How important was the work of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan to the development of the Pakistan Movement during the 19th century?
1.1 Background
- 1817
- Born
- Delhi
- Rich Family
- Father gave best education
- Became skilled in multiple academic disciplines
- 18 Years Old
- Father died
- Took employment in legal system
- Became judge in Delhi in 1846
- Write Athar Al Sanadeed in that year
- Book on archaeology
- He was against armed uprising against British in 1857
- He was chief judge in Bijnaur when the war broke out
- He helped save many British children and women
- British were impressed with his loyalty
- Gave him title of “Sir”
- Offered him an estate with a large income
- He declined the offer
- He was in favor of improving relations between the Muslim and the British
- He became Chief Justice in Muradabad
- After War of Independence
- He was transferred to Ghazipore later
- In 1864
- He was transferred to Aligarh
- He established a new school-college
- In 1876
- He left the legal system job to fully focus on te college
- He brought about a Muslim renaissance in ndia centered around Aligarh Institute
- He died on 27th March 1898
- Was the first person to suggest the Two Nation Theory
- His services to indian Muslims are unmatched
- He was chief judge in Bijnaur when the war broke out
- Write Athar Al Sanadeed in that year
1.2 Beliefs
- The position of Muslims in India was poor due to two reasons
- The British’s placement of the entire blame of War of Independence on the Muslim community
- Muslims considered second class citizens
- The acts of the Muslim community
- Considering British mere invaders
- Rejecting British education and technological advancements
- Muslims needed to take a more positive approach towards the British
- Considering British mere invaders
- The British’s placement of the entire blame of War of Independence on the Muslim community
- Main aims of the Aligarh movement
- Improve relations between British and Muslims
- Remove doubts in Muslim minds about British intentions
- Remove doubts in British minds about Muslim loyalty
- Improve relations between British and Muslims
- To improve socio-economic conditions of Muslims
- Focus on Western education
- Positions in civil service and army
- Focus on Western education
- Increase political awareness
- Hindu threat
1.3 Works
- Three main categories
- Improve relationship between Muslims and British
- Brtish had placed blame of war on Muslims
- Considered Muslims to be disloyal
- They preferred working with Hindus
- What he did
- 1860
- The Loyal Muhammadans of India
- Mentioned various loyal services provided by Muslims to British
- Named some pretty loyal Muslims
- Asked British to end ther hostility towards the Muslims
- Essay on the Causes of the Indian Revolt
- He mentioned the main reason for the revolt
- Indian did not have proper representation in the matters of the government
- Before British, they were rulers
- Muslims were being forcibly converted to Christianity
- Indian army was not properly managed
- Indian did not have proper representation in the matters of the government
- Other measures mentioned that led to the revolt
- Was given free to
- British officers in India
- The members of parliament in England
- Members of the British Royal Family
- Some British got angered
- Others understood his thought and their mistake
- He mentioned the main reason for the revolt
- He also clarified that the word Nadarath was not an insult
- It was from Arabic word Nasir, meaning helped
- 1860
- Improving the stance of the Muslims about the British
- Muslims had deep seated fears about the British in India
- Sir Syed Ahmed Khan understood that both the British and Muslims knew very little about each other’s religion
- Was offended by a book full of mistakes about the Holy Prophet PBUH in Britain
- He wrote Tabyin Ul Kalam
- The book mentioned similarities between Islam and Christianity
- Was not completed
- Still shows his commitment to improve relations
- He also made the British Indian Association
- Aimed at improving relationship between Muslims and British
- Increasing acceptance of Western Education amongst Muslims
- Muslims rejected technological advancements, Western education and British Jobs
- Hindus were gaining benefit
- In 1871
- Only 92 Muslims in government jobs
- Hindus were 711
- Hindu movement had gained considerable strength
- From acceptance of Western Education
- Sir Syed Ahmed Khan negated the Ulema belief that Western Education was against Islam
- He emphasized that by understanding science Muslims can better understand the glory of Allah
- Tahzib ul Akhlaq
- Urdu Journal
- Notable academic people supported Sir Syed’s Views
- Ulema criticized it
- 1863
- Scientific Society at Ghazipore
- Translated Arabic, Persian and English scientific writings into Urdu
- More muslims can access it
- 1866
- Aligarh Institute Gazette
- 1859
- School in Muradabad
- 1864
- School in Ghazipore
- 1868
- Went to England
- Impressed by English school system
- Wanted to establish a university for Mslims in India on the pattern of Oxford and Cambridge
- Direct university not allowed
- Started with school
- Committee set to gather funds for school
- 24 May 1875
- Mohammaden Anglo-Oriental School
- Aligarh
- English Public School System
- Not allowed to be affiliated with Islamic University outside British Empire
- Had to stay as school/ college
- Both westerna and Indian education provided
- Many future leaders of Muslim League like Liaquat Ali Khan, and later Pakistan like General Ayub Khan studied there
- Formed the Mohammaden Educational Conference
- Publicise the methods used in Aligarh institute
- 1886
- Educational standards improve amongst Muslims
- Committees and Subcommittees
- A kind of political platform for Muslims before Muslim league
- 1920
- Ali Garh College became University of Ali Garh
- Muslims rejected technological advancements, Western education and British Jobs
- Increasing Political Awareness
- He believed that British cannot be overthrown and Muslims can only benefit b accepting their and progressing
- He first believed that Hindu and Muslims could live together
- Belief changed to Two Nation Theory
- Indian National Congress
- 1885
- Made to represent all INDIANS
- But got dominated by Hindus
- Hindus used it against Muslims in Hindu Urdu controversy
- Political Representation
- Hindus asked for Democracy
- Democracy means 1 man, 1 vote(MUST MENTION)
- Democracy in India meant that Muslims would lose almost every single election as Hindus are in majority
- Competitive examination
- Hindus asked for competitive examination and no quota for appointments in government service in India
- Issue was that Muslim education was not as good as Hindus
- Hindus will completely dominate Muslims
- Muslims will not be able to succeed if competitive examinations held
- Sir Syed Ahmad Khan stressed that competitive examination should only occur if education is of same quality
- Language
- Hindi-Urdu Controversy
- Hindus asked Hindu to be made the next official language in 1867
- Urdu had already been made in 1825
- Hindus only succeeded after the death of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
- Sir Syed Ahmed Khan established a society to protect Urdu
- Hindus said Urdu was too difficult
- The society made urdu easy by removing idioms from the Urdu language
- Urdu was important to Muslims
- Many of finest Muslims works were in Urdu
- Literary Masterpieces
- Sir Syed was extremely angered
- Hindu members of his scientific society wanted to translate the scientific writings to Hindi instead of Urdu
- Sir Syed stopped attending Congress meetings
- Developed United Patriotic Alliance
- 1893 it became Mohammaden Defence Alliance
- Hindu showed extreme disrespect to Muslims
- Loud Music outside mosques played by Hindu extremists
- The Alliance protected Muslim political rights and the Two Nation Theory
- Many of finest Muslims works were in Urdu
- Indian National Congress
- Improve relationship between Muslims and British
1.4 Importance
- Improved relation between British and Muslims
- British doubts removed
- Muslims became more accepting of British
- Muslim Revival
- Muslim Renaissance
- Education considered a method of self-improvement
- Muslims place in society improved
- Political Revival
- Muslms became aware of Hindu threat
- The Two Nation Theory developed
- The Father of the Pakistan Movement
Lesson Tags
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan | Complete and Detailed Notes For Revision | O Level Pakistan Studies 2059/01 and IGCSE Pakistan Studies 0448/01 | The History and Culture of Pakistan
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