How important has Pakistan’s role been in world affairs since 1947?
1.1 International relations
- Why did Pakistan chose west
- Cold war going on – making a choice was necessary to survive
- Economic and Military support needed for the new country
- Selected siding with US
- Most powerful country in the world
- Private economy was supported by US – which Pakistan aimed at too
- Islam was anti communism
1.2 Pakistan and India
- Problems even before partition
- Major component of foreign policy was relations with India
- Refugee problem
- Large scale cross border movement in 1947
- April 1950
- Nehru-Liaquat pact/ Minorities pact
- Protection for minorities in each country
- Did not help much because government orders can not change people’s inner feelings
- Not same opportunities shall be given
- Resources
- Pakistan did not get fair share of resources
- 1 April 19 – India cut Pakistan’s water supplies
- Access to water has remained a serious problem
- Indus Water Treaty – not a permanent solution
- Kashmir Issue
- 4 million Kashmiris were Muslim and Pakista considered it to be rightfully its part
- 1949
- Ceasefire line of control
- 1954 and 1955
- India tried to integrate its occupied Kashmir to India
- Protest by Pakistan and UN
- 1957
- UNSC issues a declaration
- Re-affirming that Kashmir is disputed territory
- UNSC issues a declaration
War 1965
- India did not like US aid to Pakistan
- India signed friendship pact with Chine in 1954
- India China war in 1962
- China’s easy victory convinced Pakistani army that it can also defeat India
- 1965 War
- Independent tribunal for Rann of Kutch in Rajasthan
- PAK forced India to agree to independent tribunal in Kashmir too
- August 1965 – Armed guerrillas into IOK – locals did not support much
- 1 September 1965
- Pak army attacked Indian controlled Kashmir
- 6 September – Indians attacked Lahore in a surprise
- Second attack in sialkot
- 3 weeks of war
- 4-10 January 1966
- Soviet Union arranged ceasefire conference n Tashkent
- Uzbekistan
- India was super determined
- US and Britain had placed embargoes on Pakistan
- China gave diplomatic support
- 1971 war
- Indian army stronger than Pakistan
- Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Commerce with Russia – August 1971
- Helped in breaking East Pakistan
- 1972
- Simla Agreement
- Kashmir to be discussed directly
- 90000 prisoners returned
- After 1971
- 1977
- Zia improved relations.as focus shifted to Afghanistan
- 1980s
- India accused Pakistan of supporting Sikh uprising
- October 1984
- Indira Gandhi assassinated by Sikhs
- Rajiv Gandhi took over
- Zia declared national mourning day for death of Indira Gandhi
- 1987
- Again war possible
- January – Indian army in rajasthan desert
- Zia went to India apparently to watch a cricket match
- Solved the crisis
- Indira Gandhi assassinated by Sikhs
- 1977
- Nuclear Issue
- January 1972
- Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP) opened
- 1970- Pakistan did not sign the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty
- 1974 India carried out nuclear tests
- Engineering and Research Laboratories in Kahutta
- Made bomb by 1985
- Announcement not made until 1998
- 1987 – AQ khan first admitted to having Nuclear Bombs – but later denied
- The announcement was postponed to ensure that US aid is not stopped
- May 1998 India tested nuclear devices
- Ras Koh Hills – Pakistan also tested Nuclear Weapons
- UN Secretary General was concerned and asked India and Pakistan to sign Comprehensive Test Treaty Ban.
- Both refused
- In late 1998 – both countries stopped nuclear testing
- Siachen Glacier
- Border issue
- 1981
- 300 Indian troops surprisingly camped there
- 500 million USD a year spent to prevent the occupation of this place
- Almost 5000 soldiers have died here
- Kargil
- April 1999
- Kargil and Daras captured by Pakistan
- Pakistan government denied involvement
- May – India counter attacked
- 2 Indian air crafts shot down
- Soon after Lahore declaration – 2 nuclear countries on verge of war
- June 1999 – Pakistan pushed back
- Clinton persuaded Sharif to withdraw forces
- 4-6 thousand Pakistani soldiers killed
1.3 Soviet Union
- Liaquat Ali Khan invited to Moscow
- USA invited Liaquat Ali Khan to Washington
- Liaquat chose USA
- 1950 – SU backed India over Kashmir
- SEATO and CENTO – Soviets were enraged
- Warned Pakistan of American Imperialism
- 1955
- Officially backed India in Kashmir Issue
- Gave India economic and technical support
- 1955- Soviet Union backed afghan claim of Pakhtoonistan
- 1956 offered to build steel mill in Pakistan
- If broken alliance with USA
- Pak refused
- May 1960 – U2 incident
- 1961
- Showed goodwill by exploring oil in Pakistan
- Supported Pakistan more when China also backed Pakistan in 1963
- Gave loans
- Neutral over Kashmir
- April 1965
- Ayub officially visited SU
- Agreements for oil and trade
- Jan 1966
- Tashkent conference
- 1968
- American base closes in Peshawar
- SU starts providing arms to Pakistan
-
- 1971 – US-China meetings by Pak angered SU
- Signed treaty of Peace, Friendship and Commerce with India
- Ensured support in case of war with Pakistan
- 1972 – Bhutto began to build good relations
- Steel mill building agreed
- Soviet Afghan war relations worsened
- Nuclear program – soviets started bombing Pakistan
- 1988 – soviets withdrew from Afghanistan
1.4 Pakistan and China
- October 1949
- India accepted the new government
- Supported it for Chinese seat in UN
- January 1950 – Pakistan recognized the communist regime
- Friendship unlikely
- 1962 China and India went to war
- USA supported India so PAK CHINA got close
- March 1962 – they started talks on their border issues
- In one year – these completed successfully
- China made concession to Pakistan
- 60 Million $ interest free loan to Pakistan
- Biggest purchaser of Pakistani Cotton
- August 1963 – PIA started flights to China
- 1964 Hina supported Pakistan in Kashmir – Pakistan supported China in UN
- US was supporting Taiwan
- 1965 war – China gave military support to Pakistan
- Domestic pressure on India too
- Could not do much in 1971 war
- Feb 1972 – Bhutto visited china and previous loans became grants
- Also agree to give aircrafts and tanks
- 1978 Karakoram Highway – being built since 1966
- Built on the Old Silk Road Route
- 1986 – Zia visited China
- Pak China signed Nuclear Cooperation treaty
1.5 Pakistan and Britain
- Quaid chose to be the first Governor General of Pakistan
- Britain left border issues
- Helped Jinnah with military and civil service personnel
- Friendly relations appreciated with Britain
- Pakistan remained on practically good terms with Britain
- Pakistan remained member of common wealth with dominion status
- 1956 – became republic
- Still member of common wealth
- Colombo Plan 1950
- 1 Million aid for Sui gas project
- Canada gave 40 Million Dollars for railways
- Not much political support given especially in Kashmir affair
- Common wealth against military rule
- CENTO and SEATO
- Pakistan criticized British invasion of Suez canal in 1956
- Final agreement of 1965 war done at commonwealth conference in London in June 1965
- Neutral in Bangladesh crisis
- Did not vote in UN for or against Bangladesh
- Recognized Bangladesh in 2 February 1971
- Pakistan left commonwealth
- In afghan crisis Britain supported Pakistan
- Gave 30 million pounds aid for refugees on border
- Gave 16 million pounds for Balochistan and NWFP
- 376 million pounds trade between Britain and Pakistan in 1986
- Pak returned to commonwealth in 1989
1.6 Pakistan and Bangladesh
- Pakistan considered Bangladesh a rebel nation
- Asset reallocation issues in early years of BAN
- Migration problem
- 1974
- Mujib was invited to OIC meeting in Lahore
- Pakistan recognized Bangladesh officially
- Agreed on friendship
- June 1974
- Bhutto visited Bangladesh
- Bangladesh asked for over half of pakistan’s assets in 1971
- They also asked for non bengalis to leave bangladesh
- Bhutto disagreed
- 1975 Mujib died
- Khondekar Mushtaq
- Believed in better relations
- Trade increased to 40 million dollars by 1986
-
- 1985 and 1988 Bangladesh faced severe weather issues
- Pakistan was the first to help
1.7 Pakistan and Afghanistan
- Border issues at independence
- Border areas voted to stay with Pakistan
- 1948 – Pakhtoonistan claim
- Jinnah ordered British military posts on Afghan border to be taken down
- Only state to vote against Pakistan joining UN on 30 September 1947
- Talks in Karachi in 1947
- Pakhtoonistan and sea access demanded
- Pakistan agreed to sea access if Pakhtoonistan dropped
- Afghanistan signed trade and transit agreement with Soviet Union
- March 1955 Pakistan embassy in Kabul ransacked
- Borders closed
- 1956 Iskander Mirza visited Afghanistan
- Afghanistan still showed opposition
- RCD rejected by Afghanistan because Pakistan was in
- Stayed Neutral in 1965 war
- Bhutto focused on Islamic foreign policy
- 1973 Sardar Daud came to power
- Gave Afghanistan access to India through Pakistan
- Contributed heavily to earthquake relief activities in Afghanistan in 1976
- 1976 Daud and Bhutto visited countries of each other many times
- Zia continued friendly relations
- October 1977 he visited Afghanistan
- 1978 March – Daud came to Pakistan
- December 1979 – Pakistan supported US against Barbarak Kamal
- 3 Million refugees in Pakistan in one year
- Helped Mujahideen
- 14 April 1988 soviets withdrew from Afghanistan
- Civil war in Afghanistan
- Refugees still came – aid not coming
- Klashinokocv issue
- Islamabad Accord – Nawaz Sharif organized – signed by 6 separate factions of Afghanistan to make certain who is in control
- Did not work out due to lack of central coordination
- Shahkot etc. became copying towns of Russian automatic weapons
- Benazir Bhutto decided to support Taliban
- Stability required so Pakistan can trade with CAS
- Taliban took power in Afghanistan
- 2007 Benazir Bhutto accepted that Supporting Taliban was a serious mistake
1.8 Pakistan and Iran
- Turkey and Iraq Baghdad Pact February 1955
- Soviet Influence stoppage in Middle East
- UK joined in April
- Pakistan in September
- Iran in November
- Become CENTO
- 1979 – dissolved
- 21 July 1964 RCD
- Pakistan
- Turkey
- Iran
- Industrial growth etc
- Lapsed in 1979
- Restarted in 1985 by Zia
- Afghanistan did not join
- Iran tried to persuade, with Turkey, other countries to help Pakistan in 1965 war
- Helped put end to Balochistan uprising in 1973
- Revolution in 1965
- Pakistan recognized the new government
- Iran was suspicious of Pakistan
- Iran was not anti American – Pakistan was taking aid from America
- 1980 Iran Iraq war
1.9 Pakistan and Muslim States
- Political disunity in Muslim world
- Egypt unhappy on lack of support from Pakistan in Suez issue 1956
- Baghdad pact not liked by Arabia and Egypt
- OIC member since start in 1969
- 1971 – Karachi held meetings
- February – Islamic Summit in Lahore
- Bhutto toured Islamic countries in 1971
- 1973 Arab Israeli war
- Islamic Summit 22-24 September 1974 in Pakistan
- Aid offered too
- Iran gave loans of 730 million dollars and UAE gave 100 million pounds while Libya gave 80 million dollars
- Gulf States
- Investments in Pakistan
- Remittances from Middle East
- Pakistan gave military support – 50000 personnel working in other countries in 1970s
- 1990-1 Coalition member for Kuwait and Iraq war ending
- Turkey
- Khilafat Movement 1918
- Baghdad Pact
- RCD
- Turkey supported Pakistan in wars with India
- Could not gain aid for Pakistan
2.0 Pakistan and United Nations
- Joined on 30 September 1947
- Participated in debates
- Contributed troops to peacekeeping missions
- Spoke against occupation of Holland
- Supported freedom of Morocco and Algiers
- Taken Palestinian issue to UN
- Gotten support from World Bank and World Food Programme
- Issues
- Lack of proper management of Kashmir issue
- 1965 war
- UN intervened to end it
- Was unfair in 1971 pak Bangladesh issue
- UN recognized Bangladesh quickly
-
- UN helped Pakistan in Canal water dispute
- Indus water treaty September 1959 helped by world bank
- Finance to get hydroelectric power and soil reclamation
Lesson Tags
International Relations | Pakistan and US | Pakistan and Russia | Pakistan and India | Other Relations | Complete and Detailed Notes For Revision | O Level Pakistan Studies 2059/01 and IGCSE Pakistan Studies 0448/01 | The History and Culture of Pakistan
Our Affordable Paid Courses
Courses Page: https://educateachange.com/courses
Paid Courses For O Level/ IGCSE Pakistan Studies
To get the latest content, updated and detailed notes, video lectures, live classes, quizzes, assignments personally marked by Sir Hunain (past paper based assignments) and much more, consider our paid courses.
Pakistan Studies – The History and Culture of Pakistan Crash Course Link: O Level Pakistan Studies 2059/01 OR IGCSE Pakistan Studies 0448/01 The History and Culture of Pakistan Crash Course
Pakistan Studies – The History and Culture of Pakistan Full Scale Course Link: O Level Pakistan Studies 2059/01 OR IGCSE Pakistan Studies 0448/01 The History and Culture of Pakistan Full Scale Course
Pakistan Studies – The Environment of Pakistan Crash Course Link: O Level Pakistan Studies 2059/02 OR IGCSE Pakistan Studies 0448/02 The Environment of Pakistan Crash Course
Pakistan Studies – The Environment of Pakistan Full Scale Course Link: O Level Pakistan Studies 2059/02 OR IGCSE Pakistan Studies 0448/02 The Environment of Pakistan Full Scale Course
Free Education
Check out more free material at our Free Education Section
Free Education Link: https://educateachange.com/free-education
Ask Your Question Link: https://educateachange.com/forums/forum/free-education-forum/
Contact Information
Whats App: +92 336 311 1855
Email: free@educateachange.com
Social Media For Hunain Zia
YouTube: AYLOTI
Facebook: Official Facebook Page
Instagram: Official Instagram Page
LinkedIn: Official LinkedIn Profile
TikTok: Official TikTok Profile
Twitter: Official Twitter Profile
SnapChat: Offical SnapChat Account
Free Education Groups
Facebook General Free Education Group: Real Free Education
Facebook CAIE Free Education Group: AYLOTI Education
Fair Usage Policy
NOTE: To ensure fair use and legal use of this material, please note the following: plagiarism, copying, saving, distribution, re-distribution, cross-posting and using this content on ANY other platform or website is prohibited.