Sample Notes + Written Material For Contents of The Syllabus: Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Scarcity, Choice And Opportunity Cost: Fundamental Economic Problem Of Scarcity

Sample Notes + Written Material For Contents of The Syllabus: The Macroeconomy (As Level): National Income Statistics: Meaning Of National Income

Sample Video Lectures For The Content: Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Scarcity, Choice And Opportunity Cost: Fundamental Economic Problem Of Scarcity

Sample Video Lectures For The Content: The Macroeconomy (As Level): National Income Statistics: Meaning Of National Income

Sample Quizzes For Preparation: Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Scarcity, Choice And Opportunity Cost: Fundamental Economic Problem Of Scarcity

Sample Quizzes For Preparation: The Macroeconomy (As Level): National Income Statistics: Meaning Of National Income

Sample Cheat Sheets: Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Scarcity, Choice And Opportunity Cost: Fundamental Economic Problem Of Scarcity

Sample Cheat Sheets: The Macroeconomy (As Level): National Income Statistics: Meaning Of National Income

Sample Practice Questions/ Practice Exams: Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Scarcity, Choice And Opportunity Cost: Fundamental Economic Problem Of Scarcity

Sample Practice Questions/ Practice Exams: The Macroeconomy (As Level): National Income Statistics: Meaning Of National Income

Sample Extra Section Graph Guide: Basic Economic Diagrams (Foundations): Production Possibility Curve (PPC): Scarcity, Choice and Opportunity Cost

Sample Extra Section Graph Guide: Market Failure and Government Intervention: Social Cost, Private Cost and Social Benefit Diagram

Sample Paper Pattern/ Paper Preparation/ Techniques To Attempt The Paper/ Common Mistakes To Avoid: Understanding the Paper Structure (Foundation): Understanding the AS Economics Paper Structure (Paper 1 vs Paper 2)

Sample Paper Pattern/ Paper Preparation/ Techniques To Attempt The Paper/ Common Mistakes To Avoid: Paper 2 Section B: Essay Writing Technique (Micro): Writing Strong Introductions That Actually Gain Marks

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Course Breakup

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Scarcity, Choice And Opportunity Cost: Fundamental Economic Problem Of Scarcity

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Scarcity, Choice And Opportunity Cost: Need To Make Choices At All Levels (Individuals, Firms, Governments)

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Scarcity, Choice And Opportunity Cost: Nature And Definition Of Opportunity Cost, Arising From Choices

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Scarcity, Choice And Opportunity Cost: Basic Questions Of Resource Allocation: What To Produce

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Scarcity, Choice And Opportunity Cost: Basic Questions Of Resource Allocation: How To Produce

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Scarcity, Choice And Opportunity Cost: Basic Questions Of Resource Allocation: For Whom To Produce

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Economic Methodology: Economics As A Social Science

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Economic Methodology: Positive And Normative Statements (The Distinction Between Facts And Value Judgements)

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Economic Methodology: Meaning Of The Term Ceteris Paribus

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Economic Methodology: Importance Of The Time Period (Short Run, Long Run, Very Long Run)

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Factors Of Production: Nature And Definition Of Factors Of Production: Land, Labour, Capital And Enterprise

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Factors Of Production: Difference Between Human Capital And Physical Capital

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Factors Of Production: Rewards To The Factors Of Production

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Factors Of Production: Division Of Labour And Specialisation

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Factors Of Production: Role Of The Entrepreneur In Contemporary Economies: Risk And Organisation Of The Other Factors Of Production

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Resource Allocation In Different Economic Systems: Decision-making In Market, Planned And Mixed Economies

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Resource Allocation In Different Economic Systems: Resource Allocation In These Economic Systems

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Production Possibility Curves: Nature And Meaning Of A Production Possibility Curve (Ppc)

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Production Possibility Curves: Shape Of The Ppc: Constant And Increasing Opportunity Costs

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Production Possibility Curves: Causes And Consequences Of Shifts In A Ppc

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Production Possibility Curves: Significance Of A Position Within A Ppc

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Classification Of Goods And Services: Nature And Definition Of Free Goods And Private Goods (Economic Goods)

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Classification Of Goods And Services: Nature And Definition Of Public Goods

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Classification Of Goods And Services: Nature And Definition Of Merit Goods: Under-consumption As A Result Of Imperfect Information In The Market

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Classification Of Goods And Services: Nature And Definition Of Demerit Goods: Over-consumption As A Result Of Imperfect Information In The Market

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Demand And Supply Curves: Effective Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Demand And Supply Curves: Individual And Market Demand And Supply

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Demand And Supply Curves: Determinants Of Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Demand And Supply Curves: Determinants Of Supply

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Demand And Supply Curves: Causes Of A Shift In The Demand Curve (D)

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Demand And Supply Curves: Causes Of A Shift In The Supply Curve (S)

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Demand And Supply Curves: Distinction Between The Shift In The Demand Or Supply Curve And The Movement Along These Curves

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Definition Of Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand (Ped, Yed, Xed)

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Formulae For And Calculation Of Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Significance Of Relative Percentage Changes, The Size And Sign Of The Coefficient Of: Price Elasticity Of Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Significance Of Relative Percentage Changes, The Size And Sign Of The Coefficient Of: Income Elasticity Of Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Significance Of Relative Percentage Changes, The Size And Sign Of The Coefficient Of: Cross Elasticity Of Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Descriptions Of Elasticity Values: Perfectly Elastic, (Highly) Elastic, Unitary Elasticity, (Highly) Inelastic, Perfectly Inelastic

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Variation In Price Elasticity Of Demand Along The Length Of A Straight-line Demand Curve

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Factors Affecting: Price Elasticity Of Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Factors Affecting: Income Elasticity Of Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Factors Affecting: Cross Elasticity Of Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Relationship Between Price Elasticity Of Demand And Total Expenditure On A Product

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Implications For Decision-making Of Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity Of Supply: Definition Of Price Elasticity Of Supply (Pes)

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity Of Supply: Formula For And Calculation Of Price Elasticity Of Supply

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity Of Supply: Significance Of Relative Percentage Changes, The Size And Sign Of The Coefficient Of Price Elasticity Of Supply

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity Of Supply: Factors Affecting Price Elasticity Of Supply

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity Of Supply: Implications For Speed And Ease With Which Firms React To Changed Market Conditions

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): The Interaction Of Demand And Supply: Definition Of Market Equilibrium And Disequilibrium

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): The Interaction Of Demand And Supply: Effects Of Shifts In Demand And Supply Curves On Equilibrium Price And Quantity

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): The Interaction Of Demand And Supply: Relationships Between Different Markets: Joint Demand (Complements)

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): The Interaction Of Demand And Supply: Relationships Between Different Markets: Alternative Demand (Substitutes)

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): The Interaction Of Demand And Supply: Relationships Between Different Markets: Derived Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): The Interaction Of Demand And Supply: Relationships Between Different Markets: Joint Supply

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): The Interaction Of Demand And Supply: Functions Of Price In Resource Allocation; Rationing, Signalling (Transmission Of Preferences) And Incentivising

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Consumer And Producer Surplus: Meaning And Significance Of Consumer Surplus

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Consumer And Producer Surplus: Meaning And Significance Of Producer Surplus

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Consumer And Producer Surplus: Causes Of Changes In Consumer And Producer Surplus

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Consumer And Producer Surplus: Significance Of Price Elasticity Of Demand And Of Supply In Determining The Extent Of These Changes

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Reasons For Government Intervention In Markets: Addressing The Non-provision Of Public Goods

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Reasons For Government Intervention In Markets: Addressing The Over-consumption Of Demerit Goods And The Under-consumption Of Merit Goods

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Reasons For Government Intervention In Markets: Controlling Prices In Markets

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Methods And Effects Of Government Intervention In Markets: Impact And Incidence Of Specific Indirect Taxes

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Methods And Effects Of Government Intervention In Markets: Impact And Incidence Of Subsidies

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Methods And Effects Of Government Intervention In Markets: Direct Provision Of Goods And Services

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Methods And Effects Of Government Intervention In Markets: Maximum And Minimum Prices

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Methods And Effects Of Government Intervention In Markets: Buffer Stock Schemes

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Methods And Effects Of Government Intervention In Markets: Provision Of Information

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Addressing Income And Wealth Inequality: Difference Between Income As A Flow Concept And Wealth As A Stock Concept

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Addressing Income And Wealth Inequality: Measuring Income And Wealth Inequality: Gini Coefficient (Calculation Not Required)

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Addressing Income And Wealth Inequality: Economic Reasons For Inequality Of Income And Wealth

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Addressing Income And Wealth Inequality: Policies To Redistribute Income And Wealth: Minimum Wage

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Addressing Income And Wealth Inequality: Policies To Redistribute Income And Wealth: Transfer Payments

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Addressing Income And Wealth Inequality: Policies To Redistribute Income And Wealth: Progressive Income Taxes, Inheritance And Capital Taxes

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Addressing Income And Wealth Inequality: Policies To Redistribute Income And Wealth: State Provision Of Essential Goods And Services

The Macroeconomy (As Level): National Income Statistics: Meaning Of National Income

The Macroeconomy (As Level): National Income Statistics: Measurement Of National Income: Gross Domestic Product (Gdp)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): National Income Statistics: Measurement Of National Income: Gross National Income (Gni)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): National Income Statistics: Measurement Of National Income: Net National Income (Nni)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): National Income Statistics: Adjustment Of Measures From Market Prices To Basic Prices

The Macroeconomy (As Level): National Income Statistics: Adjustment Of Measures From Gross Values To Net Values

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Introduction To The Circular Flow Of Income: Circular Flow Of Income In A Closed Economy And An Open Economy: The Flow Of Income Between Households, Firms And Government And The International Economy

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Introduction To The Circular Flow Of Income: Injections And Leakages (Multiplier Not Required)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Introduction To The Circular Flow Of Income: Equilibrium And Disequilibrium (Marginal And Average Propensities Not Required)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Definition Of Aggregate Demand (Ad)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Components Of Ad And Their Meanings: Ad = C + I + G + (X – M)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Determinants Of Ad (Detailed Knowledge Of The Components Of Ad Is Not Required)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Shape Of The Ad Curve (Downward Sloping)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Causes Of A Shift In The Ad Curve

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Definition Of Aggregate Supply (As)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Determinants Of As

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Shape Of The As Curve In The Short Run (Sras, Upward Sloping Line Or Sweeping Curve) And The Long Run (Lras, Either A Vertical Line Or In Three Sections – Highly Elastic, Upward Sloping, Vertical)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Causes Of A Shift In The As Curve In The Short Run (Sras) And In The Long Run (Lras)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Distinction Between A Movement Along And A Shift In Ad And As

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Establishment Of Equilibrium In The Ad/as Model And The Determination Of The Level Of Real Output, The Price Level And Employment

cThe Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Establishment Of Equilibrium In The Ad/as Model And The Determination Of The Level Of Real Output, The Price Level And Employment

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Economic Growth: Meaning Of Economic Growth

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Economic Growth: Measurement Of Economic Growth

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Economic Growth: Distinction Between Growth In Nominal Gdp And Real Gdp

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Economic Growth: Causes Of Economic Growth

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Economic Growth: Consequences Of Economic Growth

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Unemployment: Meaning Of Unemployment

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Unemployment: Measures Of Unemployment, With Reference To Possible Difficulties In Measurement

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Unemployment: Causes And Types Of Unemployment: Frictional, Structural, Cyclical, Seasonal And Technological

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Unemployment: Consequences Of Unemployment

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Price Stability: Definition Of Inflation, Deflation And Disinflation

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Price Stability: Measurement Of Changes In The Price Level: Consumer Price Index (Cpi)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Price Stability: Measurement Of Changes In The Price Level: Possible Difficulties In Measurement

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Price Stability: Distinction Between Money Values (Nominal) And Real Data

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Price Stability: Causes Of Inflation: Cost-push And Demand-pull Inflation

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Price Stability: Consequences Of Inflation

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Government Macroeconomic Policy Objectives: Use Of Government Policy To Achieve Macroeconomic Objectives: Price Stability, Low Unemployment, Economic Growth (Policy Conflicts And Trade-offs Are Not Required)

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Fiscal Policy: Meaning Of Government Budget

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Fiscal Policy: Distinction Between A Government Budget Deficit And A Government Budget Surplus

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Fiscal Policy: Meaning And Significance Of The National Debt

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Fiscal Policy: Taxation: Types Of Taxes: Direct/indirect, Progressive/regressive/proportional

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Fiscal Policy: Taxation: Rates Of Tax: Marginal And Average Rates Of Taxation (Mrt, Art)

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Fiscal Policy: Taxation: Reasons For Taxation

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Fiscal Policy: Government Spending: Types Of Spending: Capital (Investment) And Current

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Fiscal Policy: Government Spending: Reasons For Government Spending

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Fiscal Policy: Distinction Between Expansionary And Contractionary Fiscal Policy

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Fiscal Policy: Ad/as Analysis Of The Impact Of Expansionary And Contractionary Fiscal Policy On The Equilibrium Level Of National Income And The Level Of Real Output, The Price Level And Employment

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Monetary Policy: Definition Of Monetary Policy

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Monetary Policy: Tools Of Monetary Policy: Interest Rates, Money Supply And Credit Regulations

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Monetary Policy: Distinction Between Expansionary And Contractionary Monetary Policy

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Monetary Policy: Ad/as Analysis Of The Impact Of Expansionary And Contractionary Monetary Policy On The Equilibrium National Income And The Level Of Real Output, The Price Level And Employment

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Supply-side Policy: Meaning Of Supply-side Policy, In Terms Of Its Effect On Lras Curves

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Supply-side Policy: Objectives Of Supply-side Policy: Increasing Productivity And Productive Capacity

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Supply-side Policy: Tools Of Supply-side Policy, For Example Training, Infrastructure Development, Support For Technological Improvement

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Supply-side Policy: Ad/as Analysis Of The Impact Of Supply-side Policy On The Equilibrium National Income And The Level Of Real Output, The Price Level And Employment

International Economic Issues (As Level): The Reasons For International Trade: Distinction Between Absolute And Comparative Advantage

International Economic Issues (As Level): The Reasons For International Trade: Benefits Of Specialisation And Free Trade (Trade Liberalisation), Including The Trading Possibility Curve

International Economic Issues (As Level): The Reasons For International Trade: Exports, Imports And The Terms Of Trade: Measurement Of The Terms Of Trade

International Economic Issues (As Level): The Reasons For International Trade: Exports, Imports And The Terms Of Trade: Causes Of Changes In The Terms Of Trade

International Economic Issues (As Level): The Reasons For International Trade: Exports, Imports And The Terms Of Trade: Impact Of Changes In The Terms Of Trade

International Economic Issues (As Level): Limitations Of The Theories Of Absolute And Comparative Advantage

International Economic Issues (As Level): Protectionism: Meaning Of Protectionism In The Context Of International Trade

International Economic Issues (As Level): Protectionism: Different Tools Of Protection And Their Impact: Tariffs

International Economic Issues (As Level): Protectionism: Different Tools Of Protection And Their Impact: Import Quotas

International Economic Issues (As Level): Protectionism: Different Tools Of Protection And Their Impact: Export Subsidies

International Economic Issues (As Level): Protectionism: Different Tools Of Protection And Their Impact: Embargoes

International Economic Issues (As Level): Protectionism: Different Tools Of Protection And Their Impact: Excessive Administrative Burdens (‘red Tape’)

International Economic Issues (As Level): Protectionism: Arguments For And Against Protectionism

International Economic Issues: Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Components Of The Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments:Current Account: Trade In Goods, Trade In Services, Primary Income And Secondary Income

International Economic Issues: Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Components Of The Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Definition Of Balance And Imbalances (Deficit And Surplus) In The Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments

International Economic Issues: Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Calculation Of: Balance Of Trade In Goods

International Economic Issues: Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Calculation Of: Balance Of Trade In Services

International Economic Issues: Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Calculation Of: Balance Of Trade In Goods And Services

International Economic Issues: Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Calculation Of: Current Account Balance (Cab)

International Economic Issues: Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Causes Of Imbalances In The Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments

International Economic Issues: Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Consequences Of Imbalances In The Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments For The Domestic And External Economy

International Economic Issues: Exchange Rates: Definition Of Exchange Rate

International Economic Issues: Exchange Rates: Determination Of A Floating Exchange Rate

International Economic Issues: Exchange Rates: Distinction Between Depreciation And Appreciation Of A Floating Exchange Rate

International Economic Issues: Exchange Rates: Causes Of Changes In A Floating Exchange Rate: Demand And Supply Of The Currency

International Economic Issues: Exchange Rates: Ad/as Analysis Of The Impact Of Exchange Rate Changes On The Domestic Economy’s Equilibrium National Income And The Level Of Real Output, The Price Level And Employment

International Economic Issues: Policies To Correct Imbalances In The Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Government Policy Objective Of Stability Of The Current Account

International Economic Issues: Policies To Correct Imbalances In The Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Effect Of Fiscal, Monetary, Supply-side And Protectionist Policies On The Current Account

Scarcity, Choice And Opportunity Cost

Economic Methodology

Factors of Production

Resource Allocation In Different Economic Systems

Production Possibility Curves

Classification of Goods And Services

Demand And Supply Curves

Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity of Demand

Price Elasticity of Supply

The Interaction of Demand And Supply

Consumer And Producer Surplus

Reasons For Government Intervention In Markets

Methods And Effects of Government Intervention In Markets

Addressing Income And Wealth Inequality

National Income Statistics

Introduction To The Circular Flow of Income

Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis

Economic Growth

Unemployment

Price Stability

Fiscal Policy

Government Macroeconomic Policy Objectives

Supply-Side Policy

The Reasons For International Trade

Protectionism

Current Account of The Balance of Payments

Exchange Rates

Policies To Correct Imbalances In The Current Account of The Balance of Payments

Scarcity, Choice And Opportunity Cost

Economic Methodology

Factors of Production

Resource Allocation In Different Economic Systems

Production Possibility Curves

Classification of Goods And Services

Demand And Supply Curves

Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity of Demand

Price Elasticity of Supply

The Interaction of Demand And Supply

Consumer And Producer Surplus

Reasons For Government Intervention In Markets

Methods And Effects of Government Intervention In Markets

Addressing Income And Wealth Inequality

National Income Statistics

Introduction To The Circular Flow of Income

Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis

Economic Growth

Unemployment

Price Stability

Government Macroeconomic Policy Objectives

Fiscal Policy

Monetary Policy

Supply-Side Policy

The Reasons For International Trade

Protectionism

Current Account of The Balance of Payments

Exchange Rates

Policies To Correct Imbalances In The Current Account of The Balance of Payments

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Scarcity, Choice And Opportunity Cost: Fundamental Economic Problem Of Scarcity

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Scarcity, Choice And Opportunity Cost: Need To Make Choices At All Levels (Individuals, Firms, Governments)

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Scarcity, Choice And Opportunity Cost: Nature And Definition Of Opportunity Cost, Arising From Choices

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Scarcity, Choice And Opportunity Cost: Basic Questions Of Resource Allocation: What To Produce

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Scarcity, Choice And Opportunity Cost: Basic Questions Of Resource Allocation: How To Produce

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Scarcity, Choice And Opportunity Cost: Basic Questions Of Resource Allocation: For Whom To Produce

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Scarcity, Choice And Opportunity Cost: Basic Questions Of Resource Allocation: For Whom To Produce

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Economic Methodology: Economics As A Social Science

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Economic Methodology: Positive And Normative Statements (The Distinction Between Facts And Value Judgements)

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Economic Methodology: Meaning Of The Term Ceteris Paribus

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Economic Methodology: Importance Of The Time Period (Short Run, Long Run, Very Long Run)

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Factors Of Production: Nature And Definition Of Factors Of Production: Land, Labour, Capital And Enterprise

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Factors Of Production: Difference Between Human Capital And Physical Capital

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Factors Of Production: Rewards To The Factors Of Production

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Factors Of Production: Division Of Labour And Specialisation

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Factors Of Production: Role Of The Entrepreneur In Contemporary Economies: Risk And Organisation Of The Other Factors Of Production

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Resource Allocation In Different Economic Systems: Decision-making In Market, Planned And Mixed Economies

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Resource Allocation In Different Economic Systems: Resource Allocation In These Economic Systems

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Production Possibility Curves: Nature And Meaning Of A Production Possibility Curve (Ppc)

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Production Possibility Curves: Shape Of The Ppc: Constant And Increasing Opportunity Costs

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Production Possibility Curves: Causes And Consequences Of Shifts In A Ppc

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Production Possibility Curves: Significance Of A Position Within A Ppc

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Classification Of Goods And Services: Nature And Definition Of Free Goods And Private Goods (Economic Goods)

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Classification Of Goods And Services: Nature And Definition Of Public Goods

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Classification Of Goods And Services: Nature And Definition Of Merit Goods: Under-consumption As A Result Of Imperfect Information In The Market

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Classification Of Goods And Services: Nature And Definition Of Demerit Goods: Over-consumption As A Result Of Imperfect Information In The Market

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Demand And Supply Curves: Effective Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Demand And Supply Curves: Individual And Market Demand And Supply

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Demand And Supply Curves: Determinants Of Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Demand And Supply Curves: Determinants Of Supply

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Demand And Supply Curves: Causes Of A Shift In The Demand Curve (D)

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Demand And Supply Curves: Causes Of A Shift In The Supply Curve (S)

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Demand And Supply Curves: Distinction Between The Shift In The Demand Or Supply Curve And The Movement Along These Curves

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Definition Of Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand (Ped, Yed, Xed)

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Formulae For And Calculation Of Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Significance Of Relative Percentage Changes, The Size And Sign Of The Coefficient Of: Price Elasticity Of Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Significance Of Relative Percentage Changes, The Size And Sign Of The Coefficient Of: Income Elasticity Of Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Significance Of Relative Percentage Changes, The Size And Sign Of The Coefficient Of: Cross Elasticity Of Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Descriptions Of Elasticity Values: Perfectly Elastic, (Highly) Elastic, Unitary Elasticity, (Highly) Inelastic, Perfectly Inelastic

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Variation In Price Elasticity Of Demand Along The Length Of A Straight-line Demand Curve

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Factors Affecting: Price Elasticity Of Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Factors Affecting: Income Elasticity Of Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Factors Affecting: Cross Elasticity Of Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Relationship Between Price Elasticity Of Demand And Total Expenditure On A Product

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Implications For Decision-making Of Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity Of Supply: Definition Of Price Elasticity Of Supply (Pes)

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity Of Supply: Formula For And Calculation Of Price Elasticity Of Supply

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity Of Supply: Significance Of Relative Percentage Changes, The Size And Sign Of The Coefficient Of Price Elasticity Of Supply

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity Of Supply: Factors Affecting Price Elasticity Of Supply

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity Of Supply: Implications For Speed And Ease With Which Firms React To Changed Market Conditions

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): The Interaction Of Demand And Supply: Definition Of Market Equilibrium And Disequilibrium

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): The Interaction Of Demand And Supply: Effects Of Shifts In Demand And Supply Curves On Equilibrium Price And Quantity

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): The Interaction Of Demand And Supply: Relationships Between Different Markets: Joint Demand (Complements)

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): The Interaction Of Demand And Supply: Relationships Between Different Markets: Alternative Demand (Substitutes)

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): The Interaction Of Demand And Supply: Relationships Between Different Markets: Derived Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): The Interaction Of Demand And Supply: Relationships Between Different Markets: Joint Supply

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): The Interaction Of Demand And Supply: Functions Of Price In Resource Allocation; Rationing, Signalling (Transmission Of Preferences) And Incentivising

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Consumer And Producer Surplus: Meaning And Significance Of Consumer Surplus

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Consumer And Producer Surplus: Meaning And Significance Of Producer Surplus

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Consumer And Producer Surplus: Causes Of Changes In Consumer And Producer Surplus

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Consumer And Producer Surplus: Significance Of Price Elasticity Of Demand And Of Supply In Determining The Extent Of These Changes

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Reasons For Government Intervention In Markets: Addressing The Non-provision Of Public Goods

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Reasons For Government Intervention In Markets: Addressing The Over-consumption Of Demerit Goods And The Under-consumption Of Merit Goods

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Reasons For Government Intervention In Markets: Controlling Prices In Markets

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Methods And Effects Of Government Intervention In Markets: Impact And Incidence Of Specific Indirect Taxes

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Methods And Effects Of Government Intervention In Markets: Impact And Incidence Of Subsidies

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Methods And Effects Of Government Intervention In Markets: Direct Provision Of Goods And Services

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Methods And Effects Of Government Intervention In Markets: Maximum And Minimum Prices

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Methods And Effects Of Government Intervention In Markets: Buffer Stock Schemes

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Methods And Effects Of Government Intervention In Markets: Provision Of Information

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Addressing Income And Wealth Inequality: Difference Between Income As A Flow Concept And Wealth As A Stock Concept

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Addressing Income And Wealth Inequality: Measuring Income And Wealth Inequality: Gini Coefficient (Calculation Not Required)

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Addressing Income And Wealth Inequality: Economic Reasons For Inequality Of Income And Wealth

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Addressing Income And Wealth Inequality: Policies To Redistribute Income And Wealth: Minimum Wage

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Addressing Income And Wealth Inequality: Policies To Redistribute Income And Wealth: Transfer Payments

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Addressing Income And Wealth Inequality: Policies To Redistribute Income And Wealth: Progressive Income Taxes, Inheritance And Capital Taxes

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Addressing Income And Wealth Inequality: Policies To Redistribute Income And Wealth: State Provision Of Essential Goods And Services

The Macroeconomy (As Level): National Income Statistics: Meaning Of National Income

The Macroeconomy (As Level): National Income Statistics: Measurement Of National Income: Gross Domestic Product (Gdp)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): National Income Statistics: Measurement Of National Income: Gross National Income (Gni)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): National Income Statistics: Measurement Of National Income: Net National Income (Nni)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): National Income Statistics: Adjustment Of Measures From Market Prices To Basic Prices

The Macroeconomy (As Level): National Income Statistics: Adjustment Of Measures From Gross Values To Net Values

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Introduction To The Circular Flow Of Income: Circular Flow Of Income In A Closed Economy And An Open Economy: The Flow Of Income Between Households, Firms And Government And The International Economy

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Introduction To The Circular Flow Of Income: Injections And Leakages (Multiplier Not Required)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Introduction To The Circular Flow Of Income: Equilibrium And Disequilibrium (Marginal And Average Propensities Not Required)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Definition Of Aggregate Demand (Ad)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Components Of Ad And Their Meanings: Ad = C + I + G + (X – M)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Determinants Of Ad (Detailed Knowledge Of The Components Of Ad Is Not Required)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Shape Of The Ad Curve (Downward Sloping)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Causes Of A Shift In The Ad Curve

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Definition Of Aggregate Supply (As)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Determinants Of As

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Shape Of The As Curve In The Short Run (Sras, Upward Sloping Line Or Sweeping Curve) And The Long Run (Lras, Either A Vertical Line Or In Three Sections – Highly Elastic, Upward Sloping, Vertical)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Causes Of A Shift In The As Curve In The Short Run (Sras) And In The Long Run (Lras)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Distinction Between A Movement Along And A Shift In Ad And As

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Establishment Of Equilibrium In The Ad/as Model And The Determination Of The Level Of Real Output, The Price Level And Employment

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Effects Of Shifts In The Ad Curve And The As Curve On The Level Of Real Output, The Price Level And Employment

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Economic Growth: Meaning Of Economic Growth

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Economic Growth: Measurement Of Economic Growth

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Economic Growth: Distinction Between Growth In Nominal Gdp And Real Gdp

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Economic Growth: Causes Of Economic Growth

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Economic Growth: Consequences Of Economic Growth

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Unemployment: Meaning Of Unemployment

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Unemployment: Measures Of Unemployment, With Reference To Possible Difficulties In Measurement

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Unemployment: Causes And Types Of Unemployment: Frictional, Structural, Cyclical, Seasonal And Technological

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Unemployment: Consequences Of Unemployment

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Price Stability: Definition Of Inflation, Deflation And Disinflation

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Price Stability: Measurement Of Changes In The Price Level: Consumer Price Index (Cpi)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Price Stability: Measurement Of Changes In The Price Level: Possible Difficulties In Measurement

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Price Stability: Distinction Between Money Values (Nominal) And Real Data

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Price Stability: Causes Of Inflation: Cost-push And Demand-pull Inflation

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Price Stability: Consequences Of Inflation

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Government Macroeconomic Policy Objectives: Use Of Government Policy To Achieve Macroeconomic Objectives: Price Stability, Low Unemployment, Economic Growth (Policy Conflicts And Trade-offs Are Not Required)

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Fiscal Policy: Meaning Of Government Budget

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Fiscal Policy: Distinction Between A Government Budget Deficit And A Government Budget Surplus

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Fiscal Policy: Meaning And Significance Of The National Debt

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Fiscal Policy: Taxation: Types Of Taxes: Direct/indirect, Progressive/regressive/proportional

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Fiscal Policy: Taxation: Rates Of Tax: Marginal And Average Rates Of Taxation (Mrt, Art)

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Fiscal Policy: Taxation: Reasons For Taxation

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Fiscal Policy: Government Spending: Types Of Spending: Capital (Investment) And Current

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Fiscal Policy: Government Spending: Reasons For Government Spending

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Fiscal Policy: Distinction Between Expansionary And Contractionary Fiscal Policy

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Fiscal Policy: Ad/as Analysis Of The Impact Of Expansionary And Contractionary Fiscal Policy On The Equilibrium Level Of National Income And The Level Of Real Output, The Price Level And Employment

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Monetary Policy: Definition Of Monetary Policy

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Monetary Policy: Tools Of Monetary Policy: Interest Rates, Money Supply And Credit Regulations

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Monetary Policy: Distinction Between Expansionary And Contractionary Monetary Policy

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Monetary Policy: Ad/as Analysis Of The Impact Of Expansionary And Contractionary Monetary Policy On The Equilibrium National Income And The Level Of Real Output, The Price Level And Employment

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Supply-side Policy: Meaning Of Supply-side Policy, In Terms Of Its Effect On Lras Curves

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Supply-side Policy: Objectives Of Supply-side Policy: Increasing Productivity And Productive Capacity

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Supply-side Policy: Tools Of Supply-side Policy, For Example Training, Infrastructure Development, Support For Technological Improvement

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Supply-side Policy: Ad/as Analysis Of The Impact Of Supply-side Policy On The Equilibrium National Income And The Level Of Real Output, The Price Level And Employment

International Economic Issues (As Level): The Reasons For International Trade: Distinction Between Absolute And Comparative Advantage

International Economic Issues (As Level): The Reasons For International Trade: Benefits Of Specialisation And Free Trade (Trade Liberalisation), Including The Trading Possibility Curve

International Economic Issues (As Level): The Reasons For International Trade: Exports, Imports And The Terms Of Trade: Measurement Of The Terms Of Trade

International Economic Issues (As Level): The Reasons For International Trade: Exports, Imports And The Terms Of Trade: Causes Of Changes In The Terms Of Trade

International Economic Issues (As Level): The Reasons For International Trade: Exports, Imports And The Terms Of Trade: Impact Of Changes In The Terms Of Trade

International Economic Issues (As Level): Limitations Of The Theories Of Absolute And Comparative Advantage

International Economic Issues (As Level): Protectionism: Meaning Of Protectionism In The Context Of International Trade

International Economic Issues (As Level): Protectionism: Different Tools Of Protection And Their Impact: Tariffs

International Economic Issues (As Level): Protectionism: Different Tools Of Protection And Their Impact: Import Quotas

International Economic Issues (As Level): Protectionism: Different Tools Of Protection And Their Impact: Export Subsidies

International Economic Issues (As Level): Protectionism: Different Tools Of Protection And Their Impact: Embargoes

International Economic Issues (As Level): Protectionism: Different Tools Of Protection And Their Impact: Excessive Administrative Burdens (‘red Tape’)

International Economic Issues (As Level): Protectionism: Arguments For And Against Protectionism

International Economic Issues: Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Components Of The Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments:Current Account: Trade In Goods, Trade In Services, Primary Income And Secondary Income

International Economic Issues: Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Components Of The Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Definition Of Balance And Imbalances (Deficit And Surplus) In The Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments

International Economic Issues: Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Calculation Of: Balance Of Trade In Goods

International Economic Issues: Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Calculation Of: Balance Of Trade In Services

International Economic Issues: Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Calculation Of: Balance Of Trade In Goods And Services

International Economic Issues: Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Calculation Of: Current Account Balance (Cab)

International Economic Issues: Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Causes Of Imbalances In The Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments

International Economic Issues: Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Consequences Of Imbalances In The Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments For The Domestic And External Economy

International Economic Issues: Exchange Rates: Definition Of Exchange Rate

International Economic Issues: Exchange Rates: Determination Of A Floating Exchange Rate

International Economic Issues: Exchange Rates: Distinction Between Depreciation And Appreciation Of A Floating Exchange Rate

International Economic Issues: Exchange Rates: Causes Of Changes In A Floating Exchange Rate: Demand And Supply Of The Currency

International Economic Issues: Exchange Rates: Ad/as Analysis Of The Impact Of Exchange Rate Changes On The Domestic Economy’s Equilibrium National Income And The Level Of Real Output, The Price Level And Employment

International Economic Issues: Policies To Correct Imbalances In The Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Government Policy Objective Of Stability Of The Current Account

International Economic Issues: Policies To Correct Imbalances In The Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Effect Of Fiscal, Monetary, Supply-side And Protectionist Policies On The Current Account

Scarcity, Choice And Opportunity Cost

Economic Methodology

Factors of Production

Resource Allocation In Different Economic Systems

Production Possibility Curves

Classification of Goods And Services

Demand And Supply Curves

Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity of Demand

Price Elasticity of Supply

The Interaction of Demand And Supply

Consumer And Producer Surplus

Reasons For Government Intervention In Markets

Methods And Effects of Government Intervention In Markets

Addressing Income And Wealth Inequality

National Income Statistics

Introduction To The Circular Flow of Income

Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis

Economic Growth

Unemployment

Price Stability

Government Macroeconomic Policy Objectives

Fiscal Policy

Monetary Policy

Supply-Side Policy

The Reasons For International Trade

Protectionism

Current Account of The Balance of Payments

Exchange Rates

Policies To Correct Imbalances In The Current Account of The Balance of Payments

Understanding the Paper Structure (Foundation): Understanding the AS Economics Paper Structure (Paper 1 vs Paper 2)

Understanding the Paper Structure (Foundation): Marks Distribution and Assessment Objectives (AO1, AO2, AO3 Explained)

Understanding the Paper Structure (Foundation): Command Words Decoded: State, Explain, Analyse, Assess, Evaluate

Understanding the Paper Structure (Foundation): How Examiners Actually Award Marks (Positive Marking System)

Understanding the Paper Structure (Foundation): The Difference Between Knowledge, Analysis and Evaluation in Answers

Understanding the Paper Structure (Foundation): Why Long Answers Still Get Low Marks (Relevance vs Length)

Paper 1: Multiple Choice (MCQs) Strategy: How AS Level Economics MCQs Are Designed (Concept Traps Explained)

Paper 1: Multiple Choice (MCQs) Strategy: Common MCQ Misconceptions in Microeconomics (Public vs Merit Goods etc.)

Paper 1: Multiple Choice (MCQs) Strategy: Common MCQ Misconceptions in Macroeconomics (Inflation, Exchange Rates)

Paper 1: Multiple Choice (MCQs) Strategy: Interpreting Data, Tables and Diagrams in MCQs

Paper 1: Multiple Choice (MCQs) Strategy: “Which Is NOT Correct” Questions: How to Avoid Careless Errors

Paper 1: Multiple Choice (MCQs) Strategy: Opportunity Cost & PPC MCQs: Examiner Favourite Traps

Paper 1: Multiple Choice (MCQs) Strategy: Elasticity MCQs: Why Candidates Confuse PED, PES, XED and YED

Paper 1: Multiple Choice (MCQs) Strategy: Market Structure MCQs: Typical Confusions in Cost Curves and Efficiency

Paper 1: Multiple Choice (MCQs) Strategy: Balance of Payments MCQs: Primary vs Secondary Income Errors

Paper 1: Multiple Choice (MCQs) Strategy: Guessing vs Eliminating Options: Smart MCQ Techniques

Paper 1: Multiple Choice (MCQs) Strategy: Time Management Strategy for Paper 1

Paper 1: Multiple Choice (MCQs) Strategy: Most Repeated MCQ Topics According to Examiner Reports

Paper 2 Section A: Data Response Skills: How to Read and Use the Data Properly (Not Copying It)

Paper 2 Section A: Data Response Skills: 2-Mark Questions: Why Candidates Lose Easy Marks

Paper 2 Section A: Data Response Skills: 4-Mark Questions: Explained Analysis, Not Just Definitions

Paper 2 Section A: Data Response Skills: 6-Mark Questions: Structuring Analysis + Evaluation Together

Paper 2 Section A: Data Response Skills: Calculations in Data Response: Percentage Change & Real Values

Paper 2 Section A: Data Response Skills: Using Diagrams Correctly in Data Response (When Required vs Optional)

Paper 2 Section A: Data Response Skills: Linking Data to Theory Without Rewriting the Extract

Paper 2 Section A: Data Response Skills: How to Conclude a Data Response Answer Effectively

Paper 2 Section A: Data Response Skills: Common Data Response Mistakes Highlighted by Examiners

Paper 2 Section B: Essay Writing Technique (Micro): Essay Planning Under Exam Conditions (2–3 Minute Rule)

Paper 2 Section B: Essay Writing Technique (Micro): Writing Strong Introductions That Actually Gain Marks

Paper 2 Section B: Essay Writing Technique (Micro): Microeconomic Diagrams: Precision, Labelling and Common Errors

Paper 2 Section B: Essay Writing Technique (Micro): Explaining Elasticities in Context (Not Just Definitions)

Paper 2 Section B: Essay Writing Technique (Micro): Market Failure Essays: Evaluation Beyond Listing Problems

Paper 2 Section B: Essay Writing Technique (Micro): Price Controls Essays: Maximum vs Minimum Price Confusion

Paper 2 Section B: Essay Writing Technique (Micro): Public, Merit and Private Goods: Examiner’s Most Hated Errors

Paper 2 Section B: Essay Writing Technique (Micro): Market Structure Essays: Efficiency vs Profit Confusion

Paper 2 Section B: Essay Writing Technique (Micro): How to Evaluate “To What Extent” Questions Properly

Paper 2 Section C: Essay Writing Technique (Macro): AD/AS Diagrams: Why Incorrect Axes Kill Marks

Paper 2 Section C: Essay Writing Technique (Macro): Inflation, Unemployment and Growth Essays: Linking Objectives

Paper 2 Section C: Essay Writing Technique (Macro): Fiscal Policy Essays: Budget Deficit vs Current Account Confusion

Paper 2 Section C: Essay Writing Technique (Macro): Monetary Policy Essays: Over-Explaining Tools, Under-Evaluating Impact

Paper 2 Section C: Essay Writing Technique (Macro): Supply-Side Policies: Short Run vs Long Run Confusion

Paper 2 Section C: Essay Writing Technique (Macro): Balance of Payments Essays: Trade Balance vs Current Account Errors

Paper 2 Section C: Essay Writing Technique (Macro): Exchange Rate Essays: Appreciation vs Depreciation Misuse

Paper 2 Section C: Essay Writing Technique (Macro): Economic Growth Essays: Actual vs Potential Growth Mistakes

Paper 2 Section C: Essay Writing Technique (Macro): Development vs Growth: Common Examiner Complaints

Evaluation Mastery & Examiner Expectations: What Counts as Evaluation (And What Does NOT)

Evaluation Mastery & Examiner Expectations: How to Compare, Judge and Conclude for Full AO3 Marks

Evaluation Mastery & Examiner Expectations: Why One-Sided Answers Are Capped at Mid-Level Marks

Evaluation Mastery & Examiner Expectations: Examiner Language vs Student Language (High-Band Difference)

Evaluation Mastery & Examiner Expectations: Final Exam-Day Strategy: Time Allocation, Order of Questions & Final Checks

Scarcity, Choice And Opportunity Cost

Economic Methodology

Factors of Production

Resource Allocation In Different Economic Systems

Production Possibility Curves

Classification of Goods And Services

Demand And Supply Curves

Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity of Demand

Price Elasticity of Supply

The Interaction of Demand And Supply

Consumer And Producer Surplus

Reasons For Government Intervention In Markets

Methods And Effects of Government Intervention In Markets

Addressing Income And Wealth Inequality

National Income Statistics

Introduction To The Circular Flow of Income

Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis

Economic Growth

Unemployment

Price Stability

Government Macroeconomic Policy Objectives

Fiscal Policy

Monetary Policy

Supply-Side Policy

The Reasons For International Trade

Protectionism

Current Account of The Balance of Payments

Exchange Rates

Policies To Correct Imbalances In The Current Account of The Balance of Payments

Basic Economic Diagrams (Foundations): Production Possibility Curve (PPC): Scarcity, Choice and Opportunity Cost

Basic Economic Diagrams (Foundations): PPC Shifts: Economic Growth, Technological Progress and Resource Changes

Basic Economic Diagrams (Foundations): PPC and Comparative Advantage Between Two Countries

Basic Economic Diagrams (Foundations): Circular Flow of Income Diagram (Two-Sector Model)

Basic Economic Diagrams (Foundations): Circular Flow with Government and Foreign Sector (Leakages & Injections)

Demand, Supply and Market Equilibrium: Demand Curve: Movements vs Shifts

Demand, Supply and Market Equilibrium: Supply Curve: Movements vs Shifts

Demand, Supply and Market Equilibrium: Market Equilibrium: Price Determination

Demand, Supply and Market Equilibrium: Excess Demand and Excess Supply Diagrams

Demand, Supply and Market Equilibrium: Impact of Demand Increase on Price and Quantity

Demand, Supply and Market Equilibrium: Impact of Supply Decrease on Price and Quantity

Demand, Supply and Market Equilibrium: Combined Demand and Supply Shifts Diagram

Elasticity Diagrams: Price Elasticity of Demand: Elastic vs Inelastic Demand Curves

Elasticity Diagrams: PED and Revenue Relationship Diagram

Elasticity Diagrams: Income Elasticity of Demand (Normal vs Inferior Goods)

Elasticity Diagrams: Cross Elasticity of Demand (Substitutes & Complements)

Elasticity Diagrams: Price Elasticity of Supply: Short Run vs Long Run

Elasticity Diagrams: Elasticity and Incidence of Tax Diagram

Consumer Theory (Micro Foundations): Marginal Utility Curve and Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility

Consumer Theory (Micro Foundations): Total Utility and Marginal Utility Relationship Diagram

Consumer Theory (Micro Foundations): Consumer Surplus Diagram

Consumer Theory (Micro Foundations): Changes in Consumer Surplus due to Price Changes

Producer Theory and Costs: Short-Run Cost Curves: AFC, AVC, ATC, MC

Producer Theory and Costs: Relationship Between MC and AVC/ATC

Producer Theory and Costs: Long-Run Average Cost Curve and Economies of Scale

Producer Theory and Costs: Diseconomies of Scale Diagram

Producer Theory and Costs: Revenue Curves: TR, AR, MR (Perfect Competition Context)

Market Structures: Perfect Competition: Short-Run Equilibrium Diagram

Market Structures: Perfect Competition: Long-Run Equilibrium Diagram

Market Structures: Monopoly: Profit Maximisation Diagram

Market Structures: Monopoly: Supernormal, Normal and Loss Diagrams

Market Structures: Monopoly vs Perfect Competition Efficiency Comparison

Market Structures: Allocative Efficiency Diagram

Market Structures: Productive Efficiency Diagram

Market Structures: Dynamic Efficiency Diagram (Innovation & Investment)

Market Failure and Government Intervention: Negative Externality of Production Diagram

Market Failure and Government Intervention: Negative Externality of Consumption Diagram

Market Failure and Government Intervention: Positive Externality of Consumption Diagram

Market Failure and Government Intervention: Social Cost, Private Cost and Social Benefit Diagram

Market Failure and Government Intervention: Indirect Tax Diagram and Government Revenue

Market Failure and Government Intervention: Subsidy Diagram and Impact on Consumption

Market Failure and Government Intervention: Maximum Price (Price Ceiling) Diagram

Market Failure and Government Intervention: Minimum Price (Price Floor) Diagram

Macroeconomic Diagrams (Core): Aggregate Demand (AD) Curve

Macroeconomic Diagrams (Core): Aggregate Supply (AS) Curve

Macroeconomic Diagrams (Core): AD–AS Equilibrium Diagram

Macroeconomic Diagrams (Core): Demand-Pull Inflation Diagram

Macroeconomic Diagrams (Core): Cost-Push Inflation Diagram

Macroeconomic Diagrams (Core): Deflationary Gap and Inflationary Gap Diagrams

Macroeconomic Diagrams (Core): Economic Growth Using AD–AS and PPC Combined

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Scarcity, Choice And Opportunity Cost: Fundamental Economic Problem Of Scarcity

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Scarcity, Choice And Opportunity Cost: Need To Make Choices At All Levels (Individuals, Firms, Governments)

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Scarcity, Choice And Opportunity Cost: Nature And Definition Of Opportunity Cost, Arising From Choices

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Scarcity, Choice And Opportunity Cost: Basic Questions Of Resource Allocation: What To Produce

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Scarcity, Choice And Opportunity Cost: Basic Questions Of Resource Allocation: How To Produce

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Scarcity, Choice And Opportunity Cost: Basic Questions Of Resource Allocation: For Whom To Produce

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Economic Methodology: Economics As A Social Science

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Economic Methodology: Positive And Normative Statements (The Distinction Between Facts And Value Judgements)

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Economic Methodology: Meaning Of The Term Ceteris Paribus

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Economic Methodology: Importance Of The Time Period (Short Run, Long Run, Very Long Run)

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Factors Of Production: Nature And Definition Of Factors Of Production: Land, Labour, Capital And Enterprise

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Factors Of Production: Difference Between Human Capital And Physical Capital

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Factors Of Production: Rewards To The Factors Of Production

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Factors Of Production: Division Of Labour And Specialisation

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Factors Of Production: Role Of The Entrepreneur In Contemporary Economies: Risk And Organisation Of The Other Factors Of Production

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Resource Allocation In Different Economic Systems: Decision-making In Market, Planned And Mixed Economies

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Resource Allocation In Different Economic Systems: Resource Allocation In These Economic Systems

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Production Possibility Curves: Nature And Meaning Of A Production Possibility Curve (Ppc)

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Production Possibility Curves: Shape Of The Ppc: Constant And Increasing Opportunity Costs

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Production Possibility Curves: Causes And Consequences Of Shifts In A Ppc

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Production Possibility Curves: Significance Of A Position Within A Ppc

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Classification Of Goods And Services: Nature And Definition Of Free Goods And Private Goods (Economic Goods)

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Classification Of Goods And Services: Nature And Definition Of Public Goods

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Classification Of Goods And Services: Nature And Definition Of Merit Goods: Under-consumption As A Result Of Imperfect Information In The Market

Basic Economic Ideas And Resource Allocation (As Level): Classification Of Goods And Services: Nature And Definition Of Demerit Goods: Over-consumption As A Result Of Imperfect Information In The Market

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Demand And Supply Curves: Effective Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Demand And Supply Curves: Individual And Market Demand And Supply

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Demand And Supply Curves: Determinants Of Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Demand And Supply Curves: Determinants Of Supply

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Demand And Supply Curves: Causes Of A Shift In The Demand Curve (D)

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Demand And Supply Curves: Causes Of A Shift In The Supply Curve (S)

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Demand And Supply Curves: Distinction Between The Shift In The Demand Or Supply Curve And The Movement Along These Curves

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Definition Of Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand (Ped, Yed, Xed)

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Formulae For And Calculation Of Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Significance Of Relative Percentage Changes, The Size And Sign Of The Coefficient Of: Price Elasticity Of Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Significance Of Relative Percentage Changes, The Size And Sign Of The Coefficient Of: Income Elasticity Of Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Significance Of Relative Percentage Changes, The Size And Sign Of The Coefficient Of: Cross Elasticity Of Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Descriptions Of Elasticity Values: Perfectly Elastic, (Highly) Elastic, Unitary Elasticity, (Highly) Inelastic, Perfectly Inelastic

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Variation In Price Elasticity Of Demand Along The Length Of A Straight-line Demand Curve

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Factors Affecting: Price Elasticity Of Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Factors Affecting: Income Elasticity Of Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Factors Affecting: Cross Elasticity Of Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Relationship Between Price Elasticity Of Demand And Total Expenditure On A Product

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand: Implications For Decision-making Of Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity And Cross Elasticity Of Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity Of Supply: Definition Of Price Elasticity Of Supply (Pes)

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity Of Supply: Formula For And Calculation Of Price Elasticity Of Supply

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity Of Supply: Significance Of Relative Percentage Changes, The Size And Sign Of The Coefficient Of Price Elasticity Of Supply

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity Of Supply: Factors Affecting Price Elasticity Of Supply

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Price Elasticity Of Supply: Implications For Speed And Ease With Which Firms React To Changed Market Conditions

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): The Interaction Of Demand And Supply: Definition Of Market Equilibrium And Disequilibrium

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): The Interaction Of Demand And Supply: Effects Of Shifts In Demand And Supply Curves On Equilibrium Price And Quantity

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): The Interaction Of Demand And Supply: Relationships Between Different Markets: Joint Demand (Complements)

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): The Interaction Of Demand And Supply: Relationships Between Different Markets: Alternative Demand (Substitutes)

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): The Interaction Of Demand And Supply: Relationships Between Different Markets: Derived Demand

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): The Interaction Of Demand And Supply: Relationships Between Different Markets: Joint Supply

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): The Interaction Of Demand And Supply: Functions Of Price In Resource Allocation; Rationing, Signalling (Transmission Of Preferences) And Incentivising

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Consumer And Producer Surplus: Meaning And Significance Of Consumer Surplus

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Consumer And Producer Surplus: Meaning And Significance Of Producer Surplus

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Consumer And Producer Surplus: Causes Of Changes In Consumer And Producer Surplus

The Price System And The Microeconomy (As Level): Consumer And Producer Surplus: Significance Of Price Elasticity Of Demand And Of Supply In Determining The Extent Of These Changes

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Reasons For Government Intervention In Markets: Addressing The Non-provision Of Public Goods

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Reasons For Government Intervention In Markets: Addressing The Over-consumption Of Demerit Goods And The Under-consumption Of Merit Goods

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Reasons For Government Intervention In Markets: Controlling Prices In Markets

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Methods And Effects Of Government Intervention In Markets: Impact And Incidence Of Specific Indirect Taxes

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Methods And Effects Of Government Intervention In Markets: Impact And Incidence Of Subsidies

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Methods And Effects Of Government Intervention In Markets: Direct Provision Of Goods And Services

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Methods And Effects Of Government Intervention In Markets: Maximum And Minimum Prices

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Methods And Effects Of Government Intervention In Markets: Buffer Stock Schemes

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Methods And Effects Of Government Intervention In Markets: Provision Of Information

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Addressing Income And Wealth Inequality: Difference Between Income As A Flow Concept And Wealth As A Stock Concept

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Addressing Income And Wealth Inequality: Measuring Income And Wealth Inequality: Gini Coefficient (Calculation Not Required)

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Addressing Income And Wealth Inequality: Economic Reasons For Inequality Of Income And Wealth

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Addressing Income And Wealth Inequality: Policies To Redistribute Income And Wealth: Minimum Wage

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Addressing Income And Wealth Inequality: Policies To Redistribute Income And Wealth: Transfer Payments

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Addressing Income And Wealth Inequality: Policies To Redistribute Income And Wealth: Progressive Income Taxes, Inheritance And Capital Taxes

Government Microeconomy Intervention (As Level): Addressing Income And Wealth Inequality: Policies To Redistribute Income And Wealth: State Provision Of Essential Goods And Services

The Macroeconomy (As Level): National Income Statistics: Meaning Of National Income

The Macroeconomy (As Level): National Income Statistics: Measurement Of National Income: Gross Domestic Product (Gdp)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): National Income Statistics: Measurement Of National Income: Gross National Income (Gni)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): National Income Statistics: Measurement Of National Income: Net National Income (Nni)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): National Income Statistics: Adjustment Of Measures From Market Prices To Basic Prices

The Macroeconomy (As Level): National Income Statistics: Adjustment Of Measures From Gross Values To Net Values

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Introduction To The Circular Flow Of Income: Circular Flow Of Income In A Closed Economy And An Open Economy: The Flow Of Income Between Households, Firms And Government And The International Economy

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Introduction To The Circular Flow Of Income: Injections And Leakages (Multiplier Not Required)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Introduction To The Circular Flow Of Income: Equilibrium And Disequilibrium (Marginal And Average Propensities Not Required)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Definition Of Aggregate Demand (Ad)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Components Of Ad And Their Meanings: Ad = C + I + G + (X – M)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Determinants Of Ad (Detailed Knowledge Of The Components Of Ad Is Not Required)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Shape Of The Ad Curve (Downward Sloping)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Causes Of A Shift In The Ad Curve

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Definition Of Aggregate Supply (As)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Determinants Of As

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Shape Of The As Curve In The Short Run (Sras, Upward Sloping Line Or Sweeping Curve) And The Long Run (Lras, Either A Vertical Line Or In Three Sections – Highly Elastic, Upward Sloping, Vertical)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Causes Of A Shift In The As Curve In The Short Run (Sras) And In The Long Run (Lras)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Distinction Between A Movement Along And A Shift In Ad And As

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Establishment Of Equilibrium In The Ad/as Model And The Determination Of The Level Of Real Output, The Price Level And Employment

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Analysis: Effects Of Shifts In The Ad Curve And The As Curve On The Level Of Real Output, The Price Level And Employment

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Economic Growth: Meaning Of Economic Growth

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Economic Growth: Measurement Of Economic Growth

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Economic Growth: Distinction Between Growth In Nominal Gdp And Real Gdp

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Economic Growth: Causes Of Economic Growth

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Economic Growth: Consequences Of Economic Growth

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Unemployment: Meaning Of Unemployment

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Unemployment: Measures Of Unemployment, With Reference To Possible Difficulties In Measurement

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Unemployment: Causes And Types Of Unemployment: Frictional, Structural, Cyclical, Seasonal And Technological

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Unemployment: Consequences Of Unemployment

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Price Stability: Definition Of Inflation, Deflation And Disinflation

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Price Stability: Measurement Of Changes In The Price Level: Consumer Price Index (Cpi)

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Price Stability: Measurement Of Changes In The Price Level: Possible Difficulties In Measurement

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Price Stability: Distinction Between Money Values (Nominal) And Real Data

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Price Stability: Causes Of Inflation: Cost-push And Demand-pull Inflation

The Macroeconomy (As Level): Price Stability: Consequences Of Inflation

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Government Macroeconomic Policy Objectives: Use Of Government Policy To Achieve Macroeconomic Objectives: Price Stability, Low Unemployment, Economic Growth (Policy Conflicts And Trade-offs Are Not Required)

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Fiscal Policy: Meaning Of Government Budget

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Fiscal Policy: Distinction Between A Government Budget Deficit And A Government Budget Surplus

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Fiscal Policy: Meaning And Significance Of The National Debt

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Fiscal Policy: Taxation: Types Of Taxes: Direct/indirect, Progressive/regressive/proportional

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Fiscal Policy: Taxation: Rates Of Tax: Marginal And Average Rates Of Taxation (Mrt, Art)

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Fiscal Policy: Taxation: Reasons For Taxation

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Fiscal Policy: Government Spending: Types Of Spending: Capital (Investment) And Current

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Fiscal Policy: Government Spending: Reasons For Government Spending

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Fiscal Policy: Distinction Between Expansionary And Contractionary Fiscal Policy

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Fiscal Policy: Ad/as Analysis Of The Impact Of Expansionary And Contractionary Fiscal Policy On The Equilibrium Level Of National Income And The Level Of Real Output, The Price Level And Employment

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Monetary Policy: Definition Of Monetary Policy

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Monetary Policy: Tools Of Monetary Policy: Interest Rates, Money Supply And Credit Regulations

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Monetary Policy: Distinction Between Expansionary And Contractionary Monetary Policy

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Monetary Policy: Ad/as Analysis Of The Impact Of Expansionary And Contractionary Monetary Policy On The Equilibrium National Income And The Level Of Real Output, The Price Level And Employment

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Supply-side Policy: Meaning Of Supply-side Policy, In Terms Of Its Effect On Lras Curves

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Supply-side Policy: Objectives Of Supply-side Policy: Increasing Productivity And Productive Capacity

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Supply-side Policy: Tools Of Supply-side Policy, For Example Training, Infrastructure Development, Support For Technological Improvement

Government Macroeconomic Intervention: Supply-side Policy: Ad/as Analysis Of The Impact Of Supply-side Policy On The Equilibrium National Income And The Level Of Real Output, The Price Level And Employment

International Economic Issues (As Level): The Reasons For International Trade: Distinction Between Absolute And Comparative Advantage

International Economic Issues (As Level): The Reasons For International Trade: Benefits Of Specialisation And Free Trade (Trade Liberalisation), Including The Trading Possibility Curve

International Economic Issues (As Level): The Reasons For International Trade: Exports, Imports And The Terms Of Trade: Measurement Of The Terms Of Trade

International Economic Issues (As Level): The Reasons For International Trade: Exports, Imports And The Terms Of Trade: Causes Of Changes In The Terms Of Trade

International Economic Issues (As Level): The Reasons For International Trade: Exports, Imports And The Terms Of Trade: Impact Of Changes In The Terms Of Trade

International Economic Issues (As Level): Limitations Of The Theories Of Absolute And Comparative Advantage

International Economic Issues (As Level): Protectionism: Meaning Of Protectionism In The Context Of International Trade

International Economic Issues (As Level): Protectionism: Different Tools Of Protection And Their Impact: Tariffs

International Economic Issues (As Level): Protectionism: Different Tools Of Protection And Their Impact: Import Quotas

International Economic Issues (As Level): Protectionism: Different Tools Of Protection And Their Impact: Export Subsidies

International Economic Issues (As Level): Protectionism: Different Tools Of Protection And Their Impact: Embargoes

International Economic Issues (As Level): Protectionism: Different Tools Of Protection And Their Impact: Excessive Administrative Burdens (‘red Tape’)

International Economic Issues (As Level): Protectionism: Arguments For And Against Protectionism

International Economic Issues: Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Components Of The Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments:Current Account: Trade In Goods, Trade In Services, Primary Income And Secondary Income

International Economic Issues: Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Components Of The Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Definition Of Balance And Imbalances (Deficit And Surplus) In The Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments

International Economic Issues: Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Calculation Of: Balance Of Trade In Goods

International Economic Issues: Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Calculation Of: Balance Of Trade In Services

International Economic Issues: Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Calculation Of: Balance Of Trade In Goods And Services

International Economic Issues: Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Calculation Of: Current Account Balance (Cab)

International Economic Issues: Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Causes Of Imbalances In The Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments

International Economic Issues: Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Consequences Of Imbalances In The Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments For The Domestic And External Economy

International Economic Issues: Exchange Rates: Definition Of Exchange Rate

International Economic Issues: Exchange Rates: Determination Of A Floating Exchange Rate

International Economic Issues: Exchange Rates: Distinction Between Depreciation And Appreciation Of A Floating Exchange Rate

International Economic Issues: Exchange Rates: Causes Of Changes In A Floating Exchange Rate: Demand And Supply Of The Currency

International Economic Issues: Exchange Rates: Ad/as Analysis Of The Impact Of Exchange Rate Changes On The Domestic Economy’s Equilibrium National Income And The Level Of Real Output, The Price Level And Employment

International Economic Issues: Policies To Correct Imbalances In The Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Government Policy Objective Of Stability Of The Current Account

International Economic Issues: Policies To Correct Imbalances In The Current Account Of The Balance Of Payments: Effect Of Fiscal, Monetary, Supply-side And Protectionist Policies On The Current Account