How far did Pakistan achieve stability following the death of Jinnah?
1.1 Khawja Nazimuddin 1948-51
- 14 September 1948
- Nazimuddin became Governor General of Pakistan
- Liaquat Ali Khan was given an active role in running the country
- Â Objectives Resolution
- In Pakistan Governor General had been a much more important office than the prime minister under Quaid E Azam
- Basic Principles Committee was set up to decide the principles for the new constitution
- 25 Members
- Presented Objectives Resolution on 12 March 1949
- Democracy and Equality important for constitution
- Muislims should be able to practice Islam
- Minorities must be able to practice their religions
- Protection from injustice
- Fundamental Rights must be guaranteed
- Legal system should work independently from the government
- Tried to counter Ulema’s views of Pakistan not being based on Shariat
- Draft constitution presented on 28 September 1950
- Equal powers to both houses
- President elected by joint session
- Urdu as official language
- Criticism
- East Pakistan had greater population than West Pakistan
- Resented Bengali not being made the official language
- Provinces not happy on more power at federal level
- Not sufficiently Islamic
- More consideration decided to be given
- East Pakistan had greater population than West Pakistan
- Public and Representative Officers Disqualification Act
- Debarring those misconducting in public office
- Complains can be made to Governor General or Provincial Governors
- Can ask for enquiry by judges
- Designed to remove corruption
- Became a tool for elites to remove those they did not like
- Liaquat Nehru Pact
- Minority safety guaranteed by both sides
- Free passage stopped across border
- Visa system introduced
-
- India Occupied Hyderabad
- UNO made ceasefire between India and Pakistan over Kashmir on 5 January 1948
- Military Issue
- January 1951
- Sir Douglas Gracey replaced by General Ayub Khan as the Commander in Chief of Pakistan army.
- Rawalpindi Conspiracy
- March 1951
- Unhappy army officers panned a coup
- Ayub khan found out and imprisoned them
- Major General Akbar Khan – Chief of General Staff was also involved
- 15 people in total
-
- Liaquat Ali Khan assassinated on 16 October 1951
- Buried in Rawalpindi
- Given title – Shaheed e Millat
- Liaquat Ali Khan assassinated on 16 October 1951
1.2 Ghulam Muhammad 1951-1955
- Civil Servant – became Finance Minister later
- Became Governor General – Nazimuddin became Prime Minister
- Six Year Plan
- Planning commission – set in 1950
- Gave 6 Year Plan in 1951
- Planning Board set in 1953 for review
- Gave draft 5 year plan to follow 6 year plan in 1956
- Jute processing plant opened in Narayanganj
- Sui Natural Gas Reserves found
- Drought from 1951-53
- Rioting in many cities
- Jute export declined after the Koren War in 1953
- April 1953 – US donated 1 million tons of wheat to Pakistan
- Ahmedis Issue
- Ahmedis were protested to resign from office
- Included Zafarullah Khan
- Foreign Minister
- Martial Law had to be imposed
- Planning commission – set in 1950
- Constitution
- 22 December 1952
- Revised report of Basic Principles Committee
- Head of state must be Muslim
- Equal members form East and West Pakistan
- Representation for Religious minorities
- Cabinet was responsible to National Assembly
- Head of state choose committee of Islamic specialists to ensure conformity of law
- Official Language decided by Assembly
- Dismissed Nazimuddin – 17 April 1953
- Nazimuddin could not handle the rioting
- Appointed Mohammad Ali Bogra
- Asked for foreign aid
- April 1953
- US, Australia and Canada
- Sending million tons of wheat to Pakistan
- Set the Planning Board to produce 5 year plan
- Established CENTO
- 21 September 1954
- Ghulam Muhammad was abroad
- NA passed law
- Ministers must be assembly members
- Assembly approves cabinet
- Governor General must take advice of ministers
- Law passed within 15 minutes
- PRODA repealed
- Next week – Ghulam Mohammad dismissed Bogra and declared emergency
- Reappointed Bogra
- 5 Non assembly members in cabinet
- Included Ayub Khan
- Maulvi Tamizuddin contested this in Sindh High Court
- February 1955 – he won the case
- 10 May 1955 – Federal Court reversed the decision in Ghulam Muhammad’s favor
- 21 June 1955 – new assembly elected
- Met for the first time on 7 July
- August 1955
- Ghulam Muhammad Resigned
- Iskander Mirza gained power
1.3 Iskander Mirza
- Non NA member of Ghulam Mohammad’s cabinet
- Dismissed Mohammad Ali Bogra
- Made him ambassador to America
- Appointed Chaudry Muhammad Ali
- Finance Minister
- As the new prime minister
- 1956 Constitution
- 29 February 1956
- Enforced on 23 March
- Made compromise between Muslim League and United Front
- United Front left demand for equal seats
- Left demand for full provincial autonomy
- Bengal was made one of the official languages
- Governor General became the President
- Lasted only 2 Years
- One Unit Policy
- November 1954
- Bogra gave the idea of 1 single West Pakistan instead of states and provinces
- 5 October 1955
- One Unit Policy order passed
- Iskander said this would create more unity
- In reality this was to prevent East Pakistan having a majority in the Assembly
- Both East and West Pakistan had problems with the scheme
- Chief Minister of Sindh dismissed
- Bahawalpur and Khairpur state assemblies dissolved
- 14 October 1955 One Unit Scheme implemented
- November 1954
-
- Karachi Airport was completed in 1955
- Railway was modernized
- Telephone system was expanded
- Government exaggerated its work in the education and health sector
- East Pakistan Issue
- 12 September 1956
- Muhammad Ali resigned
- Replaced by Hussain Shaheed Suhrawardy
- From East Pakistan
- Suhrawardy resigned after 1 year
- He did not like being puppet prime minister
- Dismissed in October 1957
- Mirza refused to test his popularity in the assembly
- 18 October 1947
- Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar replaced Suhrawardy
- Feroze Khan Noon made prime minister
- Large Cabinet
- Elections of 1957 were postponed
- Martial Law on 7th October 1958
- Iskander Mirza as president
- Suhrawardy was planning against him with politicians from Punjab and Bengal
- Ayub Khan became Chief Martial Law Administrator
- Ayub Khan became Prime Minister on 24 October 1958
- 27th October
- Iskander Mirza resigned and exiled to London
- Military Rule in Pakistan
- 12 September 1956
1.4 Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan 1958-1969
- 1959
- Basic Democracies
- 26 October 1959
- 4 tier system
- People election Union council members
- Union council members elected district and divisional members
- 1962 Constitution
- 80000 basic democrats will elect president and central and provincial legislatures
- 95 % Basic democrats gave vote of confidence to Ayub Khan at the end of 1959
- 17 February 1960
- Ayub Khan confirmed as president
- 1962 Constitution
- 1 March 1962
- President could be removed only by impeachment
- President selected the cabinet from national assembly
- President nominated judicial heads
- President selected provincial governors
- Provincial governors selected provincial cabinets
- President approval must for law passing
- 1 March 1962
-
-
- No debate
- Martial law ended
- Political parties restored
- Ruling elite became most powerful through basic democrats
- East Pakistan unhappy over lack of power so steps taken for their happiness
- Urdu and Bengali both as national languages
- NA session both in Dhaka and Islamabad
- President and Speaker must be from different wings
-
- 1965 Elections
- Convention Muslim League
- Nominated Ayub Khan
- Opposition supported Fatima Jinnah
- Ayub Khan won 64 percent votes
- Fatime Jinnah won 36 percent
- 20 people killed in rioting in Dhakka and Karachi
- Elections were claimed to be rigged
- Convention Muslim League
- Decade of Development
- Period of 1958-1968
- Agricultural reforms
- No farm smaller than 12.5 acres
- No irrigated farm larger than 500 acres
- No unirrigated farm larger than 1000 acres
- Food output increased
- 3 major dams built
- Loans to farmers
- For wells building
- All this called the Green Revolution
- Mechanization was only affordable by big land owners
- Industrial Reforms
- Loans from West
- 1962
- Oil Refinery in Karachi
- Mineral Development Corporation
- Mineral deposits exploration
- RCD – Regional Cooperation for Development made with Iran and Turkey
- Export Bonus Scheme for exporters
- GDP increase was 7 percent in 1960s
- Thrice bigger than India
- Most of the benefits were reaped by the 22 big families of Pakistan
- Most from West Pakistan
- East Pakistan angered
- Foreign Aid dependency was increasing
- Social and Educational Reforms
- New Text books and Curriculum
- Schools built
- Rehabilitation Minister
- Azam Khan
- Settled 75000 refugees in Karachi
- Factory owners were required to provide accommodation to workers at reasonable rent
- Quality was not specified
- Family Planning Programme
- Funded by American Loan
- Not very successful
- Medical facilities improved
- Capital
- Islamabad was selected as the new capital in 1959
- October 1961 construction started
- 26 October 1966 first building occupied by government
- 1967 Islamabad officially declared capital in 1967
- Word continued till mid 1970s
- 92900 Sq meters in Secretariat Blocks
- 8 zones of the city
- With different sectors and facilities
- Ayub’s last days
-
- India Pakistan war of 1965 regarding Kashmir
- Ayub’s government provoked the war
- Tashkent Treaty had no reference to solution of Kashmir issue
- Foreign Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto blamed for war loss
- He became major opposer of Ayub
- Dissatisfaction in 1968
- October 1968
- Student protest in West Pakistan
- Assassination attempt on Ayub in Peshawar
- Arrested politicians
- More protests
- Democratic Action Committee formed in January 1969 against Ayub by 8 opposition parties
- Proper elections and autonomy for East Pakistan
- 17 February 1969
- Political leaders freed
- Emergency powers withdrawn
- Many Basic Democrats resigned
- 25 March 1969 he resigned
- Handed power to Yahya khan
- India Pakistan war of 1965 regarding Kashmir
-
1.5 Yahya Khan
- Basic Democracy ended
- Proper Elections would be help
- One Unit ended
- Democracy on 1 man 1 vote tried to bring back
- 1962 constitution ended
- January 1970
- Political activity resumed
- October 1970 Elections postponed due to flooding in East Pakistan
- Held on December 7 1970
- Based on 1 man 1 vote
Lesson Tags
Khwaja Nazimuddin | Ghulam Mohammad | One Unit Scheme | 1965 War | Ayub Khan | Complete and Detailed Notes For Revision | O Level Pakistan Studies 2059/01 and IGCSE Pakistan Studies 0448/01 | The History and Culture of Pakistan
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