Sample Notes: Secondary and Tertiary Industries: Difference Between Large-Scale, Small-Scale and Cottage Industry

O Level And IGCSE Pakistan Studies – The Environment of Pakistan

Detailed Notes: Secondary and Tertiary Industries in Pakistan

Introduction

• Primary industry: Extraction of raw materials (farming, fishing, mining).
• Secondary industry: Manufacturing and processing of raw materials into finished goods.
• Tertiary industry: Provision of services (transport, banking, education, tourism).
• Pakistan’s economy depends on a mix of these, but secondary and tertiary sectors are increasingly important for modernization, exports, and employment.

Definitions: Types of Industry in Pakistan

• Large-scale industry
  • Capital-intensive, mechanized, modern factories.
  • Employ thousands of workers.
  • High production, domestic and export-oriented.
  • Examples: Iron and steel, oil refining, fertilizer, cement, textiles.
• Small-scale industry
  • Moderate investment, limited workers (10–50).
  • Use partly mechanized and partly manual methods.
  • Supply goods for local markets, sometimes exports.
  • Examples: Small garment factories, sugar mills, brick kilns.
• Cottage industry
  • Home-based, family-run, traditional craft production.
  • Use local raw materials, simple tools.
  • Provide employment in rural areas.
  • Examples: Handicrafts, carpets, pottery, embroidery, sports goods.

Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia, World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 7 Distinctions and 11 World Records For Educate A Change O Level And IGCSE Pakistan Studies The Environment of Pakistan Full Scale Course

Major Processing and Manufacturing Industries

1. Cement Industry

• Raw material: Limestone (plentiful in Punjab and KPK), gypsum, clay, shale.
• Location factors: Near limestone quarries, cheap transport, power supply.
• Main centres: Dandot, Wah, Rohri, Karachi, DG Khan, Hyderabad.
• Uses: Construction of roads, dams, houses, industrial buildings.
• Problems: High energy costs, outdated technology, environmental pollution.
• Exports: Surplus exported to Afghanistan, Middle East, Africa.

2. Cotton Industry (From Ginning to Clothing)

• Importance: Largest industry, backbone of Pakistan’s exports (over 50% of foreign exchange).
• Stages:
  • Ginning: Cotton separated from seeds.
  • Spinning: Fibres spun into yarn.
  • Weaving: Yarn woven into cloth.
  • Finishing: Bleaching, dyeing, printing.
  • Garment making: Cloth stitched into clothes for domestic use and export.
• Main centres: Faisalabad, Karachi, Multan, Hyderabad, Lahore.
• Exports: Yarn, cloth, garments to USA, UK, China, Middle East.
• Problems: Load-shedding, outdated machinery, competition from Bangladesh/India.

3. Sugar Refining

• Raw material: Sugarcane (grown in Punjab, Sindh, KPK).
• Process:
  • Cane crushed → juice extracted → boiled → sugar crystallized.
• Main centres: Rahim Yar Khan, Khanpur, Ghotki, Badin, Mardan.
• Uses: Food industry, confectionary, exports.
• Problems: Shortage of sugarcane, low productivity, high production cost.

4. Crafts and Cottage Industry

• Types: Pottery, carpets, woodwork, embroidery (Sindhi ajrak, Balochi, Kashmiri shawls).
• Main centres: Multan (ceramics), Hala (Sindh handicrafts), Chiniot (woodwork), Swat (embroidery).
• Importance: Employment in rural areas, cultural heritage, foreign exchange.
• Problems: Lack of modern marketing, competition from machine-made goods.

Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia, World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 7 Distinctions and 11 World Records For Educate A Change O Level And IGCSE Pakistan Studies The Environment of Pakistan Full Scale Course

5. Fertiliser Industry

• Raw materials: Natural gas (mainly from Sui, Mari fields), imported phosphates and potash.
• Types:
  • Urea (nitrogen-based).
  • DAP (phosphate-based).
• Main centres: Multan, Lahore, Karachi, Faisalabad, Daudkhel.
• Importance: Improves agricultural productivity.
• Problems: Shortage of gas, reliance on imported raw materials.

6. Iron and Steel Industry

• Raw materials: Iron ore, limestone, coal (imported as local iron is low grade).
• Main plant: Pakistan Steel Mills (Karachi, built with Soviet help in 1970s).
• Uses: Machinery, construction, vehicles.
• Problems: Poor management, outdated equipment, heavy losses, reliance on imports.

7. Brick Industry

• Raw material: Clay from riverbanks, baked in kilns.
• Main centres: Punjab, Sindh (near construction areas).
• Importance: Low-cost building material.
• Problems: Seasonal, causes pollution, child labour issues.

8. Oil Refining

• Raw material: Imported crude oil + local oil (Dhurnal, Meyal, Badin, Kohat).
• Main refineries: Karachi (Pakistan Refinery, National Refinery), Attock Refinery (Rawalpindi).
• Products: Petrol, diesel, kerosene, lubricants.
• Problems: Dependence on imported crude, rising demand.

9. Sports Goods

• Main centre: Sialkot.
• Products: Footballs, hockey sticks, cricket bats, gloves.
• Exports: FIFA World Cup balls manufactured in Pakistan.
• Importance: Major foreign exchange earner.
• Problems: Competition from China, lack of branding.

10. Surgical Instruments

• Main centre: Sialkot.
• Products: Scissors, forceps, syringes, surgical kits.
• Exports: Major supplier to Europe and USA.
• Problems: Outdated technology, low profit margins compared to international companies.

Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia, World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 7 Distinctions and 11 World Records For Educate A Change O Level And IGCSE Pakistan Studies The Environment of Pakistan Full Scale Course

Tertiary Industry: Tourism

• Definition: Industry based on providing services to visitors.
• Attractions in Pakistan:
  • Natural: Northern mountains (K2, Hunza, Skardu, Fairy Meadows), rivers, lakes.
  • Historical: Mohenjo-Daro, Taxila, Harappa, Lahore Fort, Badshahi Mosque.
  • Religious: Shrines, Buddhist sites, Sikh Gurdwaras.
  • Cultural: Handicrafts, festivals, food.
• Importance:
  • Provides foreign exchange.
  • Creates jobs in hotels, transport, handicrafts.
  • Promotes cultural exchange.
• Problems:
  • Poor infrastructure (roads, hotels).
  • Security concerns.
  • Weak international promotion.
• Recent efforts: CPEC projects, opening of Kartarpur Corridor, northern area tourism promotion.

Overall Importance of Secondary and Tertiary Industries

• Provide employment for millions of Pakistanis.
• Earn foreign exchange through exports.
• Reduce dependence on imports.
• Develop infrastructure and attract investment.
• Diversify economy beyond agriculture.
• Promote Pakistan’s global identity through crafts, sports goods, and tourism.

Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia, World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 7 Distinctions and 11 World Records For Educate A Change O Level And IGCSE Pakistan Studies The Environment of Pakistan Full Scale Course