To what extent have Urdu and regional languages contributed to the cultural development of Pakistan since 1947?
 Urdu
- Considered language of Muslims
- Used sine the period of Sultan’s of Delhi
- Troops of different origins used it to understand each other
- Rich in Literature
- Amir Khusraua
- Bahadur Shah Zafar
- Mir, Dard, Sauda, Ghalib
- Allama Mihammad Iqbal, Maulana Hussain Azad etc are notable writers and potes
- Urdu was widespread
- Quran was translated into Urdu by Shah Abdul Qadir
- Many other religious books were also translated
- Part of Independence movement
- Urdu was supported by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
- Was supported by Muslims League as one of Muslim right
- British institutions like Fort William College took interest in Urdu.
- Hindu-Urdu Controversy in Time of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan 1867
- Some muslims also did not support Urdu, such as those in East Pakistan which had majority of Pakistan’s population resented that their language was not selected (Bengali) as national language
- Important reason for separation of Bangladesh
- Urdu was not the most widely spoken language of Pakistan
- Quaid E Azam was keen to use it
- He thought it will unify the new nation
- It became educational medium of instruction
- Office terms dictionary was published in Urdu
- English was discouraged
- Urdu became the medium of radio and television
- Urdu novels, poetry, films etc became famous
Sindhi
- Sindhi is older than Urdu
- Sindhi was written in Marwari and Nagari script before Islam reached India
- Arabic words became part of Sindhi
- Arabic script started being used
- In Sindh in 8th Century
- Arabic was language of administration
- Sindhi was language most spoken
- Persian also influenced Sindhi
- Language of the Turks
- Famous poets and writers include
- Makhdum Nuh of Hala and Qazi Qazan of Thatta
- Soomro period 1050-1300 AD was peak of Sindhi literature
- Sachal Sarmast and Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai was super famous
- Ta alim Alkhashaf o Tauheed
- First famous Sindhi Journal of 19th Century
Development in Modern Times
- 1948
- Sindh Literary Board
- Printed many books and magazines
- Important authors include Pir Ali Muhammad Rashdi
- Faqir Nabi Bux
- G Allana
- Books written on Sindhi folk literature
- Bazm e Talib ul maula in 1954 to support Sindhi Literature
- Sarmast Academy in honor of Sachal Sarmast
- Sindh Univeristy at Jamshoro has a Sindhiology department
- Sindh Literary Board
Balochi
- Language of Balochistan
- 2 main types – Sulemanki and Mekrani
- Form North West Iran
- Nomadic Poeple
- Language less devleoped
- Mostly spoken
- Jam Darang – important poet
- Leech first tie reported it outside the region
- 1830
- Journal of Asiatic Societies
- Few books before partition
- Balochistan Gazetteer was in English
- Balochi in Decline
- Balochistan Gazetteer was in English
Development
- Radio Pakistan Karachi began Balochi Broad Casts
- Balochi Literary Association
- Magazines in Balochi
- Quetta Television Station
- Notable Poets
- Atta Shad and Ishaq Shamim
- Notable Writers
- Gul Khan Nazir and Azad Jamal Din
Punjabi
- Language of Punjab
- Spoken in other areas too
- Historically called Al – Hindi and Hindko
- Hafiz Barkhurdar in 1080 first called it Punjabi
- First written in Gurmukhi
- Now in Arabic
- Influenced by many other languages
- Folk tales in Early Literature
- Sassi-Punnu
- Sohni-Mahiwal
- Heer-Ranjha
- Sufi Poetry
- Baba Farid Ganj Shakkar
- Sultan Bahu
- Bulhe Shah
- 20th Century
- Novels
- Short Stories
- Dramas
- Academic books
- Ghazl and Nazm in Poetry
- Holy Quran’s Versified translation by Muhammad Ali Faiq
- Ustad Daman, Ahmad Rahi and Munir Niazi new poets
- Taught up to MA in University of Punjab
Pashto
- People of Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa
- Influenced by other languages
- First Period
- 2 Century AD to 13 Century
- Amir Khan Pehlvan was first Pashto Poet
- Bayazid Ansari most famous
- Khair Ul Bayan
- First Sufism work in Pashta
- Second Period
- Mughal Invasions in 13 Century
- 100 Years long period
- Peak of Pashto
- Showed Nationalistic feelings
- Pashto freedom was relected
- Great Scholar Hazrat Mian Umar
- Sadat Ali Khan
- Amir Muhammad Ansari
- Third Period
- British Rule
- Golden Period of Pashto
- High Quality Literature
- Akhund Dardeeza
- Khushal Khan Khattak
- Rehman Baba
- Sahibzada Abdul Qayum used it to increase political awareness against British
- Islamia College in Peshawar establsihed due to his efforts
- Became center of freedom movement in the North West Frontier
Development
- Peshawar University established within 3 years of Independence
- 1954
- Academy made
- Pashto Literature promotion
- Headed by Maulana Abdul Qadeer
- Pashto dictionary made
- Widely accepted
- Post graduate classes being offered in Pashto at University level
- In Khaiber Pakhtoonkhwa
Lesson Tags
Languages | Urdu | Sindhi | Balochi | Pashto Complete and Detailed Notes For Revision | O Level Pakistan Studies 2059/01 and IGCSE Pakistan Studies 0448/01 | The History and Culture of Pakistan
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