Using Marginal Revenue Product
- 6.104Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Factors Affecting The Supply Of Labour To A Firm Or To An Occupation: Wage And Non-wage Factors
- 6.105Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Causes Of Shifts In And Movement Along The Supply Curve Of Labour To A Firm Or An Occupation
- 6.106Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Wage Determination In Perfect Markets: Equilibrium Wage Rate And Employment In A Labour Market
- 6.107Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Wage Determination In Imperfect Markets: Influence Of Trade Unions On Wage Determination And Employment In A Labour Market
- 6.108Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Wage Determination In Imperfect Markets:Influence Of Government On Wage Determination And Employment In A Labour Market Using A National Minimum Wage
- 6.109Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Wage Determination In Imperfect Markets: Influence Of Monopsony Employers On Wage Determination And Employment In A Labour Market
- 6.110Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Determination Of Wage Differentials By Labour Market Forces
- 6.111Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Transfer Earnings And Economic Rent: Definition Of Transfer Earnings
- 6.112Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Transfer Earnings And Economic Rent: Definition Of Economic Rent
- 6.113Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Transfer Earnings And Economic Rent: Factors Affecting Transfer Earnings And Economic Rent In An Occupation
- 6.114The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: Definition Of The Multiplier
- 6.115The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: Formulae For And Calculation Of Multiplier In A Closed And Open Economy, With And Without A Government Sector
- 6.116The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: Calculation Of: Average And Marginal Propensities To Save (Aps And Mps)
- 6.117The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: Calculation Of: Average And Marginal Propensities To Consume (Apc And Mpc)
- 6.118The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: Calculation Of: Average And Marginal Propensities To Import (Apm And Mpm)
- 6.119The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: Calculation Of: Average And Marginal Rates Of Tax (Art And Mrt)
- 6.120The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: National Income Determination Using Ad And Income Approach With The Multiplier Process
- 6.121The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: Calculation Of Effect Of Changing Ad On National Income Using The Multiplier
- 6.122The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: Components Of Aggregate Demand (Ad) And Their Determinants: Consumption Function: Autonomous And Induced Consumer Expenditure
- 6.123The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: Components Of Aggregate Demand (Ad) And Their Determinants: Savings Function: Autonomous And Induced Savings
- 6.124The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: Components Of Aggregate Demand (Ad) And Their Determinants: Autonomous And Induced Investment; The Accelerator
- 6.125The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: Components Of Aggregate Demand (Ad) And Their Determinants: Government Spending
- 6.126The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: Components Of Aggregate Demand (Ad) And Their Determinants: Net Exports (Exports Minus Imports)
- 6.127The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: Full Employment Level Of National Income And Equilibrium Level Of National Income: Inflationary And Deflationary Gaps
- 6.128The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Actual Growth Versus Potential Growth In National Output
- 6.129The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Positive And Negative Output Gaps
- 6.130The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Business (Trade) Cycle: Phases Of The Cycle
- 6.131The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Business (Trade) Cycle: Causes Of The Cycle
- 6.132The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Business (Trade) Cycle: Role Of Automatic Stabilisers
- 6.133The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Policies To Promote Economic Growth And Their Effectiveness
- 6.134The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Inclusive Economic Growth: Definition Of Inclusive Economic Growth
- 6.135The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Inclusive Economic Growth: Impact Of Economic Growth On Equity And Equality
- 6.136The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Inclusive Economic Growth: Policies To Promote Inclusive Growth
- 6.137The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Sustainable Economic Growth: Definition Of Sustainable Economic Growth
- 6.138The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Sustainable Economic Growth: Using And Conserving Resources
- 6.139The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Sustainable Economic Growth: Impact Of Economic Growth On The Environment And Climate Change
- 6.140The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Sustainable Economic Growth: Policies To Mitigate The Impact Of Economic Growth On The Environment And Climate Change
- 6.141The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Definition Of Full Employment
- 6.142The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Equilibrium And Disequilibrium Unemployment (Including Hysteresis)
- 6.143The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Voluntary And Involuntary Unemployment
- 6.144The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Natural Rate Of Unemployment: Definition
- 6.145The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Natural Rate Of Unemployment: Determinants
- 6.146The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Natural Rate Of Unemployment: Policy Implications
- 6.147The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Patterns And Trends In (Un)employment
- 6.148The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Mobility Of Labour: Forms Of Labour Mobility: Geographical And Occupational
- 6.149The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Mobility Of Labour: Factors Affecting Labour Mobility
- 6.150The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Policies To Reduce Unemployment And Their Effectiveness
- 6.151The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Definition, Functions And Characteristics Of Money
- 6.152The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Definition Of Money Supply
- 6.153The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Quantity Theory Of Money (Mv = Pt)
- 6.154The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Functions Of Commercial Banks: Providing Deposit Accounts (Demand Deposit Account, Savings Account)
- 6.155The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Functions Of Commercial Banks: Lending Money (Overdrafts, Loans)
- 6.156The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Functions Of Commercial Banks: Holding Or Providing Cash, Securities, Loans, Deposits, Equity
- 6.157The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Functions Of Commercial Banks: Reserve Ratio And Capital Ratio
- 6.158The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Functions Of Commercial Banks: Objectives Of Commercial Banks: Liquidity, Security, Profitability
- 6.159The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Causes Of Changes In The Money Supply In An Open Economy: Commercial Banks As Sources Of Credit Creation And The Bank Credit Multiplier
- 6.160The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Causes Of Changes In The Money Supply In An Open Economy: Role Of A Central Bank
- 6.161The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Causes Of Changes In The Money Supply In An Open Economy: Government Deficit Financing
- 6.162The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Causes Of Changes In The Money Supply In An Open Economy: Quantitative Easing
- 6.163The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Causes Of Changes In The Money Supply In An Open Economy: Changes In The Balance Of Payments
- 6.164The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Policies To Reduce Inflation And Their Effectiveness
- 6.165The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Demand For Money: Liquidity Preference Theory
- 6.166The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Interest Rate Determination: Loanable Funds Theory And Keynesian Theory
- 6.167Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Macroeconomic Policy Objectives: Objectives In Terms Of Inflation, Balance Of Payments, Unemployment, Growth, Development, Sustainability And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth
- 6.168Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness: Relationship Between The Internal Value Of Money And The External Value Of Money
- 6.169Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness: Relationship Between The Balance Of Payments And Inflation
- 6.170Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness: Relationship Between Growth And Inflation
- 6.171Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness: Relationship Between Growth And The Balance Of Payments
- 6.172Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness: Relationship Between Inflation And Unemployment: Traditional Phillips Curve
- 6.173Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness: Relationship Between Inflation And Unemployment: Expectations-augmented Phillips Curve (Short- And Long-run Phillips Curve)
- 6.174Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Effectiveness Of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives: Effectiveness Of Different Policies In Relation To Different Macroeconomic Objectives: Fiscal Policy Including Laffer Curve Analysis
- 6.175Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Effectiveness Of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives: Effectiveness Of Different Policies In Relation To Different Macroeconomic Objectives: Monetary Policy
- 6.176Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Effectiveness Of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives: Effectiveness Of Different Policies In Relation To Different Macroeconomic Objectives: Supply-side Policy Including Market-based And Interventionist Policies
- 6.177Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Effectiveness Of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives: Effectiveness Of Different Policies In Relation To Different Macroeconomic Objectives: Exchange Rate Policy
- 6.178Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Effectiveness Of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives: Effectiveness Of Different Policies In Relation To Different Macroeconomic Objectives: International Trade Policy
- 6.179Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Effectiveness Of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives: Problems And Conflicts Arising From The Outcome Of These Policies
- 6.180Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Effectiveness Of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives: Existence Of Government Failure In Macroeconomic Policies
- 6.181International Economic Issues (A Level): Policies To Correct Disequilibrium In The Balance Of Payments: Components Of The Balance Of Payments Accounts: Current Account, Financial Account And Capital Account
- 6.182International Economic Issues (A Level): Policies To Correct Disequilibrium In The Balance Of Payments: Effect Of Fiscal, Monetary, Supply-side, Protectionist And Exchange Rate Policies On The Balance Of Payments
- 6.183International Economic Issues (A Level): Policies To Correct Disequilibrium In The Balance Of Payments: Difference Between Expenditure-switching And Expenditure-reducing Policies
- 6.184International Economic Issues (A Level): Exchange Rates: Measurement Of Exchange Rates: Distinction Between Nominal And Real Exchange Rates
- 6.185International Economic Issues (A Level): Exchange Rates: Measurement Of Exchange Rates: Trade-weighted Exchange Rates
- 6.186International Economic Issues (A Level): Exchange Rates: Determination Of Exchange Rates Under Fixed And Managed Systems
- 6.187International Economic Issues (A Level): Exchange Rates: Distinction Between Revaluation And Devaluation Of A Fixed Exchange Rate
- 6.188International Economic Issues (A Level): Exchange Rates: Changes In The Exchange Rate Under Different Exchange Rate Systems
- 6.189International Economic Issues (A Level): Exchange Rates: The Effects Of Changing Exchange Rates On The External Economy Using Marshall-lerner And J Curve Analysis
- 6.190International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Classification Of Economies In Terms Of Their Level Of Development
- 6.191International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Classification Of Economies In Terms Of Their Level Of National Income
- 6.192International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Classification Of Economies In Terms Of Their Level Of Development
- 6.193International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Classification Of Economies In Terms Of Their Level Of National Income
- 6.194International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Monetary Indicators Including Real Per Capita National Income Statistics (Gdp, Gni, Nni) And Purchasing Power Parity
- 6.195International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Issues Of Comparison Using Monetary Indicators
- 6.196International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Non-monetary Indicators
- 6.197International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Composite Indicators: Human Development Index (Hdi)
- 6.198International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Composite Indicators: Measure Of Economic Welfare (Mew)
- 6.199International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Composite Indicators: Multidimensional Poverty Index (Mpi)
- 6.200International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: The Kuznets Curve
- 6.201International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Comparison Of Economic Growth Rates And Living Standards: Over Time
- 6.202International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Comparison Of Economic Growth Rates And Living Standards: Between Countries
- 6.203International Economic Issues (A Level): Characteristics Of Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Population Growth And Structure: Measurement And Causes Of Changes In Birth Rate, Death Rate, Infant Mortality And Net Migration
- 6.204International Economic Issues (A Level): Characteristics Of Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Population Growth And Structure: Optimum Population
- 6.205International Economic Issues (A Level): Characteristics Of Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Population Growth And Structure: Level Of Urbanisation
- 6.206International Economic Issues (A Level): Characteristics Of Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Income Distribution: Calculation Of Gini Coefficient And Lorenz Curve Analysis
- 6.207International Economic Issues (A Level): Characteristics Of Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Economic Structure: Employment Composition: Primary, Secondary And Tertiary Sectors
- 6.208International Economic Issues (A Level): Characteristics Of Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Economic Structure: Pattern Of Trade At Different Levels Of Development
- 6.209International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: International Aid: Forms Of Aid
- 6.210International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: International Aid: Forms Of Aid
- 6.211International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: International Aid: Reasons For Giving Aid
- 6.212International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: International Aid: Effects Of Aid
- 6.213International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: International Aid: Importance Of Aid
- 6.214International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Trade And Investment
- 6.215International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Role Of Multinational Companies (Mncs): Definition Of Mnc
- 6.216International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Role Of Multinational Companies (Mncs): Activities Of Mncs
- 6.217International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Role Of Multinational Companies (Mncs): Consequences Of Mncs
- 6.218International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Foreign Direct Investment (Fdi): Definition Of Fdi
- 6.219International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Foreign Direct Investment (Fdi): Consequences Of Fdi
- 6.220International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: External Debt: Causes Of Debt
- 6.221International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: External Debt: Consequences Of Debt
- 6.222International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Role Of The International Monetary Fund (Imf)
- 6.223International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Role Of The World Bank
- 6.224International Economic Issues (A Level): Globalisation: Meaning Of Globalisation And Its Causes And Consequences
- 6.225International Economic Issues (A Level): Globalisation: Distinction Between A Free Trade Area, A Customs Union, A Monetary Union And Full Economic Union
- 6.226International Economic Issues (A Level): Globalisation: Trade Creation And Trade Diversion
- AssignmentsDetailed Assignments For Syllabus Preparation (Including Past Paper Questions)24
- 7.1Utility3 Days
- 7.2Indifference Curves And Budget Lines3 Days
- 7.3Efficiency And Market Failure3 Days
- 7.4Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits3 Days
- 7.5Types of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-Run And Long-Run Production3 Days
- 7.6Different Market Structures3 Days
- 7.7Growth And Survival of Firms3 Days
- 7.8Differing Objectives And Policies of Firms3 Days
- 7.9Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resources Allocation And Correct Market Failure3 Days
- 7.10Equity And Redistribution of Income And Wealth3 Days
- 7.11Labor Market Forces And Government Intervention3 Days
- 7.12The Circular Flow of Income3 Days
- 7.13Economic Growth And Sustainability3 Days
- 7.14Employment/ Unemployment3 Days
- 7.15Money and Banking3 Days
- 7.16Government Macroeconomic Policy Objectives3 Days
- 7.17Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness3 Days
- 7.18Effectiveness of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives3 Days
- 7.19Policies To Correct Disequilibrium In The Balance of Payments3 Days
- 7.20Exchange Rates3 Days
- 7.21Economic Development3 Days
- 7.22Characteristics of Countries At Different Levels of Development3 Days
- 7.23Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels of Development3 Days
- 7.24Globalization3 Days
- Paper Pattern/ Paper Preparation/ Techniques To Attempt The Paper/ Common Mistakes To AvoidDetailed Information Including Written + Video Material Regarding Paper Attempt / Preparation/ Techniques/ Common Mistakes To Avoid50
- 8.1Understanding Paper Structure & Weighting (Paper Intelligence): Understanding the Full A2 Economics Assessment Structure (Papers 3 & 4)
- 8.2Understanding Paper Structure & Weighting (Paper Intelligence): Mark Weightings and Why Paper 4 Decides Final Grades
- 8.3Understanding Paper Structure & Weighting (Paper Intelligence): Difference Between AS Carry-Forward and Composite A Level Route
- 8.4Understanding Paper Structure & Weighting (Paper Intelligence): How AO1, AO2 and AO3 Are Tested in A2 Papers
- 8.5Understanding Paper Structure & Weighting (Paper Intelligence): Examiner Expectations at A2 vs AS Level
- 8.6Understanding Paper Structure & Weighting (Paper Intelligence): Why A2 Questions Are Unstructured and What That Really Means
- 8.7Understanding Paper Structure & Weighting (Paper Intelligence): How Cambridge Sets Difficulty Levels Across Paper 3 and Paper 4
- 8.8Understanding Paper Structure & Weighting (Paper Intelligence): Typical Topic Distribution Patterns in A2 Economics Papers
- 8.9Understanding Paper Structure & Weighting (Paper Intelligence): How Examiner Reports Predict Future Question Styles
- 8.10Understanding Paper Structure & Weighting (Paper Intelligence): Common Misinterpretations of the A2 Paper Pattern
- 8.11Paper 3 (A Level Multiple Choice) – Strategy & Technique: How A2 MCQs Differ from AS MCQs (Depth vs Recall)
- 8.12Paper 3 (A Level Multiple Choice) – Strategy & Technique: Time Management Strategy for 30 MCQs in 75 Minutes
- 8.13Paper 3 (A Level Multiple Choice) – Strategy & Technique: Identifying Distractor Options in A2 MCQs
- 8.14Paper 3 (A Level Multiple Choice) – Strategy & Technique: Using Diagrams Mentally to Solve MCQs Faster
- 8.15Paper 3 (A Level Multiple Choice) – Strategy & Technique: Handling Calculation-Based MCQs Without Losing Time
- 8.16Paper 3 (A Level Multiple Choice) – Strategy & Technique: Common Traps in Elasticity, Externalities and Market Structure MCQs
- 8.17Paper 3 (A Level Multiple Choice) – Strategy & Technique: Strategy for Data-Heavy and Statement-Based MCQs
- 8.18Paper 3 (A Level Multiple Choice) – Strategy & Technique: Why Overthinking MCQs Loses Marks at A2 Level
- 8.19Paper 3 (A Level Multiple Choice) – Strategy & Technique: Guessing Strategy: When and How to Guess Intelligently
- 8.20Paper 3 (A Level Multiple Choice) – Strategy & Technique: Most Repeated Mistakes in Paper 3 According to Examiner Reports
- 8.21Paper 4 Section A – Data Response Mastery: How to Read Data Response Sources Like an Examiner
- 8.22Paper 4 Section A – Data Response Mastery: Extracting Data Efficiently Without Rewriting the Source
- 8.23Paper 4 Section A – Data Response Mastery: Structuring Short Data Response Answers for Maximum Marks
- 8.24Paper 4 Section A – Data Response Mastery: Integrating Data, Theory and Evaluation Correctly
- 8.25Paper 4 Section A – Data Response Mastery: Common Errors in Application Marks (AO2) in Section A
- 8.26Paper 4 Section A – Data Response Mastery: How Much Evaluation Is Enough in Data Response Questions
- 8.27Paper 4 Section A – Data Response Mastery: Using Figures, Trends and Percentages Correctly
- 8.28Paper 4 Section A – Data Response Mastery: Why Candidates Lose Marks Despite Correct Economics
- 8.29Paper 4 Section A – Data Response Mastery: Time Allocation Strategy for Section A
- 8.30Paper 4 Section A – Data Response Mastery: Examiner Language vs Student Language in Data Response Answers
- 8.31Paper 4 Sections B & C – Essay Writing Excellence: Understanding Unstructured A2 Essays (No Part-a / Part-b Safety Net)
- 8.32Paper 4 Sections B & C – Essay Writing Excellence: Planning A2 Essays in 5 Minutes Without Panicking
- 8.33Paper 4 Sections B & C – Essay Writing Excellence: Ideal A2 Essay Structure: Introduction, Analysis, Evaluation, Judgement
- 8.34Paper 4 Sections B & C – Essay Writing Excellence: Using Diagrams Effectively Without Overdrawing
- 8.35Paper 4 Sections B & C – Essay Writing Excellence: How to Balance Theory, Analysis and Evaluation at A2 Level
- 8.36Paper 4 Sections B & C – Essay Writing Excellence: Writing Evaluation That Actually Scores AO3 Marks
- 8.37Paper 4 Sections B & C – Essay Writing Excellence: Common Evaluation Mistakes That Keep Students in Mid Bands
- 8.38Paper 4 Sections B & C – Essay Writing Excellence: Handling “Discuss”, “Evaluate” and “Assess” Command Words
- 8.39Paper 4 Sections B & C – Essay Writing Excellence: Making Final Judgements That Impress Examiners
- 8.40Paper 4 Sections B & C – Essay Writing Excellence: Why Knowledge-Heavy Essays Still Fail at A2 Level
- 8.41Exam Technique, Time Management & Final Intelligence: Full Paper 4 Time Management Blueprint (120 Minutes)
- 8.42Exam Technique, Time Management & Final Intelligence: Choosing the Right Essay Question Under Pressure
- 8.43Exam Technique, Time Management & Final Intelligence: When to Abandon a Weak Question and Switch Early
- 8.44Exam Technique, Time Management & Final Intelligence: How Examiners Use Levels-Based Mark Schemes
- 8.45Exam Technique, Time Management & Final Intelligence: Presentation, Diagrams and Labelling Rules That Save Marks
- 8.46Exam Technique, Time Management & Final Intelligence: The Most Common A2 Economics Mistakes Across All Papers
- 8.47Exam Technique, Time Management & Final Intelligence: Why Repetition and Irrelevance Kill Evaluation Marks
- 8.48Exam Technique, Time Management & Final Intelligence: How to Avoid Writing AS-Level Answers in A2 Papers
- 8.49Exam Technique, Time Management & Final Intelligence: Final 10-Minute Strategy Before Submitting the Paper
- 8.50Exam Technique, Time Management & Final Intelligence: Examiner-Approved Checklist for A2 Economics Exam Day
- Solved Past PapersDetailed Written Explanations And Solutions of Past Papers, Including Model Answers and Explanations For Past Paper Questions0
- Past Paper SessionsVideo Content Regarding Past Paper Solutions5
- 10.1Model Answers And Explanation: Paper 1: October November 2024 Paper 11/12 (Both Papers Were The Same)
- 10.2Model Answers And Explanation: Paper 1: October November 2024 Paper 13
- 10.3Model Answers And Explanation: Paper 1: May June 2024 Paper 11
- 10.4Model Answers And Explanation: Paper 1: May June 2024 Paper 12
- 10.5Model Answers And Explanation: Paper 1: May June 2024 Paper 13
- Notes (Rearranged Version)Notes Arranged In A Different Style For Preparation Ease24
- 11.1Utility
- 11.2Indifference Curves And Budget Lines
- 11.3Efficiency And Market Failure
- 11.4Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits
- 11.5Types of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-Run And Long-Run Production
- 11.6Different Market Structures
- 11.7Growth And Survival of Firms
- 11.8Differing Objectives And Policies of Firms
- 11.9Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resources Allocation And Correct Market Failure
- 11.10Equity And Redistribution of Income And Wealth
- 11.11Labor Market Forces And Government Intervention
- 11.12The Circular Flow of Income
- 11.13Economic Growth And Sustainability
- 11.14Employment/ Unemployment
- 11.15Money and Banking
- 11.16Government Macroeconomic Policy Objectives
- 11.17Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness
- 11.18Effectiveness of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives
- 11.19Policies To Correct Disequilibrium In The Balance of Payments
- 11.20Exchange Rates
- 11.21Economic Development
- 11.22Characteristics of Countries At Different Levels of Development
- 11.23Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels of Development
- 11.24Globalization
- Videos Lectures (Pre-Recorded)Videos Recorded In A Different Style For Preparation Ease0
- Graphs Guide50
- 13.1Consumer Theory & Utility (A2 Application Level): Total Utility and Marginal Utility Curves
- 13.2Consumer Theory & Utility (A2 Application Level): Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility (Graphical Analysis)
- 13.3Consumer Theory & Utility (A2 Application Level): Indifference Curves: Shape and Properties
- 13.4Consumer Theory & Utility (A2 Application Level): Budget Line Shifts: Income Changes
- 13.5Consumer Theory & Utility (A2 Application Level): Budget Line Pivots: Price Changes
- 13.6Consumer Theory & Utility (A2 Application Level): Consumer Equilibrium (Indifference Curve + Budget Line)
- 13.7Consumer Theory & Utility (A2 Application Level): Income Effect and Substitution Effect (Normal Goods)
- 13.8Consumer Theory & Utility (A2 Application Level): Income Effect and Substitution Effect (Inferior Goods)
- 13.9Consumer Theory & Utility (A2 Application Level): Giffen Goods: Backward-Bending Demand Explanation
- 13.10Consumer Theory & Utility (A2 Application Level): Consumer Surplus Diagram and Welfare Interpretation
- 13.11Production, Costs & Firm Behaviour: Short-Run Cost Curves (MC, AC, AVC)
- 13.12Production, Costs & Firm Behaviour: Long-Run Average Cost Curve and Economies of Scale
- 13.13Production, Costs & Firm Behaviour: Internal vs External Economies of Scale (Diagrammatic)
- 13.14Production, Costs & Firm Behaviour: Revenue Curves (AR & MR)
- 13.15Production, Costs & Firm Behaviour: Profit Maximisation (MC = MR)
- 13.16Production, Costs & Firm Behaviour: Revenue Maximisation Diagram
- 13.17Production, Costs & Firm Behaviour:Sales Maximisation Diagram
- 13.18Production, Costs & Firm Behaviour: Shut-Down Condition (AVC Rule)
- 13.19Production, Costs & Firm Behaviour: Normal, Supernormal and Loss-Making Firms
- 13.20Production, Costs & Firm Behaviour: X-Inefficiency Diagram
- 13.21Market Structures (A2 Depth): Perfect Competition: Short-Run Equilibrium
- 13.22Market Structures (A2 Depth): Perfect Competition: Long-Run Equilibrium
- 13.23Market Structures (A2 Depth): Monopoly Profit and Welfare Loss
- 13.24Market Structures (A2 Depth): Natural Monopoly Diagram
- 13.25Market Structures (A2 Depth): Price Discrimination (1st, 2nd, 3rd Degree)
- 13.26Market Structures (A2 Depth): Monopolistic Competition: Long-Run Equilibrium
- 13.27Market Structures (A2 Depth): Oligopoly: Kinked Demand Curve
- 13.28Market Structures (A2 Depth): Game Theory Payoff Matrix (Prisoner’s Dilemma)
- 13.29Market Structures (A2 Depth): Contestable Markets Diagram
- 13.30Market Structures (A2 Depth): Principal–Agent Problem (Cost/Revenue Illustration)
- 13.31Market Failure & Government Intervention: Negative Externalities of Production
- 13.32Market Failure & Government Intervention: Negative Externalities of Consumption
- 13.33Market Failure & Government Intervention: Positive Externalities of Production
- 13.34Market Failure & Government Intervention: Positive Externalities of Consumption
- 13.35Market Failure & Government Intervention: Social Cost–Benefit Diagram (MSC, MPC, MSB, MPB)
- 13.36Market Failure & Government Intervention: Indirect Taxes and Welfare Loss
- 13.37Market Failure & Government Intervention: Subsidies and Welfare Gain
- 13.38Market Failure & Government Intervention: Price Ceilings and Shortages
- 13.39Market Failure & Government Intervention: Price Floors and Surpluses
- 13.40Market Failure & Government Intervention: Tradable Pollution Permits Diagram
- 13.41Macroeconomics & Growth: Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply (AD–AS)
- 13.42Macroeconomics & Growth: Keynesian vs Classical LRAS
- 13.43Macroeconomics & Growth: Inflationary Gap and Deflationary Gap
- 13.44Macroeconomics & Growth: Phillips Curve (Short Run and Long Run)
- 13.45Macroeconomics & Growth: Liquidity Preference and Money Supply
- 13.46Macroeconomics & Growth: Multiplier Process Diagram
- 13.47Macroeconomics & Growth: Foreign Exchange Market (Floating Rate)
- 13.48Macroeconomics & Growth: Fixed Exchange Rate Disequilibrium
- 13.49Macroeconomics & Growth: Lorenz Curve and Gini Coefficient
- 13.50Macroeconomics & Growth: Kuznets Curve (Development vs Inequality)
- Cheat SheetsShort, Quick Revision Cheat Sheets226
- 14.1The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Utility: Definition And Calculation Of Total Utility And Marginal Utility
- 14.2The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Utility: Diminishing Marginal Utility
- 14.3The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Utility: Equi-marginal Principle
- 14.4The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Utility: Derivation Of An Individual Demand Curve
- 14.5The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Utility: Limitations Of Marginal Utility Theory And Its Assumptions Of Rational Behaviour
- 14.6The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Indifference Curves And Budget Lines: Meaning Of An Indifference Curve And A Budget Line
- 14.7The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Indifference Curves And Budget Lines: Causes Of A Shift In The Budget Line
- 14.8The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Indifference Curves And Budget Lines: Income, Substitution And Price Effects For Normal, Inferior And Giffen Goods
- 14.9The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Indifference Curves And Budget Lines: Limitations Of The Model Of Indifference Curves
- 14.10The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Efficiency And Market Failure: Definitions Of Productive Efficiency And Allocative Efficiency
- 14.11The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Efficiency And Market Failure: Conditions For Productive Efficiency And Allocative Efficiency
- 14.12The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Efficiency And Market Failure: Pareto Optimality
- 14.13The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Efficiency And Market Failure: Definition Of Dynamic Efficiency
- 14.14The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Efficiency And Market Failure: Definition Of Market Failure
- 14.15The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Efficiency And Market Failure: Reasons For Market Failure
- 14.16The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits: Definition And Calculation Of Social Costs (Sc) As The Sum Of Private Costs (Pc) And External Costs (Ec), Including Marginal Social Costs (Msc), Marginal Private Costs (Mpc) And Marginal External Costs (Mec)
- 14.17The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits: Definition And Calculation Of Social Benefits (Sb) As The Sum Of Private Benefits (Pb) And External Benefits (Eb), Including Marginal Social Benefits (Msb), Marginal Private Benefits (Mpb) And Marginal External Benefits (Meb)
- 14.18The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits: Definition Of Positive Externality And Negative Externality
- 14.19The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits: Positive And Negative Externalities Of Both Consumption And Production
- 14.20The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits: Deadweight Welfare Losses Arising From Positive And Negative Externalities
- 14.21The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits: Asymmetric Information And Moral Hazard
- 14.22The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits: Use Of Costs And Benefits In Analysing Decisions (Knowledge Of Net Present Value Is Not Required)
- 14.23The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Short-run Production Function: Fixed And Variable Factors Of Production
- 14.24The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Short-run Production Function: Definition And Calculation Of Total Product, Average Product And Marginal Product
- 14.25The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Short-run Production Function: Law Of Diminishing Returns (Law Of Variable Proportions)
- 14.26The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Short-run Cost Function: Definition And Calculation Of Fixed Costs (Fc) And Variable Costs (Vc)
- 14.27The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Short-run Cost Function: Definition And Calculation Of Total, Average And Marginal Costs (Tc, Ac, Mc), Including Average Total Cost (Atc), Total And Average Fixed Costs (Tfc, Afc) And Total And Average Variable Costs (Tvc, Avc)
- 14.28The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Short-run Cost Function: Explanation Of Shape Of Short-run Average Cost And Marginal Cost Curves
- 14.29The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Long-run Production Function: No Fixed Factors Of Production
- 14.30The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Long-run Production Function: Returns To Scale
- 14.31The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Long-run Cost Function: Explanation Of Shape Of Long-run Average Cost Curve
- 14.32The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Long-run Cost Function: Concept Of Minimum Efficient Scale
- 14.33The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Relationship Between Economies Of Scale And Decreasing Average Costs
- 14.34The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Internal And External Economies Of Scale
- 14.35The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Internal And External Diseconomies Of Scale
- 14.36The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Definition And Calculation Of Revenue: Total, Average And Marginal Revenue (Tr, Ar, Mr)
- 14.37The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Definition Of Normal, Subnormal And Supernormal Profit
- 14.38The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Calculation Of Supernormal And Subnormal Profit
- 14.39The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Perfect Competition And Imperfect Competition: Monopoly, Monopolistic Competition, Oligopoly, Natural Monopoly
- 14.40The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Structure Of The Listed Markets As Explained By Number Of Buyers And Sellers, Product Differentiation, Degree Of Freedom Of Entry And Availability Of Information
- 14.41The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Barriers To Entry And Exit: Legal Barriers
- 14.42The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Barriers To Entry And Exit: Market Barriers
- 14.43The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Barriers To Entry And Exit: Cost Barriers
- 14.44The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Barriers To Entry And Exit: Physical Barriers
- 14.45The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Revenues And Revenue Curves
- 14.46The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Output In The Short Run And The Long Run
- 14.47The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Profits In The Short Run And The Long Run
- 14.48The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Shutdown Price In The Short Run And The Long Run
- 14.49The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Derivation Of A Firm’s Supply Curve In A Perfectly Competitive Market
- 14.50The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Efficiency And X-inefficiency In The Short Run And The Long Run
- 14.51The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Contestable Markets: Features And Implications
- 14.52The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Price Competition And Non-price Competition
- 14.53The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Collusion And The Prisoner’s Dilemma In Oligopolistic Markets, Including A Two-player Pay-off Matrix
- 14.54The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Definition And Calculation Of The Concentration Ratio
- 14.55The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: Reasons For Different Sizes Of Firms
- 14.56The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: Internal Growth Of Firms: Organic Growth And Diversification
- 14.57The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: External Growth Of Firms – Integration (Mergers And Takeovers): Methods Of Integration: Horizontal
- 14.58The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: External Growth Of Firms – Integration (Mergers And Takeovers): Methods Of Integration: Vertical (Forwards And Backwards)
- 14.59The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: External Growth Of Firms – Integration (Mergers And Takeovers): Methods Of Integration: Conglomerate
- 14.60The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: External Growth Of Firms – Integration (Mergers And Takeovers): Reasons For Integration
- 14.61The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: External Growth Of Firms – Integration (Mergers And Takeovers): Consequences Of Integration
- 14.62The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: Cartels: Conditions For An Effective Cartel
- 14.63The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: Cartels: Consequences Of A Cartel
- 14.64The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: Principal–agent Problem Arising From Differing Objectives Of Shareholders/owners And Managers
- 14.65The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Traditional Profit-maximising Objective Of Firms
- 14.66The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: An Understanding Of Other Objectives Of Firms: Survival
- 14.67The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: An Understanding Of Other Objectives Of Firms: Profit Satisficing
- 14.68The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: An Understanding Of Other Objectives Of Firms: Sales Maximisation
- 14.69The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: An Understanding Of Other Objectives Of Firms: Revenue Maximisation
- 14.70The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Price Discrimination – First, Second And Third Degree: Conditions For Effective Price Discrimination
- 14.71The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Price Discrimination – First, Second And Third Degree: Consequences Of Price Discrimination
- 14.72The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Other Pricing Policies: Limit Pricing
- 14.73The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Other Pricing Policies: Predatory Pricing
- 14.74The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Other Pricing Policies: Price Leadership
- 14.75The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Relationship Between Price Elasticity Of Demand And A Firm’s Revenue: In A Normal Downward Sloping Demand Curve
- 14.76The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Relationship Between Price Elasticity Of Demand And A Firm’s Revenue: In A Kinked Demand Curve
- 14.77Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Specific And Ad Valorem Indirect Taxes
- 14.78Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Subsidies
- 14.79Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Price Controls
- 14.80Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Production Quotas
- 14.81Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Prohibitions And Licences
- 14.82Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Regulation And Deregulation
- 14.83Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Direct Provision
- 14.84Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Pollution Permits
- 14.85Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Property Rights
- 14.86Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Nationalisation And Privatisation
- 14.87Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Provision Of Information
- 14.88Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Behavioural Insights And ‘nudge’ Theory
- 14.89Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Government Failure In Microeconomic Intervention: Definition Of Government Failure
- 14.90Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Government Failure In Microeconomic Intervention: Causes Of Government Failure
- 14.91Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Government Failure In Microeconomic Intervention: Consequences Of Government Failure
- 14.92Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Equity And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth: Difference Between Equity And Equality
- 14.93Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Equity And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth: Difference Between Equity And Efficiency
- 14.94Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Equity And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth: Distinction Between Absolute Poverty And Relative Poverty
- 14.95Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Equity And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth: The Poverty Trap
- 14.96Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Equity And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth: Policies Towards Equity And Equality, For Example: Negative Income Tax
- 14.97Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Equity And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth: Policies Towards Equity And Equality, For Example: Universal Benefits And Means-tested Benefits
- 14.98Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Equity And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth: Policies Towards Equity And Equality, For Example: Universal Basic Income
- 14.99Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Demand For Labour As A Derived Demand
- 14.100Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Factors Affecting Demand For Labour In A Firm Or An Occupation
- 14.101Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Causes Of Shifts In And Movement Along The Demand Curve For Labour In A Firm Or An Occupation
- 14.102Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Marginal Revenue Product (Mrp) Theory: Definition And Calculation Of Marginal Revenue Product
- 14.103Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Marginal Revenue Product (Mrp) Theory: Derivation Of An Individual Firm’s Demand For Labour Using Marginal Revenue Product
- 14.104Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Factors Affecting The Supply Of Labour To A Firm Or To An Occupation: Wage And Non-wage Factors
- 14.105Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Causes Of Shifts In And Movement Along The Supply Curve Of Labour To A Firm Or An Occupation
- 14.106Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Wage Determination In Perfect Markets: Equilibrium Wage Rate And Employment In A Labour Market
- 14.107Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Wage Determination In Imperfect Markets: Influence Of Trade Unions On Wage Determination And Employment In A Labour Market
- 14.108Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Wage Determination In Imperfect Markets:Influence Of Government On Wage Determination And Employment In A Labour Market Using A National Minimum Wage
- 14.109Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Wage Determination In Imperfect Markets: Influence Of Monopsony Employers On Wage Determination And Employment In A Labour Market
- 14.110Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Determination Of Wage Differentials By Labour Market Forces
- 14.111Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Transfer Earnings And Economic Rent: Definition Of Transfer Earnings
- 14.112Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Transfer Earnings And Economic Rent: Definition Of Economic Rent
- 14.113Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Transfer Earnings And Economic Rent: Factors Affecting Transfer Earnings And Economic Rent In An Occupation
- 14.114The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: Definition Of The Multiplier
- 14.115The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: Formulae For And Calculation Of Multiplier In A Closed And Open Economy, With And Without A Government Sector
- 14.116The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: Calculation Of: Average And Marginal Propensities To Save (Aps And Mps)
- 14.117The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: Calculation Of: Average And Marginal Propensities To Consume (Apc And Mpc)
- 14.118The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: Calculation Of: Average And Marginal Propensities To Import (Apm And Mpm)
- 14.119The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: Calculation Of: Average And Marginal Rates Of Tax (Art And Mrt)
- 14.120The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: National Income Determination Using Ad And Income Approach With The Multiplier Process
- 14.121The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: Calculation Of Effect Of Changing Ad On National Income Using The Multiplier
- 14.122The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: Components Of Aggregate Demand (Ad) And Their Determinants: Consumption Function: Autonomous And Induced Consumer Expenditure
- 14.123The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: Components Of Aggregate Demand (Ad) And Their Determinants: Savings Function: Autonomous And Induced Savings
- 14.124The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: Components Of Aggregate Demand (Ad) And Their Determinants: Autonomous And Induced Investment; The Accelerator
- 14.125The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: Components Of Aggregate Demand (Ad) And Their Determinants: Government Spending
- 14.126The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: Components Of Aggregate Demand (Ad) And Their Determinants: Net Exports (Exports Minus Imports)
- 14.127The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: Full Employment Level Of National Income And Equilibrium Level Of National Income: Inflationary And Deflationary Gaps
- 14.128The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Actual Growth Versus Potential Growth In National Output
- 14.129The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Positive And Negative Output Gaps
- 14.130The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Business (Trade) Cycle: Phases Of The Cycle
- 14.131The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Business (Trade) Cycle: Causes Of The Cycle
- 14.132The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Business (Trade) Cycle: Role Of Automatic Stabilisers
- 14.133The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Policies To Promote Economic Growth And Their Effectiveness
- 14.134The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Inclusive Economic Growth: Definition Of Inclusive Economic Growth
- 14.135The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Inclusive Economic Growth: Impact Of Economic Growth On Equity And Equality
- 14.136The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Inclusive Economic Growth: Policies To Promote Inclusive Growth
- 14.137The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Sustainable Economic Growth: Definition Of Sustainable Economic Growth
- 14.138The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Sustainable Economic Growth: Using And Conserving Resources
- 14.139The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Sustainable Economic Growth: Impact Of Economic Growth On The Environment And Climate Change
- 14.140The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Sustainable Economic Growth: Policies To Mitigate The Impact Of Economic Growth On The Environment And Climate Change
- 14.141The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Definition Of Full Employment
- 14.142The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Equilibrium And Disequilibrium Unemployment (Including Hysteresis)
- 14.143The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Voluntary And Involuntary Unemployment
- 14.144The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Natural Rate Of Unemployment: Definition
- 14.145The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Natural Rate Of Unemployment: Determinants
- 14.146The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Natural Rate Of Unemployment: Policy Implications
- 14.147The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Patterns And Trends In (Un)employment
- 14.148The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Mobility Of Labour: Forms Of Labour Mobility: Geographical And Occupational
- 14.149The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Mobility Of Labour: Factors Affecting Labour Mobility
- 14.150The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Policies To Reduce Unemployment And Their Effectiveness
- 14.151The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Definition, Functions And Characteristics Of Money
- 14.152The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Definition Of Money Supply
- 14.153The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Quantity Theory Of Money (Mv = Pt)
- 14.154The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Functions Of Commercial Banks: Providing Deposit Accounts (Demand Deposit Account, Savings Account)
- 14.155The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Functions Of Commercial Banks: Lending Money (Overdrafts, Loans)
- 14.156The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Functions Of Commercial Banks: Holding Or Providing Cash, Securities, Loans, Deposits, Equity
- 14.157The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Functions Of Commercial Banks: Reserve Ratio And Capital Ratio
- 14.158The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Functions Of Commercial Banks: Objectives Of Commercial Banks: Liquidity, Security, Profitability
- 14.159The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Causes Of Changes In The Money Supply In An Open Economy: Commercial Banks As Sources Of Credit Creation And The Bank Credit Multiplier
- 14.160The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Causes Of Changes In The Money Supply In An Open Economy: Role Of A Central Bank
- 14.161The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Causes Of Changes In The Money Supply In An Open Economy: Government Deficit Financing
- 14.162The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Causes Of Changes In The Money Supply In An Open Economy: Quantitative Easing
- 14.163The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Causes Of Changes In The Money Supply In An Open Economy: Changes In The Balance Of Payments
- 14.164The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Policies To Reduce Inflation And Their Effectiveness
- 14.165The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Demand For Money: Liquidity Preference Theory
- 14.166The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Interest Rate Determination: Loanable Funds Theory And Keynesian Theory
- 14.167Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Macroeconomic Policy Objectives: Objectives In Terms Of Inflation, Balance Of Payments, Unemployment, Growth, Development, Sustainability And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth
- 14.168Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness: Relationship Between The Internal Value Of Money And The External Value Of Money
- 14.169Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness: Relationship Between The Balance Of Payments And Inflation
- 14.170Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness: Relationship Between Growth And Inflation
- 14.171Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness: Relationship Between Growth And The Balance Of Payments
- 14.172Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness: Relationship Between Inflation And Unemployment: Traditional Phillips Curve
- 14.173Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness: Relationship Between Inflation And Unemployment: Expectations-augmented Phillips Curve (Short- And Long-run Phillips Curve)
- 14.174Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Effectiveness Of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives: Effectiveness Of Different Policies In Relation To Different Macroeconomic Objectives: Fiscal Policy Including Laffer Curve Analysis
- 14.175Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Effectiveness Of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives: Effectiveness Of Different Policies In Relation To Different Macroeconomic Objectives: Monetary Policy
- 14.176Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Effectiveness Of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives: Effectiveness Of Different Policies In Relation To Different Macroeconomic Objectives: Supply-side Policy Including Market-based And Interventionist Policies
- 14.177Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Effectiveness Of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives: Effectiveness Of Different Policies In Relation To Different Macroeconomic Objectives: Exchange Rate Policy
- 14.178Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Effectiveness Of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives: Effectiveness Of Different Policies In Relation To Different Macroeconomic Objectives: International Trade Policy
- 14.179Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Effectiveness Of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives: Problems And Conflicts Arising From The Outcome Of These Policies
- 14.180Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Effectiveness Of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives: Existence Of Government Failure In Macroeconomic Policies
- 14.181International Economic Issues (A Level): Policies To Correct Disequilibrium In The Balance Of Payments: Components Of The Balance Of Payments Accounts: Current Account, Financial Account And Capital Account
- 14.182International Economic Issues (A Level): Policies To Correct Disequilibrium In The Balance Of Payments: Effect Of Fiscal, Monetary, Supply-side, Protectionist And Exchange Rate Policies On The Balance Of Payments
- 14.183International Economic Issues (A Level): Policies To Correct Disequilibrium In The Balance Of Payments: Difference Between Expenditure-switching And Expenditure-reducing Policies
- 14.184International Economic Issues (A Level): Exchange Rates: Measurement Of Exchange Rates: Distinction Between Nominal And Real Exchange Rates
- 14.185International Economic Issues (A Level): Exchange Rates: Measurement Of Exchange Rates: Trade-weighted Exchange Rates
- 14.186International Economic Issues (A Level): Exchange Rates: Determination Of Exchange Rates Under Fixed And Managed Systems
- 14.187International Economic Issues (A Level): Exchange Rates: Distinction Between Revaluation And Devaluation Of A Fixed Exchange Rate
- 14.188International Economic Issues (A Level): Exchange Rates: Changes In The Exchange Rate Under Different Exchange Rate Systems
- 14.189International Economic Issues (A Level): Exchange Rates: The Effects Of Changing Exchange Rates On The External Economy Using Marshall-lerner And J Curve Analysis
- 14.190International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Classification Of Economies In Terms Of Their Level Of Development
- 14.191International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Classification Of Economies In Terms Of Their Level Of National Income
- 14.192International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Classification Of Economies In Terms Of Their Level Of Development
- 14.193International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Classification Of Economies In Terms Of Their Level Of National Income
- 14.194International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Monetary Indicators Including Real Per Capita National Income Statistics (Gdp, Gni, Nni) And Purchasing Power Parity
- 14.195International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Issues Of Comparison Using Monetary Indicators
- 14.196International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Non-monetary Indicators
- 14.197International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Composite Indicators: Human Development Index (Hdi)
- 14.198International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Composite Indicators: Measure Of Economic Welfare (Mew)
- 14.199International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Composite Indicators: Multidimensional Poverty Index (Mpi)
- 14.200International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: The Kuznets Curve
- 14.201International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Comparison Of Economic Growth Rates And Living Standards: Over Time
- 14.202International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Comparison Of Economic Growth Rates And Living Standards: Between Countries
- 14.203International Economic Issues (A Level): Characteristics Of Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Population Growth And Structure: Measurement And Causes Of Changes In Birth Rate, Death Rate, Infant Mortality And Net Migration
- 14.204International Economic Issues (A Level): Characteristics Of Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Population Growth And Structure: Optimum Population
- 14.205International Economic Issues (A Level): Characteristics Of Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Population Growth And Structure: Level Of Urbanisation
- 14.206International Economic Issues (A Level): Characteristics Of Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Income Distribution: Calculation Of Gini Coefficient And Lorenz Curve Analysis
- 14.207International Economic Issues (A Level): Characteristics Of Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Economic Structure: Employment Composition: Primary, Secondary And Tertiary Sectors
- 14.208International Economic Issues (A Level): Characteristics Of Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Economic Structure: Pattern Of Trade At Different Levels Of Development
- 14.209International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: International Aid: Forms Of Aid
- 14.210International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: International Aid: Forms Of Aid
- 14.211International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: International Aid: Reasons For Giving Aid
- 14.212International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: International Aid: Effects Of Aid
- 14.213International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: International Aid: Importance Of Aid
- 14.214International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Trade And Investment
- 14.215International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Role Of Multinational Companies (Mncs): Definition Of Mnc
- 14.216International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Role Of Multinational Companies (Mncs): Activities Of Mncs
- 14.217International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Role Of Multinational Companies (Mncs): Consequences Of Mncs
- 14.218International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Foreign Direct Investment (Fdi): Definition Of Fdi
- 14.219International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Foreign Direct Investment (Fdi): Consequences Of Fdi
- 14.220International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: External Debt: Causes Of Debt
- 14.221International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: External Debt: Consequences Of Debt
- 14.222International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Role Of The International Monetary Fund (Imf)
- 14.223International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Role Of The World Bank
- 14.224International Economic Issues (A Level): Globalisation: Meaning Of Globalisation And Its Causes And Consequences
- 14.225International Economic Issues (A Level): Globalisation: Distinction Between A Free Trade Area, A Customs Union, A Monetary Union And Full Economic Union
- 14.226International Economic Issues (A Level): Globalisation: Trade Creation And Trade Diversion
- Practice Questions/ Practice ExamsPractice Questions/ Exams Based Both On Actual Exam Pattern And On Topical Content To Boost Preparation And Improve Performance228
- 15.1Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Utility: Definition And Calculation Of Total Utility And Marginal Utility
- 15.2Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Utility: Diminishing Marginal Utility
- 15.3Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Utility: Equi-marginal Principle
- 15.4Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Utility: Derivation Of An Individual Demand Curve
- 15.5Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Utility: Limitations Of Marginal Utility Theory And Its Assumptions Of Rational Behaviour
- 15.6Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Indifference Curves And Budget Lines: Meaning Of An Indifference Curve And A Budget Line
- 15.7Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Indifference Curves And Budget Lines: Causes Of A Shift In The Budget Line
- 15.8Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Indifference Curves And Budget Lines: Income, Substitution And Price Effects For Normal, Inferior And Giffen Goods
- 15.9Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Indifference Curves And Budget Lines: Limitations Of The Model Of Indifference Curves
- 15.10Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Efficiency And Market Failure: Definitions Of Productive Efficiency And Allocative Efficiency
- 15.11Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Efficiency And Market Failure: Conditions For Productive Efficiency And Allocative Efficiency
- 15.12Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Efficiency And Market Failure: Pareto Optimality
- 15.13Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Efficiency And Market Failure: Definition Of Dynamic Efficiency
- 15.14Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Efficiency And Market Failure: Definition Of Market Failure
- 15.15Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Efficiency And Market Failure: Reasons For Market Failure
- 15.16Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits: Definition And Calculation Of Social Costs (Sc) As The Sum Of Private Costs (Pc) And External Costs (Ec), Including Marginal Social Costs (Msc), Marginal Private Costs (Mpc) And Marginal External Costs (Mec)
- 15.17Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits: Definition And Calculation Of Social Benefits (Sb) As The Sum Of Private Benefits (Pb) And External Benefits (Eb), Including Marginal Social Benefits (Msb), Marginal Private Benefits (Mpb) And Marginal External Benefits (Meb)
- 15.18Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits: Definition Of Positive Externality And Negative Externality
- 15.19Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits: Positive And Negative Externalities Of Both Consumption And Production
- 15.20Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits: Deadweight Welfare Losses Arising From Positive And Negative Externalities
- 15.21Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits: Asymmetric Information And Moral Hazard
- 15.22Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits: Use Of Costs And Benefits In Analysing Decisions (Knowledge Of Net Present Value Is Not Required)
- 15.23Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Short-run Production Function: Fixed And Variable Factors Of Production
- 15.24Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Short-run Production Function: Definition And Calculation Of Total Product, Average Product And Marginal Product
- 15.25Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Short-run Production Function: Law Of Diminishing Returns (Law Of Variable Proportions)
- 15.26Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Short-run Cost Function: Definition And Calculation Of Fixed Costs (Fc) And Variable Costs (Vc)
- 15.27Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Short-run Cost Function: Definition And Calculation Of Total, Average And Marginal Costs (Tc, Ac, Mc), Including Average Total Cost (Atc), Total And Average Fixed Costs (Tfc, Afc) And Total And Average Variable Costs (Tvc, Avc)
- 15.28Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Short-run Cost Function: Explanation Of Shape Of Short-run Average Cost And Marginal Cost Curves
- 15.29Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Long-run Production Function: No Fixed Factors Of Production
- 15.30Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Long-run Production Function: Returns To Scale
- 15.31Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Long-run Cost Function: Explanation Of Shape Of Long-run Average Cost Curve
- 15.32Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Long-run Cost Function: Concept Of Minimum Efficient Scale
- 15.33Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Long-run Cost Function: Concept Of Minimum Efficient Scale
- 15.34Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Relationship Between Economies Of Scale And Decreasing Average Costs
- 15.35Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Internal And External Economies Of Scale
- 15.36Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Internal And External Diseconomies Of Scale
- 15.37Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Definition And Calculation Of Revenue: Total, Average And Marginal Revenue (Tr, Ar, Mr)
- 15.38Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Definition Of Normal, Subnormal And Supernormal Profit
- 15.39Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Types Of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-run And Long-run Production: Calculation Of Supernormal And Subnormal Profit
- 15.40Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Perfect Competition And Imperfect Competition: Monopoly, Monopolistic Competition, Oligopoly, Natural Monopoly
- 15.41Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Structure Of The Listed Markets As Explained By Number Of Buyers And Sellers, Product Differentiation, Degree Of Freedom Of Entry And Availability Of Information
- 15.42Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Barriers To Entry And Exit: Legal Barriers
- 15.43Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Barriers To Entry And Exit: Market Barriers
- 15.44Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Barriers To Entry And Exit: Cost Barriers
- 15.45Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Barriers To Entry And Exit: Physical Barriers
- 15.46Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Revenues And Revenue Curves
- 15.47Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Output In The Short Run And The Long Run
- 15.48Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Profits In The Short Run And The Long Run
- 15.49Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Shutdown Price In The Short Run And The Long Run
- 15.50Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Derivation Of A Firm’s Supply Curve In A Perfectly Competitive Market
- 15.51Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Efficiency And X-inefficiency In The Short Run And The Long Run
- 15.52Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Contestable Markets: Features And Implications
- 15.53Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Performance Of Firms In Different Market Structures: Price Competition And Non-price Competition
- 15.54Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Collusion And The Prisoner’s Dilemma In Oligopolistic Markets, Including A Two-player Pay-off Matrix
- 15.55Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Different Market Structures: Definition And Calculation Of The Concentration Ratio
- 15.56Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: Reasons For Different Sizes Of Firms
- 15.57Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: Internal Growth Of Firms: Organic Growth And Diversification
- 15.58Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: External Growth Of Firms – Integration (Mergers And Takeovers): Methods Of Integration: Horizontal
- 15.59Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: External Growth Of Firms – Integration (Mergers And Takeovers): Methods Of Integration: Vertical (Forwards And Backwards)
- 15.60Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: External Growth Of Firms – Integration (Mergers And Takeovers): Methods Of Integration: Conglomerate
- 15.61Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: External Growth Of Firms – Integration (Mergers And Takeovers): Reasons For Integration
- 15.62Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: External Growth Of Firms – Integration (Mergers And Takeovers): Consequences Of Integration
- 15.63Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: Cartels: Conditions For An Effective Cartel
- 15.64Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: Cartels: Consequences Of A Cartel
- 15.65Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Growth And Survival Of Firms: Principal–agent Problem Arising From Differing Objectives Of Shareholders/owners And Managers
- 15.66Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Traditional Profit-maximising Objective Of Firms
- 15.67Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: An Understanding Of Other Objectives Of Firms: Survival
- 15.68Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: An Understanding Of Other Objectives Of Firms: Profit Satisficing
- 15.69Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: An Understanding Of Other Objectives Of Firms: Sales Maximisation
- 15.70Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: An Understanding Of Other Objectives Of Firms: Revenue Maximisation
- 15.71Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Price Discrimination – First, Second And Third Degree: Consequences Of Price Discrimination
- 15.72Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Other Pricing Policies: Limit Pricing
- 15.73Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Other Pricing Policies: Predatory Pricing
- 15.74Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Other Pricing Policies: Price Leadership
- 15.75Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Relationship Between Price Elasticity Of Demand And A Firm’s Revenue: In A Normal Downward Sloping Demand Curve
- 15.76Practice Questions: The Price System And The Microeconomy (A Level): Differing Objectives And Policies Of Firms: Relationship Between Price Elasticity Of Demand And A Firm’s Revenue: In A Kinked Demand Curve
- 15.77Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Specific And Ad Valorem Indirect Taxes
- 15.78Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Subsidies
- 15.79Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Price Controls
- 15.80Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Production Quotas
- 15.81Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Prohibitions And Licences
- 15.82Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Regulation And Deregulation
- 15.83Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Direct Provision
- 15.84Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Pollution Permits
- 15.85Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Property Rights
- 15.86Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Nationalisation And Privatisation
- 15.87Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Provision Of Information
- 15.88Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Application And Effectiveness Of Measures To Tackle Different Forms Of Market Failure: Behavioural Insights And ‘nudge’ Theory
- 15.89Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Government Failure In Microeconomic Intervention: Definition Of Government Failure
- 15.90Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Government Failure In Microeconomic Intervention: Causes Of Government Failure
- 15.91Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resource Allocation And Correct Market Failure: Government Failure In Microeconomic Intervention: Consequences Of Government Failure
- 15.92Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Equity And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth: Difference Between Equity And Equality
- 15.93Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Equity And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth: Difference Between Equity And Efficiency
- 15.94Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Equity And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth: Distinction Between Absolute Poverty And Relative Poverty
- 15.95Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Equity And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth: The Poverty Trap
- 15.96Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Equity And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth: Policies Towards Equity And Equality, For Example: Negative Income Tax
- 15.97Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Equity And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth: Policies Towards Equity And Equality, For Example: Universal Benefits And Means-tested Benefits
- 15.98Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Equity And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth: Policies Towards Equity And Equality, For Example: Universal Basic Income
- 15.99Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Demand For Labour As A Derived Demand
- 15.100Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Factors Affecting Demand For Labour In A Firm Or An Occupation
- 15.101Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Causes Of Shifts In And Movement Along The Demand Curve For Labour In A Firm Or An Occupation
- 15.102Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Marginal Revenue Product (Mrp) Theory: Definition And Calculation Of Marginal Revenue Product
- 15.103Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Marginal Revenue Product (Mrp) Theory: Derivation Of An Individual Firm’s Demand For Labour Using Marginal Revenue Product
- 15.104Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Factors Affecting The Supply Of Labour To A Firm Or To An Occupation: Wage And Non-wage Factors
- 15.105Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Causes Of Shifts In And Movement Along The Supply Curve Of Labour To A Firm Or An Occupation
- 15.106Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Wage Determination In Perfect Markets: Equilibrium Wage Rate And Employment In A Labour Market
- 15.107Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Wage Determination In Perfect Markets: Equilibrium Wage Rate And Employment In A Labour Market
- 15.108Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Wage Determination In Imperfect Markets: Influence Of Trade Unions On Wage Determination And Employment In A Labour Market
- 15.109Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Wage Determination In Imperfect Markets:Influence Of Government On Wage Determination And Employment In A Labour Market Using A National Minimum Wage
- 15.110Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Wage Determination In Imperfect Markets: Influence Of Monopsony Employers On Wage Determination And Employment In A Labour Market
- 15.111Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Determination Of Wage Differentials By Labour Market Forces
- 15.112Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Transfer Earnings And Economic Rent: Definition Of Transfer Earnings
- 15.113Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Transfer Earnings And Economic Rent: Definition Of Economic Rent
- 15.114Practice Questions: Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level): Labour Market Forces And Government Intervention: Transfer Earnings And Economic Rent: Factors Affecting Transfer Earnings And Economic Rent In An Occupation
- 15.115Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: Definition Of The Multiplier
- 15.116Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: Formulae For And Calculation Of Multiplier In A Closed And Open Economy, With And Without A Government Sector
- 15.117Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: Calculation Of: Average And Marginal Propensities To Save (Aps And Mps)
- 15.118Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: Calculation Of: Average And Marginal Propensities To Consume (Apc And Mpc)
- 15.119Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: Calculation Of: Average And Marginal Propensities To Import (Apm And Mpm)
- 15.120Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: Calculation Of: Average And Marginal Rates Of Tax (Art And Mrt)
- 15.121Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: National Income Determination Using Ad And Income Approach With The Multiplier Process
- 15.122Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: The Multiplier Process:: Calculation Of Effect Of Changing Ad On National Income Using The Multiplier
- 15.123Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: Components Of Aggregate Demand (Ad) And Their Determinants: Consumption Function: Autonomous And Induced Consumer Expenditure
- 15.124Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: Components Of Aggregate Demand (Ad) And Their Determinants: Savings Function: Autonomous And Induced Savings
- 15.125Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: Components Of Aggregate Demand (Ad) And Their Determinants: Autonomous And Induced Investment; The Accelerator
- 15.126Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: Components Of Aggregate Demand (Ad) And Their Determinants: Government Spending
- 15.127Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: Components Of Aggregate Demand (Ad) And Their Determinants: Net Exports (Exports Minus Imports)
- 15.128Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): The Circular Flow Of Income: Full Employment Level Of National Income And Equilibrium Level Of National Income: Inflationary And Deflationary Gaps
- 15.129Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Actual Growth Versus Potential Growth In National Output
- 15.130Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Positive And Negative Output Gaps
- 15.131Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Business (Trade) Cycle: Phases Of The Cycle
- 15.132Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Business (Trade) Cycle: Causes Of The Cycle
- 15.133Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Business (Trade) Cycle: Role Of Automatic Stabilisers
- 15.134Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Policies To Promote Economic Growth And Their Effectiveness
- 15.135Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Inclusive Economic Growth: Definition Of Inclusive Economic Growth
- 15.136Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Inclusive Economic Growth: Impact Of Economic Growth On Equity And Equality
- 15.137Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Inclusive Economic Growth: Policies To Promote Inclusive Growth
- 15.138Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Sustainable Economic Growth: Definition Of Sustainable Economic Growth
- 15.139Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Sustainable Economic Growth: Using And Conserving Resources
- 15.140Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Sustainable Economic Growth: Policies To Mitigate The Impact Of Economic Growth On The Environment And Climate Change
- 15.141Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Economic Growth And Sustainability: Sustainable Economic Growth: Impact Of Economic Growth On The Environment And Climate Change
- 15.142Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Definition Of Full Employment
- 15.143Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Equilibrium And Disequilibrium Unemployment (Including Hysteresis)
- 15.144Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Voluntary And Involuntary Unemployment
- 15.145Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Natural Rate Of Unemployment: Definition
- 15.146Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Natural Rate Of Unemployment: Determinants
- 15.147Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Natural Rate Of Unemployment: Policy Implications
- 15.148Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Patterns And Trends In (Un)employment
- 15.149Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Mobility Of Labour: Forms Of Labour Mobility: Geographical And Occupational
- 15.150Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Mobility Of Labour: Factors Affecting Labour Mobility
- 15.151Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Employment/unemployment: Policies To Reduce Unemployment And Their Effectiveness
- 15.152Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Definition, Functions And Characteristics Of Money
- 15.153Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Definition Of Money Supply
- 15.154Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Quantity Theory Of Money (Mv = Pt)
- 15.155Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Functions Of Commercial Banks: Providing Deposit Accounts (Demand Deposit Account, Savings Account)
- 15.156Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Functions Of Commercial Banks: Lending Money (Overdrafts, Loans)
- 15.157Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Functions Of Commercial Banks: Holding Or Providing Cash, Securities, Loans, Deposits, Equity
- 15.158Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Functions Of Commercial Banks: Reserve Ratio And Capital Ratio
- 15.159Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Functions Of Commercial Banks: Objectives Of Commercial Banks: Liquidity, Security, Profitability
- 15.160Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Causes Of Changes In The Money Supply In An Open Economy: Commercial Banks As Sources Of Credit Creation And The Bank Credit Multiplier
- 15.161Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Causes Of Changes In The Money Supply In An Open Economy: Role Of A Central Bank
- 15.162Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Causes Of Changes In The Money Supply In An Open Economy: Government Deficit Financing
- 15.163Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Causes Of Changes In The Money Supply In An Open Economy: Quantitative Easing
- 15.164Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Causes Of Changes In The Money Supply In An Open Economy: Changes In The Balance Of Payments
- 15.165Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Policies To Reduce Inflation And Their Effectiveness
- 15.166Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Demand For Money: Liquidity Preference Theory
- 15.167Practice Questions: The Macroeconomy (A Level): Money And Banking: Interest Rate Determination: Loanable Funds Theory And Keynesian Theory
- 15.168Practice Questions: Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Government Macroeconomic Policy Objectives: Objectives In Terms Of Inflation, Balance Of Payments, Unemployment, Growth, Development, Sustainability And Redistribution Of Income And Wealth
- 15.169Practice Questions: Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness: Relationship Between The Internal Value Of Money And The External Value Of Money
- 15.170Practice Questions: Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness: Relationship Between The Balance Of Payments And Inflation
- 15.171Practice Questions: Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness: Relationship Between Growth And Inflation
- 15.172Practice Questions: Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness: Relationship Between Growth And The Balance Of Payments
- 15.173Practice Questions: Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness: Relationship Between Inflation And Unemployment: Traditional Phillips Curve
- 15.174Practice Questions: Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness: Relationship Between Inflation And Unemployment: Expectations-augmented Phillips Curve (Short- And Long-run Phillips Curve)
- 15.175Practice Questions: Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Effectiveness Of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives: Effectiveness Of Different Policies In Relation To Different Macroeconomic Objectives: Fiscal Policy Including Laffer Curve Analysis
- 15.176Practice Questions: Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Effectiveness Of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives: Effectiveness Of Different Policies In Relation To Different Macroeconomic Objectives: Monetary Policy
- 15.177Practice Questions: Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Effectiveness Of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives: Effectiveness Of Different Policies In Relation To Different Macroeconomic Objectives: Supply-side Policy Including Market-based And Interventionist Policies
- 15.178Practice Questions: Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Effectiveness Of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives: Effectiveness Of Different Policies In Relation To Different Macroeconomic Objectives: Exchange Rate Policy
- 15.179Practice Questions: Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Effectiveness Of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives: Effectiveness Of Different Policies In Relation To Different Macroeconomic Objectives: International Trade Policy
- 15.180Practice Questions: Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Effectiveness Of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives: Problems And Conflicts Arising From The Outcome Of These Policies
- 15.181Practice Questions: Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Effectiveness Of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives: Existence Of Government Failure In Macroeconomic Policies
- 15.182Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Policies To Correct Disequilibrium In The Balance Of Payments: Components Of The Balance Of Payments Accounts: Current Account, Financial Account And Capital Account
- 15.183Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Policies To Correct Disequilibrium In The Balance Of Payments: Effect Of Fiscal, Monetary, Supply-side, Protectionist And Exchange Rate Policies On The Balance Of Payments
- 15.184Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Policies To Correct Disequilibrium In The Balance Of Payments: Difference Between Expenditure-switching And Expenditure-reducing Policies
- 15.185Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Exchange Rates: Measurement Of Exchange Rates: Distinction Between Nominal And Real Exchange Rates
- 15.186Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Exchange Rates: Measurement Of Exchange Rates: Trade-weighted Exchange Rates
- 15.187Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Exchange Rates: Determination Of Exchange Rates Under Fixed And Managed Systems
- 15.188Practice Questions:International Economic Issues (A Level): Exchange Rates: Determination Of Exchange Rates Under Fixed And Managed Systems
- 15.189Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Exchange Rates: Distinction Between Revaluation And Devaluation Of A Fixed Exchange Rate
- 15.190Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Exchange Rates: Changes In The Exchange Rate Under Different Exchange Rate Systems
- 15.191Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Exchange Rates: The Effects Of Changing Exchange Rates On The External Economy Using Marshall-lerner And J Curve Analysis
- 15.192Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Classification Of Economies In Terms Of Their Level Of Development
- 15.193Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Classification Of Economies In Terms Of Their Level Of National Income
- 15.194Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Classification Of Economies In Terms Of Their Level Of Development
- 15.195Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Classification Of Economies In Terms Of Their Level Of National Income
- 15.196Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Monetary Indicators Including Real Per Capita National Income Statistics (Gdp, Gni, Nni) And Purchasing Power Parity
- 15.197Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Issues Of Comparison Using Monetary Indicators
- 15.198Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Non-monetary Indicators
- 15.199Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Composite Indicators: Human Development Index (Hdi)
- 15.200Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Composite Indicators: Measure Of Economic Welfare (Mew)
- 15.201Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Composite Indicators: Multidimensional Poverty Index (Mpi)
- 15.202Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: Indicators Of Living Standards And Economic Development: The Kuznets Curve
- 15.203Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Comparison Of Economic Growth Rates And Living Standards: Over Time
- 15.204Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Economic Development: Comparison Of Economic Growth Rates And Living Standards: Between Countries
- 15.205Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Characteristics Of Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Population Growth And Structure: Measurement And Causes Of Changes In Birth Rate, Death Rate, Infant Mortality And Net Migration
- 15.206Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Characteristics Of Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Population Growth And Structure: Optimum Population
- 15.207Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Characteristics Of Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Population Growth And Structure: Level Of Urbanisation
- 15.208Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Characteristics Of Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Income Distribution: Calculation Of Gini Coefficient And Lorenz Curve Analysis
- 15.209Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Characteristics Of Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Economic Structure: Employment Composition: Primary, Secondary And Tertiary Sectors
- 15.210Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Characteristics Of Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Economic Structure: Pattern Of Trade At Different Levels Of Development
- 15.211Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: International Aid: Forms Of Aid
- 15.212Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: International Aid: Forms Of Aid
- 15.213Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: International Aid: Reasons For Giving Aid
- 15.214Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: International Aid: Effects Of Aid
- 15.215Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: International Aid: Importance Of Aid
- 15.216Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Trade And Investment
- 15.217Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Role Of Multinational Companies (Mncs): Definition Of Mnc
- 15.218Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Role Of Multinational Companies (Mncs): Activities Of Mncs
- 15.219Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Role Of Multinational Companies (Mncs): Consequences Of Mncs
- 15.220Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Foreign Direct Investment (Fdi): Definition Of Fdi
- 15.221Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Foreign Direct Investment (Fdi): Consequences Of Fdi
- 15.222Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: External Debt: Causes Of Debt
- 15.223Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: External Debt: Consequences Of Debt
- 15.224Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Role Of The International Monetary Fund (Imf)
- 15.225Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels Of Development: Role Of The World Bank
- 15.226Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Globalisation: Meaning Of Globalisation And Its Causes And Consequences
- 15.227Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Globalisation: Distinction Between A Free Trade Area, A Customs Union, A Monetary Union And Full Economic Union
- 15.228Practice Questions: International Economic Issues (A Level): Globalisation: Trade Creation And Trade Diversion
- Mock Tests/ Mock ExamsMock Exams For Final Preparation0
- Class RecordingsClass Recordings From Previous Sessions/ Current Session For Content0
- Other MaterialOther Useful Material For Exams0
- Notes + Written Material For Contents of The Syllabus Version 2Notes for Chapters + Written Resources Regarding The Content Version 224
- 19.1Utility
- 19.2Indifference Curves And Budget Lines
- 19.3Efficiency And Market Failure
- 19.4Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits
- 19.5Types of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-Run And Long-Run Production
- 19.6Different Market Structures
- 19.7Growth And Survival of Firms
- 19.8Differing Objectives And Policies of Firms
- 19.9Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resources Allocation And Correct Market Failure
- 19.10Equity And Redistribution of Income And Wealth
- 19.11Labor Market Forces And Government Intervention
- 19.12The Circular Flow of Income
- 19.13Economic Growth And Sustainability
- 19.14Employment/ Unemployment
- 19.15Money and Banking
- 19.16Government Macroeconomic Policy Objectives
- 19.17Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness
- 19.18Effectiveness of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives
- 19.19Policies To Correct Disequilibrium In The Balance of Payments
- 19.20Exchange Rates
- 19.21Economic Development
- 19.22Characteristics of Countries At Different Levels of Development
- 19.23Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels of Development
- 19.24Globalization
- Cheat Sheets Version 2Short, Quick Revision Cheat Sheets Version 224
- 20.1Utility
- 20.2Indifference Curves And Budget Lines
- 20.3Efficiency And Market Failure
- 20.4Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits
- 20.5Types of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-Run And Long-Run Production
- 20.6Different Market Structures
- 20.7Growth And Survival of Firms
- 20.8Differing Objectives And Policies of Firms
- 20.9Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resources Allocation And Correct Market Failure
- 20.10Equity And Redistribution of Income And Wealth
- 20.11Labor Market Forces And Government Intervention
- 20.12The Circular Flow of Income
- 20.13Economic Growth And Sustainability
- 20.14Employment/ Unemployment
- 20.15Money and Banking
- 20.16Government Macroeconomic Policy Objectives
- 20.17Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness
- 20.18Effectiveness of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives
- 20.19Policies To Correct Disequilibrium In The Balance of Payments
- 20.20Exchange Rates
- 20.21Economic Development
- 20.22Characteristics of Countries At Different Levels of Development
- 20.23Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels of Development
- 20.24Globalization
- Quizzes For Preparation Version 2Quizzes With Detailed Explained Answers And Common Mistakes Discussed In Detail Version 224
- 21.1Utility
- 21.2Indifference Curves And Budget Lines
- 21.3Efficiency And Market Failure
- 21.4Private Costs And Benefits, Externalities And Social Costs And Benefits
- 21.5Types of Cost, Revenue And Profit, Short-Run And Long-Run Production
- 21.6Different Market Structures
- 21.7Growth And Survival of Firms
- 21.8Differing Objectives And Policies of Firms
- 21.9Government Policies To Achieve Efficient Resources Allocation And Correct Market Failure
- 21.10Equity And Redistribution of Income And Wealth
- 21.11Labor Market Forces And Government Intervention
- 21.12The Circular Flow of Income
- 21.13Economic Growth And Sustainability
- 21.14Employment/ Unemployment
- 21.15Money and Banking
- 21.16Government Macroeconomic Policy Objectives
- 21.17Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness
- 21.18Effectiveness of Policy Options To Meet All Macroeconomic Objectives
- 21.19Policies To Correct Disequilibrium In The Balance of Payments
- 21.20Exchange Rates
- 21.21Economic Development
- 21.22Characteristics of Countries At Different Levels of Development
- 21.23Relationship Between Countries At Different Levels of Development
- 21.24Globalization
Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level): Links Between Macroeconomic Problems And Their Interrelatedness: Relationship Between The Balance Of Payments And Inflation
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