Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section A (Mandatory Topic): The Emergence of Pakistan (1827-1971): The Pakistan Movement: Limited Progress (1924-1939): British Attempts To Pacify Hindus And Muslims, And Reactions To Those Attempts: The Simon Commission (Reasons And Opposition): The Nehru Report And Jinnah’s Fourteen Points, The Salt March And Iqbal’s Allahabad Address

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section A (Mandatory Topic): The Emergence of Pakistan (1827-1971): The Pakistan Movement: Limited Progress (1924-1939): British Attempts To Pacify Hindus And Muslims, And Reactions To Those Attempts: Continued Attempts At A Solution And Reasons For Failure: The Simon Report, The Three Round Table Conferences, The Communal Award And Government Of India Act 1935

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section A (Mandatory Topic): The Emergence of Pakistan (1827-1971): The Pakistan Movement: Limited Progress (1924-1939): British Attempts To Pacify Hindus And Muslims, And Reactions To Those Attempts: Congress Rule 1937–39: Reasons For The Success Of Congress In The Election Of 1937 And Impact Of Congress Rule On The Muslim Community

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section A (Mandatory Topic): The Emergence of Pakistan (1827-1971): The Pakistan Movement: From Stalemate to Success (1935-1947): The British Failure To Reach Agreement And The Moves Towards A Final Settlement: The Continued Search For A Solution: The Importance Of The Day Of Deliverance, The Outbreak Of The Second World War, The Lahore Resolution 1940, The Failure Of The Cripps Mission And The Quit India Resolution

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section A (Mandatory Topic): The Emergence of Pakistan (1827-1971): The Pakistan Movement: From Stalemate to Success (1935-1947): The British Failure To Reach Agreement And The Moves Towards A Final Settlement: Failure To Reach Agreement: The Gandhi-jinnah Talks 1944, The Simla Conference, The Significance Of The 1945–1946 Elections, The Failure Of The Cabinet Mission Plan 1946

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section A (Mandatory Topic): The Emergence of Pakistan (1827-1971): The Pakistan Movement: From Stalemate to Success (1935-1947): The British Failure To Reach Agreement And The Moves Towards A Final Settlement: Partition Achieved: Direct Action Day 1946 And Communal Violence, The Failure Of The Executive Council, The Appointment Of Mountbatten, The June 3 Plan, The Radcliffe Commission/award And Independence Act 1947, And The Overall Contribution Made In Achieving The Establishment Of Pakistan By Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Allama Mohammad Iqbal And Chandri Rahmat Ali.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section A (Mandatory Topic): The Emergence of Pakistan (1827-1971): The New Country Established, Pakistan (1947-1951): The Difficulties Facing Pakistan In Its First Decade And The Extent To Which Those Problems Were Overcome: The Governor-generalship Of The Quaid-e-azam And Creating A New Country: Internal Social And Cultural Divisions, Particularly Language (East And West Pakistan), The Issues Relating To The Princely State Of Kashmir

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section A (Mandatory Topic): The Emergence of Pakistan (1827-1971): The New Country Established, Pakistan (1947-1951): The Difficulties Facing Pakistan In Its First Decade And The Extent To Which Those Problems Were Overcome: The Governor-generalship Of The Quaid-e-azam And Establishing Stability And Growth: The Influx Of Refugees, Division Of Financial And Military Assets, Water Distribution, Industrialisation

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section A (Mandatory Topic): The Emergence of Pakistan (1827-1971): The New Country Established, Pakistan (1947-1951): The Difficulties Facing Pakistan In Its First Decade And The Extent To Which Those Problems Were Overcome: The Contributions Of Khawaja Nazimuddin And Liaquat Ali Khan: The Objectives Resolution, The Public And Representative Officers (Disqualification) Act, The Rawalpindi Conspiracy, The Assassination Of Liaquat Ali Khan.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section A (Mandatory Topic): The Emergence of Pakistan (1827-1971): Pakistan: Reform, Consolidation And Martial Law (1951-1971): The Attempt To Ensure Constitutional Government And Develop The Economy Of Pakistan: Constitutional Matters 1951–58: The Contribution Of Malik Ghulam Muhammad, The 1952 Report Of The Basic Principles Committee, The 1954–55 Constitutional Crisis, The Contribution Of Iskander Mirza, The One Unit System, The 1956 Constitution

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section A (Mandatory Topic): The Emergence of Pakistan (1827-1971): Pakistan: Reform, Consolidation And Martial Law (1951-1971): The Attempt To Ensure Constitutional Government And Develop The Economy Of Pakistan: The Contribution Of Ayub Khan: Martial Law, Basic Democracies, The 1962 Constitution, The Decade Of Development, The New Capital, War With India, Uprisings Against Ayub, Including Those Led By Zulfikar Ali Bhutto And Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Resignation

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section A (Mandatory Topic): The Emergence of Pakistan (1827-1971): Pakistan: Reform, Consolidation And Martial Law (1951-1971): The Attempt To Ensure Constitutional Government And Develop The Economy Of Pakistan: The Contribution Of Yahya Khan, 1969–1971: Restoration Of Martial Law, Suspension Of The One Unit System And The 1962 Constitution, The 1970 Elections And Consequent Constitutional Crisis.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: The Pre-Mughal And Mughal Period (c700-1784): The Spread of Islam To The Sub-Continent (c700-1600): The Spread Of Islam Before And During The Mughal Empire: Sufism: Its Meaning, Early Roots In Umayyad Period, Mysticism, The Influence Of Sahl Al-tustari, Shaykhs, Abdul Hamid Al Ghazali And The ‘revival Of Religious Sciences’

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: The Pre-Mughal And Mughal Period (c700-1784): The Spread of Islam To The Sub-Continent (c700-1600): The Spread Of Islam Before And During The Mughal Empire: The Role Of Muhammad Bin Qasim: Conquests And Historical Controversy Over His Religious Policy The Role Of Mahmud Of Ghazni: Invasions Of India, Establishment Of Empire, Idol Smashing

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: The Pre-Mughal And Mughal Period (c700-1784): The Spread of Islam To The Sub-Continent (c700-1600): The Spread Of Islam Before And During The Mughal Empire: The Life, Career And Achievements Of Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi: His Opposition To Heresy Under Akbar And Jehangir, Reform Of Sufism, Religious Law

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: The Pre-Mughal And Mughal Period (c700-1784): The Spread of Islam To The Sub-Continent (c700-1600): The Early Mughal Emperors (c1526-1658): The Achievements Of The Early Mughal Emperors: Babur Establishing The Mughal Empire: Its Consolidation And Extension Under Humayan, Akbar, Jehangir And Shah Jehan

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: The Pre-Mughal And Mughal Period (c700-1784): The Spread of Islam To The Sub-Continent (c700-1600): The Early Mughal Emperors (c1526-1658): The Achievements Of The Early Mughal Emperors: Reforms Of The Early Mughal Emperors: Political, Civil, Military, Social, Education And Religious

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: The Pre-Mughal And Mughal Period (c700-1784): The Spread of Islam To The Sub-Continent (c700-1600): The Early Mughal Emperors (c1526-1658): The Achievements Of The Early Mughal Emperors: Developments In Art, Architecture, Literature, Music, The Economy, Trade And Commerce.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: The Pre-Mughal And Mughal Period (c700-1784): The Spread of Islam To The Sub-Continent (c700-1600): The Mughal Empire Under Aurengzeb And His Successors (c1658-1761): Reasons For The Decline And Break-Up of Mughal Empire: The Weaknesses Of The Empire: Size, Weak Administration, The Power Of Nobility, Failure To Reform, Succession Issues

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: The Pre-Mughal And Mughal Period (c700-1784): The Spread of Islam To The Sub-Continent (c700-1600): The Mughal Empire Under Aurengzeb And His Successors (c1658-1761): Reasons For The Decline And Break-Up of Mughal Empire: The Impact Of Aurangzeb’s Policies On The Stability Of The Mughal Empire: Social, Religious, Economic Reform

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: The Pre-Mughal And Mughal Period (c700-1784): The Spread of Islam To The Sub-Continent (c700-1600): The Mughal Empire Under Aurengzeb And His Successors (c1658-1761): Reasons For The Decline And Break-Up of Mughal Empire: Aurangzeb’s Warfare And The Later External Intervention Of The Persians, Marathas And Afghans.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: The Pre-Mughal And Mughal Period (c700-1784): The End of The Mughals And The Arrival of The British (c1608-1784): The Impact of The British: The Reasons For British Interest In The Indian Subcontinent And The Development Of The East India Company To 1756.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: The Pre-Mughal And Mughal Period (c700-1784): The End of The Mughals And The Arrival of The British (c1608-1784): The Impact of The British: The British Victories At Plassey And Buxar And Their Impact On Bengal.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: The Pre-Mughal And Mughal Period (c700-1784): The End of The Mughals And The Arrival of The British (c1608-1784): The Impact of The British: The Increasing Intervention Of The British Government And The Passing Of The 1784 India Act.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: British Expansion and Rule (c1783-1898): The Spread of Islam (Up To 1840): The Life, Career and Contribution to Islam of: Shah Wali Ullah And The Beginnings Of The Revival Of Islam

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: British Expansion and Rule (c1783-1898): The Spread of Islam (Up To 1840): The Life, Career and Contribution to Islam of: Syed Ahmad Barelvi And The Jihad Movement

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: British Expansion and Rule (c1783-1898): The Spread of Islam (Up To 1840): The Life, Career and Contribution to Islam of: Haji Shariat Ullah And The Faraizi Movement

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: British Expansion and Rule (c1783-1898): British Conquests And Rule (c1784-1885): The Nature of Early British Rule: Further British Expansion: The Deaths Of Tipu, Titu Mir, Overview Of The Annexation Of Sindh, The Punjab And North West Frontier

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: British Expansion and Rule (c1783-1898): British Conquests And Rule (c1784-1885): The Nature of Early British Rule: Reasons For The British Conquest Of India: British Commercial And Military Strength, Divisions Among Indians, Technological Weaknesses

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: British Expansion and Rule (c1783-1898): British Conquests And Rule (c1784-1885): The Nature of Early British Rule: British Rule: The Doctrine Of Lapse, British Administration And Reform, Including Educational, Religious, Technological And Social Developments.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: British Expansion and Rule (c1783-1898): The War of Independence (1857): The Causes, Course And Consequences of The 1857 War: Causes: Political, Religious, Social, Economic And Military Reasons For The Outbreak Of War

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: British Expansion and Rule (c1783-1898): The War of Independence (1857): The Causes, Course And Consequences of The 1857 War: Events And Reasons For Failure: Refusal To Use Cartridges At Meerut, The Opposition Of Nana Sahib At Kanpur, Poor Indian Leadership, Disunity Amongst Indians, British Military Strength

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: British Expansion and Rule (c1783-1898): The War of Independence (1857): The Causes, Course And Consequences of The 1857 War: Consequences: British Reform, British Attitudes Towards Muslims, Growth Of Nationalism, Formation Of Indian National Congress

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: British Expansion and Rule (c1783-1898): Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898): Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s Work And Importance in The History of Pakistan: Education And Language: The Aligarh Movement And The Hindi-urdu Controversy

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: British Expansion and Rule (c1783-1898): Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898): Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s Work And Importance in The History of Pakistan: Improving Relations With The British: Writings Such As The Loyal Mohammedans Of India

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: British Expansion and Rule (c1783-1898): Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898): Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s Work And Importance in The History of Pakistan: Raising Political Awareness: Role In The Indian National Congress And Promoting The Two-nation Theory

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: The Growth of Political Awareness And British Reform (1883-c1927): The Growth of Political Awareness (1883-1911): The Beginnings of Representation For Hindus And Muslims: The Indian National Congress: Early Influence On The British, British Reaction To Growth Of Radical Nationalism

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: The Growth of Political Awareness And British Reform (1883-c1927): The Growth of Political Awareness (1883-1911): The Beginnings of Representation For Hindus And Muslims: Reasons For The Formation Of The Muslim League In 1906: Simla Delegation And The All India Muslim Educational Conference

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: The Growth of Political Awareness And British Reform (1883-c1927): The Growth of Political Awareness (1883-1911): The Beginnings of Representation For Hindus And Muslims: Partition Of Bengal (Reasons, Reactions And Results): Hindu Protests And British Reactions To Them.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: The Growth of Political Awareness And British Reform (1883-c1927): First Attempts At Reform (1909-16): The Reasons For The Introduction And Impact of Early Reform: The Morley-minto Reforms 1909 (The Indian Councils Act): Reasons For And Importance Of The Reforms, Reactions Of Congress And The Muslim League

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: The Growth of Political Awareness And British Reform (1883-c1927): First Attempts At Reform (1909-16): The Reasons For The Introduction And Impact of Early Reform: The Reversal Of The Partition Of Bengal And Of First World War: Impact On Relations Between Hindus, Muslims And The British

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: The Growth of Political Awareness And British Reform (1883-c1927): First Attempts At Reform (1909-16): The Reasons For The Introduction And Impact of Early Reform: The Lucknow Pact: Reasons For And Importance Of The Pact, Including Co-operation Between Hindus And Muslims.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: The Growth of Political Awareness And British Reform (1883-c1927): Reform, Reaction And Regression (1919-1927): The Rejection of Dyarchy and British Attempts To Control Opposition: The Rowlatt Act 1919, The Montagu-chelmsford Reforms (The Government Of India Act): Reasons For Introduction, Terms, Reaction To The Reforms

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: The Growth of Political Awareness And British Reform (1883-c1927): Reform, Reaction And Regression (1919-1927): The Rejection of Dyarchy and British Attempts To Control Opposition: The Amritsar Massacre (Events And Consequences): The Hunter Committee

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: The Growth of Political Awareness And British Reform (1883-c1927): Reform, Reaction And Regression (1919-1927): The Rejection of Dyarchy and British Attempts To Control Opposition: Non-cooperation And The Growth Of Communalism 1920–27: Increase In The Influence Of Congress, The Delhi Proposals 1927

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: The Growth of Political Awareness And British Reform (1883-c1927): The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924): The Significance of The Khilafat Movement In Pakistan History: Reasons For Its Formation: Protecting The Caliph, Protecting Turkey And The Growth Of Anti-british Sentiment

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: The Growth of Political Awareness And British Reform (1883-c1927): The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924): The Significance of The Khilafat Movement In Pakistan History: Events From 1919–22: The Hijrat, Violence At Nilambur And Chauri Chauri, Gandhi And Non-cooperation

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: The Growth of Political Awareness And British Reform (1883-c1927): The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924): The Significance of The Khilafat Movement In Pakistan History: Reasons For Its Failure: Outbreaks Of Violence, Kemal Attaturk And The Abolition Of The Khilafat, Lack Of Common Aims Between Hindus And Muslims

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Consolidating The New Nation (1971-2013): The Civil War (1971): The Causes of The 1971 War And Its Impact on Pakistan: Social, Constitutional, Cultural, Economic And Political Tensions Between East And West Pakistan From 1947: Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, The Six-point Programme And The Reasons For Its Rejection, The Impact Of Cyclone Bhola

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Consolidating The New Nation (1971-2013): The Civil War (1971): The Causes of The 1971 War And Its Impact on Pakistan: The Reasons For The Outbreak Of Civil War: The Role Of India, Operation Searchlight

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Consolidating The New Nation (1971-2013): The Civil War (1971): The Causes of The 1971 War And Its Impact on Pakistan: The Consequences Of The Civil War: The Establishment Of Bangladesh, Resignation Of Yahya Khan

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Consolidating The New Nation (1971-2013): Economic And Social Developments (1971-1999): Attempts To Modernize Pakistan and Reactions To Reform: The Contribution Of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto: The 1973 Constitution, Reforms In Industry, Agriculture, Education, Health And Administration, Reasons For Downfall

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Consolidating The New Nation (1971-2013): Economic And Social Developments (1971-1999): Attempts To Modernize Pakistan and Reactions To Reform: The Contribution Of General Zia Ul-haq: Execution Of Bhutto, Islamisation, The Afghan Miracle, Amendments To The Constitution, The Eight Amendment, Relations With Mohammad Khan Junejo

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Consolidating The New Nation (1971-2013): Economic And Social Developments (1971-1999): Attempts To Modernize Pakistan and Reactions To Reform: Pakistan In The Final Decade Of The 20th Century: The Two Ministries Of Benazir Bhutto; Problems And Dismissal From Office In 1990, Family Feuds And Economic Problems In The Second Ministry. The Two Ministries Of Nawaz Sharif; The Bcci Scandal, The Co-operative Scandal, Kalashnikov Culture, Relations With President Ishaq Khan, Dispute Over Chief Justice In The Second Ministry, Overthrow By Pervez Musharraf.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Consolidating The New Nation (1971-2013): The Promotion of Urdu and National Languages: The Role of Urdu As A Uniting Factor And The Promotion of Regional Languages: The Linguistic And Literary Background Of Muslims.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Consolidating The New Nation (1971-2013): The Promotion of Urdu and National Languages: The Role of Urdu As A Uniting Factor And The Promotion of Regional Languages: The Importance Of Urdu: Reasons For Its Choice As The National Language Of Pakistan, Advantages And Disadvantages Of Urdu As The National Language.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Consolidating The New Nation (1971-2013): The Promotion of Urdu and National Languages: The Role of Urdu As A Uniting Factor And The Promotion of Regional Languages: The Promotion Of Regional Languages Since 1947: Sindhi, Baluchi, Punjab And Pushto, Overview Of The Literary Achievements Of The National And Regional Languages Since 1947.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Consolidating The New Nation (1971-2013): Pakistan In the 21st Century: Constitutional, Political And Diplomatic Issues In The Early 21st Century: The Contribution Of Pervez Musharraf: The Third Way, The Restoration Of The Constitution, The Legal Framework Order, Modernisation Programme, The State Of Emergency, Resignation And Exile

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Consolidating The New Nation (1971-2013): Pakistan In the 21st Century: Constitutional, Political And Diplomatic Issues In The Early 21st Century: The Contribution Of Asif Ali Zardari: Controversy Over His Appointment, The National Reconciliation Order, Economic Crisis, Suspension And Reinstatement Of Chief Justice, Iftikhar Chaudry, 18th And 19th Amendments, The Work Of Yousaf, Raza Gillani, The 2013 Election

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Consolidating The New Nation (1971-2013): Pakistan In the 21st Century: Constitutional, Political And Diplomatic Issues In The Early 21st Century: Pakistan And The Wider World 1999–2013: Relations With Usa, India And Afghanistan, The War Against Terror, The Nuclear Issue

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Pakistan’s Role In World Affairs (1947-1999): Pakistan’s Relationship With India: Reasons For Poor Relations In This Period: Disputes In 1947 And The Drift To War: The Impact On Relations Of Communal Violence In 1947, The Influx Of Refugees Into Pakistan, Arguments Over The Split Of Assets, The Dispute Over Kashmir And Jammu, The 1965 War

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Pakistan’s Role In World Affairs (1947-1999): Pakistan’s Relationship With India: Reasons For Poor Relations In This Period: Relations 1971–99: The East Pakistan Issue And The 1971 War, Improved Relations With India, The Siachen Glacier And The Kargil Conflict

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Pakistan’s Role In World Affairs (1947-1999): Pakistan’s Relationship With India: Reasons For Poor Relations In This Period: The Impact Of Nuclear Weapons: The Nuclear-testing Race And Its Impact On Relations, Failure To Sign The Comprehensive Nuclear Test-ban Treaty, The Decision To Stop Testing In 1998.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Pakistan’s Role In World Affairs (1947-1999): East Or West: Pakistan’s Relation With The USA: The Extent To Which The USA Has Supported Pakistan: The Cold War: Pakistan And The Decision To Establish Relations With The Usa Rather Than The Soviet Union, Liaquat Ali Khan’s Visit To The Usa

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Pakistan’s Role In World Affairs (1947-1999): East Or West: Pakistan’s Relation With The USA: The Extent To Which The USA Has Supported Pakistan: Varying Relations 1950–79: American Approval Of Pakistan’s Alliances, Pakistan’s Concern At American Failure To Provide Support In Wars Against India, American Reaction To Military Rule Under Zia

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Pakistan’s Role In World Affairs (1947-1999): East Or West: Pakistan’s Relation With The USA: The Extent To Which The USA Has Supported Pakistan: The Afghan Miracle: Impact Of The Soviet Invasion 1979, Impact Of Pakistan’s Nuclear Programme And Issue Of Terrorism 1980–1993, Improved Relations Under President Clinton 1993–1999

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Pakistan’s Role In World Affairs (1947-1999): Pakistan’s Relations With The Rest of The World: The Attempt To Establish Global Friendly Relations: The Soviet Union: Changing Relations, Ayub Khan’s Visit To Moscow, Impact Of Improved Relations With China On Pakistan-soviet Relations, Bhutto’s Visit To Moscow, The Impact Of The Invasion Of Afghanistan

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Pakistan’s Role In World Affairs (1947-1999): Pakistan’s Relations With The Rest of The World: The Attempt To Establish Global Friendly Relations: Britain And The Commonwealth: Pakistan’s Membership Issues, The Impact Of The Soviet Invasion Of Afghanistan

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Pakistan’s Role In World Affairs (1947-1999): Pakistan’s Relations With The Rest of The World: The Attempt To Establish Global Friendly Relations: China: Good Relations In The 1960s, Trade Agreements, Support For Pakistan In Kashmir, Loans In 1970s, Karakoram Highway, Nuclear Cooperation Treaty. Afghanistan: Border Disputes, Attempts By Iskander Mirza, Bhutto And Zia To Improve Relations, Impact Of Soviet Invasion, Benazir Bhutto’s Support For The Taliban Bangladesh: The Legacy Of The 1971 War, The Establishment Of Better Relations, The Organisation Of Islamic Countries, Bhutto’s Visit To Bangladesh, Trade Agreements And Disaster Relief Iran And Other Muslim Countries: The Establishment Of Good Relations, Trade Deals And The Receipt Of Aid.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Pakistan’s Role In World Affairs (1947-1999): Pakistan’s Membership of World Organizations: Pakistan As A Member of World Organizations: Pakistan’s Role And Membership Of The United Nations: Reasons For Un’s Involvement In Jammu And Kashmir, The Canal Water Dispute, The Indo–pakistan Wars

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Pakistan’s Role In World Affairs (1947-1999): Pakistan’s Membership of World Organizations: Pakistan As A Member of World Organizations: Pakistan And The Wider World: Central Treaty Organization (Cento) – Formerly Known As The Baghdad Pact, South East Asia Treaty Organization (Seato), Regional Co-operation For Development (Rcd), Organisation Of Islamic Cooperation (Oic), South East Asian Association For Regional Cooperation (Saarc), Non-aligned Movement (Nam).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section A: The Physical Environment: Location, Climate And Biomes: Position Of Pakistan In South Asia And Globally, And Regional Variations In Climatic Zones (Humid Subtropical, Desert/ Semi-arid, Temperate And Mediterranean).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section A: The Physical Environment: Location, Climate And Biomes: The Nature And Causes Of Seasonal Variations In Precipitation And Temperature, Including The Characteristics And Causes Of The Southwest Monsoon And Western Disturbances.

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section A: The Physical Environment: Location, Climate And Biomes: Distribution And Characteristics Of Large-scale Ecosystems (I.e. Biomes).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section A: The Physical Environment: Tectonic and Glacial Processes, and Landforms, and Geophysical Hazards: Tectonic Processes Affecting Pakistan And The Formation Of The Himalayan Landscape (Fold Mountains).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section A: The Physical Environment: Tectonic and Glacial Processes, and Landforms, and Geophysical Hazards: Glacial Processes That Operate In The Himalayan Landscape (Long-term And Seasonal Accumulation/ablation Of Glacial Systems).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section A: The Physical Environment: Tectonic and Glacial Processes, and Landforms, and Geophysical Hazards: The Primary And Secondary Impacts Of Earthquakes On Pakistan And Responses Of National And International Governments, Agencies And Individuals To These Earthquake Events.

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section A: The Physical Environment: Relief, Drainage and Hydro-Meterological Hazards: The Relief Regions And Characteristics Of The Drainage Network Of Pakistan (Indus, Jhelum, Sutlej, Chenab And Ravi Floodplains And Indus Deltaic Coastline).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section A: The Physical Environment: Relief, Drainage and Hydro-Meterological Hazards: The Causes And Characteristics Of Tropical Cyclones, Storm Surges And Flooding (River And Coastal).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section A: The Physical Environment: Relief, Drainage and Hydro-Meterological Hazards: The Responses Of National And International Governments, Agencies And Individuals To Flooding And Tropical Cyclones In Pakistan.

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section A: The Physical Environment: Natural Resources And Their Exploitation: The Distribution And Exploitation Of Two Natural Resources (Water, Forest Products, Fish/shellfish And/or Minerals).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section A: The Physical Environment: Natural Resources And Their Exploitation: Energy Resources – Renewable And Non-renewable – Their Distribution And Exploitation: Examples Of One Renewable And One Non-renewable Resource.

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section A: The Physical Environment: Natural Resources And Their Exploitation: Environmental Impacts Resulting From The Exploitation Of One Of Natural Resource (Water, Forest Products, Fish/shellfish Or Minerals) And One Renewable And One Non-renewable Energy Resource.

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section B: The Human Environment: Pakistan’s Economy: The Primary Sector And The Need For Food Security: Factors Influencing The Distribution Of Agricultural Production In Pakistan (Climatic Events, Dynamic Floodplains, Deltaic Coastline, Income, Population Density).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section B: The Human Environment: Pakistan’s Economy: The Primary Sector And The Need For Food Security: Strategies To Increase Agricultural Output (Land Rights Reforms, Plant Breeding Programmes, Fertilisers/pesticides, Education, Water Management And Appropriate/intermediate Technology).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section B: The Human Environment: Pakistan’s Economy: The Primary Sector And The Need For Food Security: Approaches To Managing Food Security In Pakistan

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section B: The Human Environment: Pakistan Economy Secondary, Tertiary/ Quaternary Sectors and Transport Systems: Factors Affecting The Type And Location Of Manufacturing (Secondary Sector), Including Rural-based Craft Industries.

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section B: The Human Environment: Pakistan Economy Secondary, Tertiary/ Quaternary Sectors and Transport Systems: Factors Affecting The Type And Location Of Formal And Informal Services (Tertiary Sector) And Knowledge-based Services (Quaternary Sector).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section B: The Human Environment: Pakistan Economy Secondary, Tertiary/ Quaternary Sectors and Transport Systems: The Challenges Of The Transport System And Its Impact On Pakistan’s Economic Development.

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section B: The Human Environment: Globalization, Including (Transnational Corporations) TNCS, Can Cause Rapid Change For Economies Such As Pakistan: One Case Study Of A Tnc Operating In Pakistan (Global Structure And Networks).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section B: The Human Environment: Globalization, Including (Transnational Corporations) TNCS, Can Cause Rapid Change For Economies Such As Pakistan: The Benefits And Challenges Of Tncs For The People And Government Of Pakistan.

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section B: The Human Environment: Globalization, Including (Transnational Corporations) TNCS, Can Cause Rapid Change For Economies Such As Pakistan: The Impact Of Globalisation On Pakistan (International Transport And Communication Improvements, Spread Of Global Culture): Are There Winners And Losers

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section B: The Human Environment: The Challenges of Economic Development of Pakistan: The Trade Balance Between Imports And Exports, Including Remittances, To Ensure Economic Stability.

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section B: The Human Environment: The Challenges of Economic Development of Pakistan: Challenges Facing The Economic Development Of Pakistan (Regional Disparities, Reliance On Imported Energy, Loss Of Young Skilled Workers And Gender Equality).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section B: The Human Environment: The Challenges of Economic Development of Pakistan: Impact Of The Primary And Secondary Sectors On The Physical Environment, To Include Two Of The Following: Water Pollution, Air Pollution, Waste Management, Deforestation, And/or Soil Erosion

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section C: Challenges For Pakistan: Indicators of Development, Population Patterns and Trends: The Characteristics Used To Determine The Level Of Development Of A Country: Gross Domestic Product (Gdp), Demographic Data (Population Density/structure, Birth/death Rates And Natural Increase).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section C: Challenges For Pakistan: Indicators of Development, Population Patterns and Trends: The Physical And Human Factors Influencing The Distribution, Density And Structure Of The Population Of Pakistan.

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section C: Challenges For Pakistan: Indicators of Development, Population Patterns and Trends: The Trends In Fertility Rates, Infant/maternal Mortality Rates, And Life Expectancy And Their Implications For Service Provision Such As Education, Healthcare And Employment

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section C: Challenges For Pakistan: Quality of Life in Rural Pakistan: Challenges of Life In Rural Communities: Human Development Index (Hdi) Factors Influencing The ‘quality Of Life’ For Different Groups Within Pakistan: Years Of Schooling, Per Capita Income And Life Expectancy.

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section C: Challenges For Pakistan: Quality of Life in Rural Pakistan: Challenges of Life In Rural Communities: Challenges Facing Pakistan’s Rural Population: Population Structure Of Rural Communities, Poverty, Education, Gender Equality: Subsistence Agriculture And Rural-based Craft Industries, And Impact Of Remittances.

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section C: Challenges For Pakistan: Quality of Life in Rural Pakistan: Challenges of Life In Rural Communities: Incentives And Strategies To Support Rural Communities.

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section C: Challenges For Pakistan: Quality of Life in Urban Pakistan: Challenges of Life In Urban Communities: Rapid Population Growth Creates Opportunities And Challenges For People Living In Large Cities: Housing, Employment, Quality Of Services (Water, Sanitation, Energy Supplies, Health Etc.), Traffic Congestion And Pollution.

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section C: Challenges For Pakistan: Quality of Life in Urban Pakistan: Challenges of Life In Urban Communities: Case Study Of The Particular Challenges And Opportunities In One Megacity (Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section C: Challenges For Pakistan: Quality of Life in Urban Pakistan: Challenges of Life In Urban Communities: Government (Top-down) And Ngo/local Community (Bottom-up) Strategies In Response To The Challenges Of Living In Large Urban Areas

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section C: Challenges For Pakistan: Present and Future Impacts of Climate Change on the People, Economy and Environment of Pakistan and Possible Mitigation Strategies: Causes Of Climate Change And Recent Global Warming (Last Century).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section C: Challenges For Pakistan: Present and Future Impacts of Climate Change on the People, Economy and Environment of Pakistan and Possible Mitigation Strategies: Impacts Of Climate Change On Pakistan’s People, Economy And Environment (More-extreme Weather, Increased Frequency And Strength Of Tropical Cyclones, Increased Glacial Ablation And River Discharge, Flooding And Sea-level Rises).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section C: Challenges For Pakistan: Present and Future Impacts of Climate Change on the People, Economy and Environment of Pakistan and Possible Mitigation Strategies: Local Actions And Government Strategies (In The Context Of International Strategies) To Mitigate And Adapt To The Challenges Of Climate Change.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section A (Mandatory Topic): The Emergence of Pakistan (1827-1971): The Pakistan Movement: Limited Progress (1924-1939): British Attempts To Pacify Hindus And Muslims, And Reactions To Those Attempts: The Simon Commission (Reasons And Opposition): The Nehru Report And Jinnah’s Fourteen Points, The Salt March And Iqbal’s Allahabad Address

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section A (Mandatory Topic): The Emergence of Pakistan (1827-1971): The Pakistan Movement: Limited Progress (1924-1939): British Attempts To Pacify Hindus And Muslims, And Reactions To Those Attempts: Continued Attempts At A Solution And Reasons For Failure: The Simon Report, The Three Round Table Conferences, The Communal Award And Government Of India Act 1935

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section A (Mandatory Topic): The Emergence of Pakistan (1827-1971): The Pakistan Movement: Limited Progress (1924-1939): British Attempts To Pacify Hindus And Muslims, And Reactions To Those Attempts: Congress Rule 1937–39: Reasons For The Success Of Congress In The Election Of 1937 And Impact Of Congress Rule On The Muslim Community

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section A (Mandatory Topic): The Emergence of Pakistan (1827-1971): The Pakistan Movement: From Stalemate to Success (1935-1947): The British Failure To Reach Agreement And The Moves Towards A Final Settlement: The Continued Search For A Solution: The Importance Of The Day Of Deliverance, The Outbreak Of The Second World War, The Lahore Resolution 1940, The Failure Of The Cripps Mission And The Quit India Resolution

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section A (Mandatory Topic): The Emergence of Pakistan (1827-1971): The Pakistan Movement: From Stalemate to Success (1935-1947): The British Failure To Reach Agreement And The Moves Towards A Final Settlement: Failure To Reach Agreement: The Gandhi-jinnah Talks 1944, The Simla Conference, The Significance Of The 1945–1946 Elections, The Failure Of The Cabinet Mission Plan 1946

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section A (Mandatory Topic): The Emergence of Pakistan (1827-1971): The Pakistan Movement: From Stalemate to Success (1935-1947): The British Failure To Reach Agreement And The Moves Towards A Final Settlement: Partition Achieved: Direct Action Day 1946 And Communal Violence, The Failure Of The Executive Council, The Appointment Of Mountbatten, The June 3 Plan, The Radcliffe Commission/award And Independence Act 1947, And The Overall Contribution Made In Achieving The Establishment Of Pakistan By Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Allama Mohammad Iqbal And Chandri Rahmat Ali.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section A (Mandatory Topic): The Emergence of Pakistan (1827-1971): The New Country Established, Pakistan (1947-1951): The Difficulties Facing Pakistan In Its First Decade And The Extent To Which Those Problems Were Overcome: The Governor-generalship Of The Quaid-e-azam And Creating A New Country: Internal Social And Cultural Divisions, Particularly Language (East And West Pakistan), The Issues Relating To The Princely State Of Kashmir

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section A (Mandatory Topic): The Emergence of Pakistan (1827-1971): The New Country Established, Pakistan (1947-1951): The Difficulties Facing Pakistan In Its First Decade And The Extent To Which Those Problems Were Overcome: The Governor-generalship Of The Quaid-e-azam And Establishing Stability And Growth: The Influx Of Refugees, Division Of Financial And Military Assets, Water Distribution, Industrialisation

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section A (Mandatory Topic): The Emergence of Pakistan (1827-1971): The New Country Established, Pakistan (1947-1951): The Difficulties Facing Pakistan In Its First Decade And The Extent To Which Those Problems Were Overcome: The Contributions Of Khawaja Nazimuddin And Liaquat Ali Khan: The Objectives Resolution, The Public And Representative Officers (Disqualification) Act, The Rawalpindi Conspiracy, The Assassination Of Liaquat Ali Khan.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section A (Mandatory Topic): The Emergence of Pakistan (1827-1971): Pakistan: Reform, Consolidation And Martial Law (1951-1971): The Attempt To Ensure Constitutional Government And Develop The Economy Of Pakistan: Constitutional Matters 1951–58: The Contribution Of Malik Ghulam Muhammad, The 1952 Report Of The Basic Principles Committee, The 1954–55 Constitutional Crisis, The Contribution Of Iskander Mirza, The One Unit System, The 1956 Constitution

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section A (Mandatory Topic): The Emergence of Pakistan (1827-1971): Pakistan: Reform, Consolidation And Martial Law (1951-1971): The Attempt To Ensure Constitutional Government And Develop The Economy Of Pakistan: The Contribution Of Ayub Khan: Martial Law, Basic Democracies, The 1962 Constitution, The Decade Of Development, The New Capital, War With India, Uprisings Against Ayub, Including Those Led By Zulfikar Ali Bhutto And Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Resignation

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section A (Mandatory Topic): The Emergence of Pakistan (1827-1971): Pakistan: Reform, Consolidation And Martial Law (1951-1971): The Attempt To Ensure Constitutional Government And Develop The Economy Of Pakistan: The Contribution Of Yahya Khan, 1969–1971: Restoration Of Martial Law, Suspension Of The One Unit System And The 1962 Constitution, The 1970 Elections And Consequent Constitutional Crisis.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: The Pre-Mughal And Mughal Period (c700-1784): The Spread of Islam To The Sub-Continent (c700-1600): The Spread Of Islam Before And During The Mughal Empire: Sufism: Its Meaning, Early Roots In Umayyad Period, Mysticism, The Influence Of Sahl Al-tustari, Shaykhs, Abdul Hamid Al Ghazali And The ‘revival Of Religious Sciences’

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: The Pre-Mughal And Mughal Period (c700-1784): The Spread of Islam To The Sub-Continent (c700-1600): The Spread Of Islam Before And During The Mughal Empire: The Role Of Muhammad Bin Qasim: Conquests And Historical Controversy Over His Religious Policy The Role Of Mahmud Of Ghazni: Invasions Of India, Establishment Of Empire, Idol Smashing

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: The Pre-Mughal And Mughal Period (c700-1784): The Spread of Islam To The Sub-Continent (c700-1600): The Spread Of Islam Before And During The Mughal Empire: The Life, Career And Achievements Of Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi: His Opposition To Heresy Under Akbar And Jehangir, Reform Of Sufism, Religious Law

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: The Pre-Mughal And Mughal Period (c700-1784): The Spread of Islam To The Sub-Continent (c700-1600): The Early Mughal Emperors (c1526-1658): The Achievements Of The Early Mughal Emperors: Babur Establishing The Mughal Empire: Its Consolidation And Extension Under Humayan, Akbar, Jehangir And Shah Jehan

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: The Pre-Mughal And Mughal Period (c700-1784): The Spread of Islam To The Sub-Continent (c700-1600): The Early Mughal Emperors (c1526-1658): The Achievements Of The Early Mughal Emperors: Reforms Of The Early Mughal Emperors: Political, Civil, Military, Social, Education And Religious

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: The Pre-Mughal And Mughal Period (c700-1784): The Spread of Islam To The Sub-Continent (c700-1600): The Early Mughal Emperors (c1526-1658): The Achievements Of The Early Mughal Emperors: Developments In Art, Architecture, Literature, Music, The Economy, Trade And Commerce.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: The Pre-Mughal And Mughal Period (c700-1784): The Spread of Islam To The Sub-Continent (c700-1600): The Mughal Empire Under Aurengzeb And His Successors (c1658-1761): Reasons For The Decline And Break-Up of Mughal Empire: The Weaknesses Of The Empire: Size, Weak Administration, The Power Of Nobility, Failure To Reform, Succession Issues

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: The Pre-Mughal And Mughal Period (c700-1784): The Spread of Islam To The Sub-Continent (c700-1600): The Mughal Empire Under Aurengzeb And His Successors (c1658-1761): Reasons For The Decline And Break-Up of Mughal Empire: The Impact Of Aurangzeb’s Policies On The Stability Of The Mughal Empire: Social, Religious, Economic Reform

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: The Pre-Mughal And Mughal Period (c700-1784): The Spread of Islam To The Sub-Continent (c700-1600): The Mughal Empire Under Aurengzeb And His Successors (c1658-1761): Reasons For The Decline And Break-Up of Mughal Empire: Aurangzeb’s Warfare And The Later External Intervention Of The Persians, Marathas And Afghans.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: The Pre-Mughal And Mughal Period (c700-1784): The End of The Mughals And The Arrival of The British (c1608-1784): The Impact of The British: The Reasons For British Interest In The Indian Subcontinent And The Development Of The East India Company To 1756.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: The Pre-Mughal And Mughal Period (c700-1784): The End of The Mughals And The Arrival of The British (c1608-1784): The Impact of The British: The British Victories At Plassey And Buxar And Their Impact On Bengal.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: The Pre-Mughal And Mughal Period (c700-1784): The End of The Mughals And The Arrival of The British (c1608-1784): The Impact of The British: The Increasing Intervention Of The British Government And The Passing Of The 1784 India Act.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: British Expansion and Rule (c1783-1898): The Spread of Islam (Up To 1840): The Life, Career and Contribution to Islam of: Shah Wali Ullah And The Beginnings Of The Revival Of Islam

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: British Expansion and Rule (c1783-1898): The Spread of Islam (Up To 1840): The Life, Career and Contribution to Islam of: Syed Ahmad Barelvi And The Jihad Movement

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: British Expansion and Rule (c1783-1898): The Spread of Islam (Up To 1840): The Life, Career and Contribution to Islam of: Haji Shariat Ullah And The Faraizi Movement

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: British Expansion and Rule (c1783-1898): British Conquests And Rule (c1784-1885): The Nature of Early British Rule: Further British Expansion: The Deaths Of Tipu, Titu Mir, Overview Of The Annexation Of Sindh, The Punjab And North West Frontier

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: British Expansion and Rule (c1783-1898): British Conquests And Rule (c1784-1885): The Nature of Early British Rule: Reasons For The British Conquest Of India: British Commercial And Military Strength, Divisions Among Indians, Technological Weaknesses

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: British Expansion and Rule (c1783-1898): British Conquests And Rule (c1784-1885): The Nature of Early British Rule: British Rule: The Doctrine Of Lapse, British Administration And Reform, Including Educational, Religious, Technological And Social Developments.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: British Expansion and Rule (c1783-1898): The War of Independence (1857): The Causes, Course And Consequences of The 1857 War: Causes: Political, Religious, Social, Economic And Military Reasons For The Outbreak Of War

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: British Expansion and Rule (c1783-1898): The War of Independence (1857): The Causes, Course And Consequences of The 1857 War: Events And Reasons For Failure: Refusal To Use Cartridges At Meerut, The Opposition Of Nana Sahib At Kanpur, Poor Indian Leadership, Disunity Amongst Indians, British Military Strength

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: British Expansion and Rule (c1783-1898): The War of Independence (1857): The Causes, Course And Consequences of The 1857 War: Consequences: British Reform, British Attitudes Towards Muslims, Growth Of Nationalism, Formation Of Indian National Congress

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: British Expansion and Rule (c1783-1898): Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898): Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s Work And Importance in The History of Pakistan: Education And Language: The Aligarh Movement And The Hindi-urdu Controversy

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: British Expansion and Rule (c1783-1898): Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898): Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s Work And Importance in The History of Pakistan: Improving Relations With The British: Writings Such As The Loyal Mohammedans Of India

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: British Expansion and Rule (c1783-1898): Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898): Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s Work And Importance in The History of Pakistan: Raising Political Awareness: Role In The Indian National Congress And Promoting The Two-nation Theory

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: The Growth of Political Awareness And British Reform (1883-c1927): The Growth of Political Awareness (1883-1911): The Beginnings of Representation For Hindus And Muslims: The Indian National Congress: Early Influence On The British, British Reaction To Growth Of Radical Nationalism

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: The Growth of Political Awareness And British Reform (1883-c1927): The Growth of Political Awareness (1883-1911): The Beginnings of Representation For Hindus And Muslims: Reasons For The Formation Of The Muslim League In 1906: Simla Delegation And The All India Muslim Educational Conference

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: The Growth of Political Awareness And British Reform (1883-c1927): The Growth of Political Awareness (1883-1911): The Beginnings of Representation For Hindus And Muslims: Partition Of Bengal (Reasons, Reactions And Results): Hindu Protests And British Reactions To Them.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: The Growth of Political Awareness And British Reform (1883-c1927): First Attempts At Reform (1909-16): The Reasons For The Introduction And Impact of Early Reform: The Morley-minto Reforms 1909 (The Indian Councils Act): Reasons For And Importance Of The Reforms, Reactions Of Congress And The Muslim League

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: The Growth of Political Awareness And British Reform (1883-c1927): First Attempts At Reform (1909-16): The Reasons For The Introduction And Impact of Early Reform: The Reversal Of The Partition Of Bengal And Of First World War: Impact On Relations Between Hindus, Muslims And The British

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: The Growth of Political Awareness And British Reform (1883-c1927): First Attempts At Reform (1909-16): The Reasons For The Introduction And Impact of Early Reform: The Lucknow Pact: Reasons For And Importance Of The Pact, Including Co-operation Between Hindus And Muslims.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: The Growth of Political Awareness And British Reform (1883-c1927): Reform, Reaction And Regression (1919-1927): The Rejection of Dyarchy and British Attempts To Control Opposition: The Rowlatt Act 1919, The Montagu-chelmsford Reforms (The Government Of India Act): Reasons For Introduction, Terms, Reaction To The Reforms

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: The Growth of Political Awareness And British Reform (1883-c1927): Reform, Reaction And Regression (1919-1927): The Rejection of Dyarchy and British Attempts To Control Opposition: The Amritsar Massacre (Events And Consequences): The Hunter Committee

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: The Growth of Political Awareness And British Reform (1883-c1927): Reform, Reaction And Regression (1919-1927): The Rejection of Dyarchy and British Attempts To Control Opposition: Non-cooperation And The Growth Of Communalism 1920–27: Increase In The Influence Of Congress, The Delhi Proposals 1927

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: The Growth of Political Awareness And British Reform (1883-c1927): The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924): The Significance of The Khilafat Movement In Pakistan History: Reasons For Its Formation: Protecting The Caliph, Protecting Turkey And The Growth Of Anti-british Sentiment

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: The Growth of Political Awareness And British Reform (1883-c1927): The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924): The Significance of The Khilafat Movement In Pakistan History: Events From 1919–22: The Hijrat, Violence At Nilambur And Chauri Chauri, Gandhi And Non-cooperation

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section B: The Growth of Political Awareness And British Reform (1883-c1927): The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924): The Significance of The Khilafat Movement In Pakistan History: Reasons For Its Failure: Outbreaks Of Violence, Kemal Attaturk And The Abolition Of The Khilafat, Lack Of Common Aims Between Hindus And Muslims

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Consolidating The New Nation (1971-2013): The Civil War (1971): The Causes of The 1971 War And Its Impact on Pakistan: Social, Constitutional, Cultural, Economic And Political Tensions Between East And West Pakistan From 1947: Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, The Six-point Programme And The Reasons For Its Rejection, The Impact Of Cyclone Bhola

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Consolidating The New Nation (1971-2013): The Civil War (1971): The Causes of The 1971 War And Its Impact on Pakistan: The Reasons For The Outbreak Of Civil War: The Role Of India, Operation Searchlight

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Consolidating The New Nation (1971-2013): The Civil War (1971): The Causes of The 1971 War And Its Impact on Pakistan: The Consequences Of The Civil War: The Establishment Of Bangladesh, Resignation Of Yahya Khan

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Consolidating The New Nation (1971-2013): Economic And Social Developments (1971-1999): Attempts To Modernize Pakistan and Reactions To Reform: The Contribution Of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto: The 1973 Constitution, Reforms In Industry, Agriculture, Education, Health And Administration, Reasons For Downfall

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Consolidating The New Nation (1971-2013): Economic And Social Developments (1971-1999): Attempts To Modernize Pakistan and Reactions To Reform: The Contribution Of General Zia Ul-haq: Execution Of Bhutto, Islamisation, The Afghan Miracle, Amendments To The Constitution, The Eight Amendment, Relations With Mohammad Khan Junejo

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Consolidating The New Nation (1971-2013): Economic And Social Developments (1971-1999): Attempts To Modernize Pakistan and Reactions To Reform: Pakistan In The Final Decade Of The 20th Century: The Two Ministries Of Benazir Bhutto; Problems And Dismissal From Office In 1990, Family Feuds And Economic Problems In The Second Ministry. The Two Ministries Of Nawaz Sharif; The Bcci Scandal, The Co-operative Scandal, Kalashnikov Culture, Relations With President Ishaq Khan, Dispute Over Chief Justice In The Second Ministry, Overthrow By Pervez Musharraf.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Consolidating The New Nation (1971-2013): The Promotion of Urdu and National Languages: The Role of Urdu As A Uniting Factor And The Promotion of Regional Languages: The Linguistic And Literary Background Of Muslims.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Consolidating The New Nation (1971-2013): The Promotion of Urdu and National Languages: The Role of Urdu As A Uniting Factor And The Promotion of Regional Languages: The Importance Of Urdu: Reasons For Its Choice As The National Language Of Pakistan, Advantages And Disadvantages Of Urdu As The National Language.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Consolidating The New Nation (1971-2013): The Promotion of Urdu and National Languages: The Role of Urdu As A Uniting Factor And The Promotion of Regional Languages: The Promotion Of Regional Languages Since 1947: Sindhi, Baluchi, Punjab And Pushto, Overview Of The Literary Achievements Of The National And Regional Languages Since 1947.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Consolidating The New Nation (1971-2013): Pakistan In the 21st Century: Constitutional, Political And Diplomatic Issues In The Early 21st Century: The Contribution Of Pervez Musharraf: The Third Way, The Restoration Of The Constitution, The Legal Framework Order, Modernisation Programme, The State Of Emergency, Resignation And Exile

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Consolidating The New Nation (1971-2013): Pakistan In the 21st Century: Constitutional, Political And Diplomatic Issues In The Early 21st Century: The Contribution Of Asif Ali Zardari: Controversy Over His Appointment, The National Reconciliation Order, Economic Crisis, Suspension And Reinstatement Of Chief Justice, Iftikhar Chaudry, 18th And 19th Amendments, The Work Of Yousaf, Raza Gillani, The 2013 Election

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Consolidating The New Nation (1971-2013): Pakistan In the 21st Century: Constitutional, Political And Diplomatic Issues In The Early 21st Century: Pakistan And The Wider World 1999–2013: Relations With Usa, India And Afghanistan, The War Against Terror, The Nuclear Issue

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Pakistan’s Role In World Affairs (1947-1999): Pakistan’s Relationship With India: Reasons For Poor Relations In This Period: Disputes In 1947 And The Drift To War: The Impact On Relations Of Communal Violence In 1947, The Influx Of Refugees Into Pakistan, Arguments Over The Split Of Assets, The Dispute Over Kashmir And Jammu, The 1965 War

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Pakistan’s Role In World Affairs (1947-1999): Pakistan’s Relationship With India: Reasons For Poor Relations In This Period: Relations 1971–99: The East Pakistan Issue And The 1971 War, Improved Relations With India, The Siachen Glacier And The Kargil Conflict

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Pakistan’s Role In World Affairs (1947-1999): Pakistan’s Relationship With India: Reasons For Poor Relations In This Period: The Impact Of Nuclear Weapons: The Nuclear-testing Race And Its Impact On Relations, Failure To Sign The Comprehensive Nuclear Test-ban Treaty, The Decision To Stop Testing In 1998.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Pakistan’s Role In World Affairs (1947-1999): East Or West: Pakistan’s Relation With The USA: The Extent To Which The USA Has Supported Pakistan: The Cold War: Pakistan And The Decision To Establish Relations With The Usa Rather Than The Soviet Union, Liaquat Ali Khan’s Visit To The Usa

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Pakistan’s Role In World Affairs (1947-1999): East Or West: Pakistan’s Relation With The USA: The Extent To Which The USA Has Supported Pakistan: Varying Relations 1950–79: American Approval Of Pakistan’s Alliances, Pakistan’s Concern At American Failure To Provide Support In Wars Against India, American Reaction To Military Rule Under Zia

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Pakistan’s Role In World Affairs (1947-1999): East Or West: Pakistan’s Relation With The USA: The Extent To Which The USA Has Supported Pakistan: The Afghan Miracle: Impact Of The Soviet Invasion 1979, Impact Of Pakistan’s Nuclear Programme And Issue Of Terrorism 1980–1993, Improved Relations Under President Clinton 1993–1999

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Pakistan’s Role In World Affairs (1947-1999): Pakistan’s Relations With The Rest of The World: The Attempt To Establish Global Friendly Relations: The Soviet Union: Changing Relations, Ayub Khan’s Visit To Moscow, Impact Of Improved Relations With China On Pakistan-soviet Relations, Bhutto’s Visit To Moscow, The Impact Of The Invasion Of Afghanistan

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Pakistan’s Role In World Affairs (1947-1999): Pakistan’s Relations With The Rest of The World: The Attempt To Establish Global Friendly Relations: Britain And The Commonwealth: Pakistan’s Membership Issues, The Impact Of The Soviet Invasion Of Afghanistan

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Pakistan’s Role In World Affairs (1947-1999): Pakistan’s Relations With The Rest of The World: The Attempt To Establish Global Friendly Relations: China: Good Relations In The 1960s, Trade Agreements, Support For Pakistan In Kashmir, Loans In 1970s, Karakoram Highway, Nuclear Cooperation Treaty. Afghanistan: Border Disputes, Attempts By Iskander Mirza, Bhutto And Zia To Improve Relations, Impact Of Soviet Invasion, Benazir Bhutto’s Support For The Taliban Bangladesh: The Legacy Of The 1971 War, The Establishment Of Better Relations, The Organisation Of Islamic Countries, Bhutto’s Visit To Bangladesh, Trade Agreements And Disaster Relief Iran And Other Muslim Countries: The Establishment Of Good Relations, Trade Deals And The Receipt Of Aid.

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Pakistan’s Role In World Affairs (1947-1999): Pakistan’s Membership of World Organizations: Pakistan As A Member of World Organizations: Pakistan’s Role And Membership Of The United Nations: Reasons For Un’s Involvement In Jammu And Kashmir, The Canal Water Dispute, The Indo–pakistan Wars

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan: Section C: Pakistan’s Role In World Affairs (1947-1999): Pakistan’s Membership of World Organizations: Pakistan As A Member of World Organizations: Pakistan And The Wider World: Central Treaty Organization (Cento) – Formerly Known As The Baghdad Pact, South East Asia Treaty Organization (Seato), Regional Co-operation For Development (Rcd), Organisation Of Islamic Cooperation (Oic), South East Asian Association For Regional Cooperation (Saarc), Non-aligned Movement (Nam).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section A: The Physical Environment: Location, Climate And Biomes: Position Of Pakistan In South Asia And Globally, And Regional Variations In Climatic Zones (Humid Subtropical, Desert/ Semi-arid, Temperate And Mediterranean).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section A: The Physical Environment: Location, Climate And Biomes: The Nature And Causes Of Seasonal Variations In Precipitation And Temperature, Including The Characteristics And Causes Of The Southwest Monsoon And Western Disturbances.

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section A: The Physical Environment: Location, Climate And Biomes: Distribution And Characteristics Of Large-scale Ecosystems (I.e. Biomes).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section A: The Physical Environment: Tectonic and Glacial Processes, and Landforms, and Geophysical Hazards: Tectonic Processes Affecting Pakistan And The Formation Of The Himalayan Landscape (Fold Mountains).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section A: The Physical Environment: Tectonic and Glacial Processes, and Landforms, and Geophysical Hazards: Glacial Processes That Operate In The Himalayan Landscape (Long-term And Seasonal Accumulation/ablation Of Glacial Systems).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section A: The Physical Environment: Tectonic and Glacial Processes, and Landforms, and Geophysical Hazards: The Primary And Secondary Impacts Of Earthquakes On Pakistan And Responses Of National And International Governments, Agencies And Individuals To These Earthquake Events.

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section A: The Physical Environment: Relief, Drainage and Hydro-Meterological Hazards: The Relief Regions And Characteristics Of The Drainage Network Of Pakistan (Indus, Jhelum, Sutlej, Chenab And Ravi Floodplains And Indus Deltaic Coastline).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section A: The Physical Environment: Relief, Drainage and Hydro-Meterological Hazards: The Causes And Characteristics Of Tropical Cyclones, Storm Surges And Flooding (River And Coastal).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section A: The Physical Environment: Relief, Drainage and Hydro-Meterological Hazards: The Responses Of National And International Governments, Agencies And Individuals To Flooding And Tropical Cyclones In Pakistan.

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section A: The Physical Environment: Natural Resources And Their Exploitation: The Distribution And Exploitation Of Two Natural Resources (Water, Forest Products, Fish/shellfish And/or Minerals).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section A: The Physical Environment: Natural Resources And Their Exploitation: Energy Resources – Renewable And Non-renewable – Their Distribution And Exploitation: Examples Of One Renewable And One Non-renewable Resource.

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section A: The Physical Environment: Natural Resources And Their Exploitation: Environmental Impacts Resulting From The Exploitation Of One Of Natural Resource (Water, Forest Products, Fish/shellfish Or Minerals) And One Renewable And One Non-renewable Energy Resource.

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section B: The Human Environment: Pakistan’s Economy: The Primary Sector And The Need For Food Security: Factors Influencing The Distribution Of Agricultural Production In Pakistan (Climatic Events, Dynamic Floodplains, Deltaic Coastline, Income, Population Density).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section B: The Human Environment: Pakistan’s Economy: The Primary Sector And The Need For Food Security: Strategies To Increase Agricultural Output (Land Rights Reforms, Plant Breeding Programmes, Fertilisers/pesticides, Education, Water Management And Appropriate/intermediate Technology).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section B: The Human Environment: Pakistan’s Economy: The Primary Sector And The Need For Food Security: Approaches To Managing Food Security In Pakistan

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section B: The Human Environment: Pakistan Economy Secondary, Tertiary/ Quaternary Sectors and Transport Systems: Factors Affecting The Type And Location Of Manufacturing (Secondary Sector), Including Rural-based Craft Industries.

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section B: The Human Environment: Pakistan Economy Secondary, Tertiary/ Quaternary Sectors and Transport Systems: Factors Affecting The Type And Location Of Formal And Informal Services (Tertiary Sector) And Knowledge-based Services (Quaternary Sector).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section B: The Human Environment: Pakistan Economy Secondary, Tertiary/ Quaternary Sectors and Transport Systems: The Challenges Of The Transport System And Its Impact On Pakistan’s Economic Development.

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section B: The Human Environment: Globalization, Including (Transnational Corporations) TNCS, Can Cause Rapid Change For Economies Such As Pakistan: One Case Study Of A Tnc Operating In Pakistan (Global Structure And Networks).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section B: The Human Environment: Globalization, Including (Transnational Corporations) TNCS, Can Cause Rapid Change For Economies Such As Pakistan: The Benefits And Challenges Of Tncs For The People And Government Of Pakistan.

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section B: The Human Environment: Globalization, Including (Transnational Corporations) TNCS, Can Cause Rapid Change For Economies Such As Pakistan: The Impact Of Globalisation On Pakistan (International Transport And Communication Improvements, Spread Of Global Culture): Are There Winners And Losers

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section B: The Human Environment: The Challenges of Economic Development of Pakistan: The Trade Balance Between Imports And Exports, Including Remittances, To Ensure Economic Stability.

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section B: The Human Environment: The Challenges of Economic Development of Pakistan: Challenges Facing The Economic Development Of Pakistan (Regional Disparities, Reliance On Imported Energy, Loss Of Young Skilled Workers And Gender Equality).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section B: The Human Environment: The Challenges of Economic Development of Pakistan: Impact Of The Primary And Secondary Sectors On The Physical Environment, To Include Two Of The Following: Water Pollution, Air Pollution, Waste Management, Deforestation, And/or Soil Erosion

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section C: Challenges For Pakistan: Indicators of Development, Population Patterns and Trends: The Characteristics Used To Determine The Level Of Development Of A Country: Gross Domestic Product (Gdp), Demographic Data (Population Density/structure, Birth/death Rates And Natural Increase).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section C: Challenges For Pakistan: Indicators of Development, Population Patterns and Trends: The Physical And Human Factors Influencing The Distribution, Density And Structure Of The Population Of Pakistan.

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section C: Challenges For Pakistan: Indicators of Development, Population Patterns and Trends: The Trends In Fertility Rates, Infant/maternal Mortality Rates, And Life Expectancy And Their Implications For Service Provision Such As Education, Healthcare And Employment

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section C: Challenges For Pakistan: Quality of Life in Rural Pakistan: Challenges of Life In Rural Communities: Human Development Index (Hdi) Factors Influencing The ‘quality Of Life’ For Different Groups Within Pakistan: Years Of Schooling, Per Capita Income And Life Expectancy.

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section C: Challenges For Pakistan: Quality of Life in Rural Pakistan: Challenges of Life In Rural Communities: Challenges Facing Pakistan’s Rural Population: Population Structure Of Rural Communities, Poverty, Education, Gender Equality: Subsistence Agriculture And Rural-based Craft Industries, And Impact Of Remittances.

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section C: Challenges For Pakistan: Quality of Life in Rural Pakistan: Challenges of Life In Rural Communities: Incentives And Strategies To Support Rural Communities.

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section C: Challenges For Pakistan: Quality of Life in Urban Pakistan: Challenges of Life In Urban Communities: Rapid Population Growth Creates Opportunities And Challenges For People Living In Large Cities: Housing, Employment, Quality Of Services (Water, Sanitation, Energy Supplies, Health Etc.), Traffic Congestion And Pollution.

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section C: Challenges For Pakistan: Quality of Life in Urban Pakistan: Challenges of Life In Urban Communities: Case Study Of The Particular Challenges And Opportunities In One Megacity (Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section C: Challenges For Pakistan: Quality of Life in Urban Pakistan: Challenges of Life In Urban Communities: Government (Top-down) And Ngo/local Community (Bottom-up) Strategies In Response To The Challenges Of Living In Large Urban Areas

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section C: Challenges For Pakistan: Present and Future Impacts of Climate Change on the People, Economy and Environment of Pakistan and Possible Mitigation Strategies: Causes Of Climate Change And Recent Global Warming (Last Century).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section C: Challenges For Pakistan: Present and Future Impacts of Climate Change on the People, Economy and Environment of Pakistan and Possible Mitigation Strategies: Impacts Of Climate Change On Pakistan’s People, Economy And Environment (More-extreme Weather, Increased Frequency And Strength Of Tropical Cyclones, Increased Glacial Ablation And River Discharge, Flooding And Sea-level Rises).

Paper 2: The Landscape, People and Economy of Pakistan: Section C: Challenges For Pakistan: Present and Future Impacts of Climate Change on the People, Economy and Environment of Pakistan and Possible Mitigation Strategies: Local Actions And Government Strategies (In The Context Of International Strategies) To Mitigate And Adapt To The Challenges Of Climate Change.