How successful was the Pakistan Movement in the years 1927 to 1939?
1.2 Simon Commission
- 1927
- 7 man Committee
- Leadership of Sir John Simon
- Not even 1 Indian on the commission
- Indians felt insulted
Opposition
- December 1927
- Madras
- Congress decided to boycott the commission
- Protests to show disapproval
- Complete Independence asked for the first time
- All Party Conference
- Pundit Motilal Nehru chaired
- Nehru Report
- Dominion status for India immediately
- Federation System with 2 chamber parliament
- Universal Suffrage for lower house and provincial councils
- No Separate electorates
- Reserved seats for minorities at central government
- Hindu to be made the official language
- Presented May 1928
- Passed in September 1928
- Gandhi gave 1 year ultimatum
- If British failed to accept within a year, there shall be protests
- Nehru Report Rejected by Muslim
- Lucknow Pact was not followed
- 21 January 1929
- All India Muslim League rejected the report
- Jinnah proposed 4 points to make Nehru Report Acceptable
- â…“ of the representatives should be Muslims at Central level
- In Punjab and Bengal, Muslims should have representation according to their population proportion
- Residuary powers with provinces
- NWFP and Sindh made complete provinces
- Congress rejected these proposals
- The parting of ways – Jinnah
1.3 14 Points
- January 1929
- Muslim league at Delhi
- Jinnah presented 14 points
- Although Muslims had many factions
- All agreed to 14 points as basis of negotiations
- Formally passed in March 1929
1.4 Declaration of Independence
- December 1929
- Lahore
- Jawaharlal Nehru selected president of Congress session
- Asked for full independence
- 31 December
- River Ravi
- Indian flag raised by Nehru and supporters
- 3 weeks later
- Gandhi’s declaration of Independence read across the nation
1.5 Salt March
- 12th March 1930
- 28 day March
- From Gandi’s Ahsram in Ahmedabad
- To Dandi
- Highly reported in Newspapers
- Congress leaders arrested and press censorship imposed by the British
- Jinnah and Muslim League disapproved of it
1.6 Allahabad Sermon of Iqbal
- 1930
- Allama Mohammad Iqbal
- Allahabad
- Asked for separate homeland of Muslims
- Named the places that are currently in Pakistan
- Did not name Kashmir and Bengal
- Practical application of Two Nation Theory
Importance of Allahabad Address
- First Muslim Political leader to ask for partition
- Inspired the Muslims who were confused of how to survive in Subcontinent
- Inspired other leaders like Jinnah and Chaudhry Rahmat Ali
- His poetry rose nationalistic feelings and guided.
- Especially the youth
1.7 Round Table Conferences
- Simon Report
- 2 Volume
- 1930
- Supported separate electorates
- Rejected â…“ seats for Muslims in Central assembly
- Rejected Sindh’s separation from Bombay
- First Round Table Conference
- London
- November 1930
- Attended by most except Congress
- No significant progress made without India’s largest party
- Princes to join future federation of rights protected
- Provincial representative government shall be introduced by the British
- Gandhi Irwin Pact
- Gandi met Irwin in February 1931
- Politicians like Churchill against it
- 5 March 1931 Gandhi – Irwin Pact signed
- Political Prisoners shall be released
- Seized land shall be returned
- Non-Cooperation ended
- Demand for full independence ended
- If Indians get genuine say
- Will attend the Second Round Table Conference
- Second Round Table Conference
- September-December 1931
- London
- New Coalition Government in Britain was not interested in solving Indian issues
- Gandhi did not consider minority rights
- NWFP and Sindh shall be made provinces with governors
- British warned of imposing their own solution to Indian Problem if a compromise is not reached
- The Communal Award – 1932
- 16 August, 1932
- Separate Electorates to all minorities
- Population weight-age applied in seats reservation
- The award reduced Muslim majority in Punjab and Bengal;
- Still Muslim League decided to accept the award to for country’s betterment
- Congress rejected the award
- Gandhi protested British calling the Hindu untouchable sect as minority
- Third Round Table Conference
- 1932
- Lord Irwin replaced by hardliner Willington
- Congress leaders in jail due to non cooperation movement – formally restarted in January 1932
- Congress boycotted the talks
- All major princes boycotted the talks
- Jinnah was not invited to the conference
- Aga Khan represented the Muslims
- Only 46 delegates
- No progress made
1.8 Government of India Act 1935
- March 1933
- White paper produced
- Consultation done with safe Indian delegates
- Introduced in parliament in December 1934
- Became law in August 1935
- Last major act before partition
- Federation system
- British Indian provinces
- Princes who opt in
- 2 houses at central level
- Upper House called council of state
- 156 British Indians and 104 Princely state members
- Lower house
- Assembly
- 250 members from British India
- 125 from Princely states
- Diarchy stopped at provinces
- Started at Central Government
- Reserved subjects were under governor-general
- He can appoint up to 3 Councillors
- Provinces were given much autonomy
- Provincial ministers had much power
- Governors were told to follow ministers
- Governors had some special powers too
- Peace maintenance and minority protection
- NWFP, Orissa and Sindh made complete provinces
- Provincial governors can dismiss ministers and provincial governments if they considered it necessary
- The Central Government issues were never addressed
- 25 percent or less of India’s population were able to vote
- Upper House called council of state
- The act was highly unpopular
- Princes resented the loss of power
- Congress considered it the Charter of Slavery
- Jinnah disapproved of it too
- The act was important because parliamentary system was set up
- Federation system
1.9 Election
- Elections were held in January and February 1937
- Congress saw it as an opportunity to spread its ideas
- Jinnah was made the permanent president of Muslim League in 1934
- Muslim League now demanded self government
- More provincial autonomy
- Protection of minority rights
- Results
- Congress won absolute majority in 5 provinces
- Largest party in other 4
- Form ministries in these 9 provinces
- League got only 109/482 Muslim seats in Punjab, Bengal and Sindh
- Reasons and benefits
- Internal Split in league in 1930s
- Learned about election contesting
- Main support identified from Muslim minority areas where there was fear of Hindu rule
- Correct the image that the party was of the rich and nobles
2.0 Congress Rule
- Congress had won a major victory
- Viceroy confirmed that governors would not interfere in provincial governments
- Congress allowed Muslims to form government in Muslim Majority areas only if they were not fro the Muslim league
- Badne Matram Issue
- The song was not on official Congress policy
- It told Hindus to expel Muslims from the country
- It became a must sing before commence of official duties in assemblies daily
Wardha Scheme
- Gandhi’s ideas about education
- Introduced by Congress
- Hindi, cotton spinning by hand and lack of religious education at schools became a norm
- Bowing before Gandhi’s picture became a must
- An attempt to convert children to Hinduism
- Congress Tyranny
- Not OFFICIAL Congress policy
- Beef eating was forbidden
- Punishments on cow slaughtering
- Azaan forbidden
- Mosques attacked
- Namaz disrupted by processions
- Pigs pushed in mosques
- Unfair decision making if complaint made
- Anti Musim riots
- Attacks on Muslims
- Houses burnt
- Viceroy noticed this too
- Tiranga Flag
- The Congress flag proposed to be the flag of India with No representation of Muslims
- Day of Deliverance
- 22 December 1939
- Congress resigned from all provincial governments
- It was not consulted before declaring India is at war with Germany
- Celebration for the end of congress rule
Lesson Tags
Simon Commission | Round Table Conference | Gandhi-Irwin Pact | Fourteen Points Jinnah | Salt March | Complete and Detailed Notes For Revision | O Level Pakistan Studies 2059/01 and IGCSE Pakistan Studies 0448/01 | The History and Culture of Pakistan
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