Sample Cheat Sheets: Secondary and Tertiary Industries: Difference Between Large-Scale, Small-Scale and Cottage Industry
O Level And IGCSE Pakistan Studies – The Environment of Pakistan
Cheat Sheet: Secondary and Tertiary Industries
Types of Industries
| Type | Features | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Large-scale | Mechanised, modern factories, large workforce | Fertiliser, cement, textiles, oil refining, iron & steel |
| Small-scale | Limited machinery, 10–50 workers, local markets | Small garment factories, brick kilns, sugar mills |
| Cottage | Family-based, home production, traditional crafts | Carpets, pottery, embroidery, woodwork |
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia, World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 7 Distinctions and 11 World Records For Educate A Change O Level And IGCSE Pakistan Studies The Environment of Pakistan Full Scale Course
Major Processing & Manufacturing Industries
| Industry | Raw Material | Main Centres | Problems |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cement | Limestone, gypsum | DG Khan, Rohri, Wah, Karachi | Energy cost, pollution |
| Cotton textiles | Cotton | Faisalabad, Karachi, Multan, Hyderabad | Power shortage, competition |
| Sugar | Sugarcane | Punjab, Sindh, KPK (Rahim Yar Khan, Badin, Mardan) | Seasonal, low productivity |
| Fertiliser | Natural gas, imported phosphates | Multan, Karachi, Faisalabad | Gas shortages, imports |
| Iron & Steel | Imported iron ore, coal | Pakistan Steel Mills (Karachi) | Poor management, heavy losses |
| Oil refining | Crude oil (imported + local) | Karachi, Attock (Rawalpindi) | Reliance on imports |
| Sports goods | Leather, synthetic | Sialkot | Global competition |
| Surgical instruments | Stainless steel | Sialkot | Outdated tech, low margins |
| Bricks | Clay | Punjab, Sindh (kilns) | Seasonal, pollution |
| Crafts | Local raw materials | Multan, Hala, Swat, Chiniot | Lack of modern marketing |
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia, World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 7 Distinctions and 11 World Records For Educate A Change O Level And IGCSE Pakistan Studies The Environment of Pakistan Full Scale Course
Tertiary Industry – Tourism
| Type | Examples |
|---|---|
| Natural | Hunza, Skardu, Fairy Meadows, K2 |
| Historical | Mohenjo-Daro, Taxila, Harappa, Lahore Fort |
| Religious | Kartarpur Corridor, Buddhist sites, shrines |
| Cultural | Handicrafts, food, festivals |
Importance: Jobs, foreign exchange, cultural exchange.
Problems: Security issues, poor infrastructure, low promotion.
Importance of Secondary & Tertiary Industries
- Provide employment to millions.
- Earn foreign exchange through exports.
- Reduce import dependency.
- Support agriculture (fertiliser, sugar mills).
- Promote Pakistan’s heritage and global identity (crafts, tourism).
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia, World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 7 Distinctions and 11 World Records For Educate A Change O Level And IGCSE Pakistan Studies The Environment of Pakistan Full Scale Course