Sample Notes: Physical Quantities and Measurement Techniques

Sample Notes: Transfer of Thermal Energy

Sample Quizzes For Preparation: Physical Quantities and Measurement Techniques

Sample Quizzes For Preparation: Transfer of Thermal Energy

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Physical Quantities And Measurement Techniques: Describe How To Measure A Variety Of Lengths With Appropriate Precision Using Tapes, Rulers And Micrometers (Including Reading The Scale On An Analogue Micrometer)

Physical Quantities And Measurement Techniques: Describe How To Use A Measuring Cylinder To Measure The Volume Of A Liquid And To Determine The Volume Of A Solid By Displacement

Physical Quantities And Measurement Techniques: Describe How To Measure A Variety Of Time Intervals Using Clocks And Digital Timers

Physical Quantities And Measurement Techniques: Determine An Average Value For A Small Distance And For A Short Interval Of Time By Measuring Multiples (Including The Period Of Oscillation Of A Pendulum)

Physical Quantities And Measurement Techniques: Understand That A Scalar Quantity Has Magnitude (Size) Only And That A Vector Quantity Has Magnitude And Direction

Physical Quantities And Measurement Techniques: Know That The Following Quantities Are Scalars: Distance, Speed, Time, Mass, Energy And Temperature

Physical Quantities And Measurement Techniques: Know That The Following Quantities Are Vectors: Displacement, Force, Weight, Velocity, Acceleration, Momentum, Electric Field Strength And Gravitational Field Strength

Physical Quantities And Measurement Techniques: Determine, By Calculation Or Graphically, The Resultant Of Two Vectors At Right Angles

Motion: Define Speed As Distance Travelled Per Unit Time And Define Velocity As Change In Displacement Per Unit Time

Motion: Recall And Use The Equation Speed = Distance Time V = S T

Motion: Recall And Use The Equation Average Speed = Total Distance Travelled Total Time Taken

Motion: Define Acceleration As Change In Velocity Per Unit Time; Recall And Use The Equation Acceleration = Change In Velocity Time Taken A = ∆v ∆t

Motion: State What Is Meant By, And Describe Examples Of, Uniform Acceleration And Non-uniform Acceleration

Motion: Know That A Deceleration Is A Negative Acceleration And Use This In Calculations

Motion: Sketch, Plot And Interpret Distance–time And Speed–time Graphs

Motion: Determine From The Shape Of A Distance–time Graph When An Object Is: (A) At Rest (B) Moving With Constant Speed (C) Accelerating (D) Decelerating

Motion: Determine From The Shape Of A Speed–time Graph When An Object Is: (A) At Rest (B) Moving With Constant Speed (C) Moving With Constant Acceleration (D) Moving With Changing Acceleration 10 State That The Acceleration Of Free Fall G For An Object Near To The Surface Of The Earth Is Approximately Constant And Is Approximately 9.8m/ S2

Motion: State that the acceleration of free fall g for an object near to the surface of the Earth is approximately constant and is approximately 9.8m/ s2

Motion: Calculate Speed From The Gradient Of A Distance–time Graph

Motion: Calculate The Area Under A Speed–time Graph To Determine The Distance Travelled For Motion With Constant Speed Or Constant Acceleration

Motion: Calculate Acceleration From The Gradient Of A Speed–time Graph

Mass And Weight: State That Mass Is A Measure Of The Quantity Of Matter In An Object At Rest Relative To The Observer

Mass And Weight: State That The Mass Of An Object Resists Change From Its State Of Rest Or Motion (Inertia)

Mass And Weight: Know That Weights, And Therefore Masses, May Be Compared Using A Beam Balance Or Equal-arm Balance

Mass And Weight: Describe How To Determine Mass Using An Electronic Balance

Mass And Weight: Describe How To Measure Weight Using A Force Meter

Mass And Weight: Define Gravitational Field Strength As Force Per Unit Mass; Recall And Use The Equation Gravitational Field Strength = Weight Mass G = W M And Know That This Is Equivalent To The Acceleration Of Free Fall

Mass And Weight: State That A Gravitational Field Is A Region In Which A Mass Experiences A Force Due To Gravitational Attraction

Density: Define Density As Mass Per Unit Volume; Recall And Use The Equation Density = Mass Volume Ρ = M V

Density: Describe How To Determine The Density Of A Liquid, Of A Regularly Shaped Solid And Of An Irregularly Shaped Solid Which Sinks In A Liquid (Volume By Displacement), Including Appropriate Calculations

Balanced And Unbalanced Forces: Identify And Use Different Types Of Force, Including Weight (Gravitational Force), Friction, Drag, Air Resistance, Tension (Elastic Force), Electrostatic Force, Magnetic Force, Thrust (Driving Force) And Contact Force

Balanced And Unbalanced Forces: Identify Forces Acting On An Object And Draw Free-body Diagram(S) Representing The Forces

Balanced And Unbalanced Forces: State Newton’s First Law As ‘an Object Either Remains At Rest Or Continues To Move In A Straight Line At Constant Speed Unless Acted On By A Resultant Force’

Balanced And Unbalanced Forces: State That A Force May Change The Velocity Of An Object By Changing Its Direction Of Motion Or Its Speed

Balanced And Unbalanced Forces: Determine The Resultant Of Two Or More Forces Acting Along The Same Straight Line

Balanced And Unbalanced Forces: Recall And Use The Equation Resultant Force = Mass × Acceleration F = Ma

Balanced And Unbalanced Forces: State Newton’s Third Law As ‘when Object A Exerts A Force On Object B, Then Object B Exerts An Equal And Opposite Force On Object A’

Balanced And Unbalanced Forces: Know That Newton’s Third Law Describes Pairs Of Forces Of The Same Type Acting On Different Objects

Friction: Describe Friction As A Force That May Impede Motion And Produce Heating

Friction: Understand The Motion Of Objects Acted On By A Constant Weight Or Driving Force, With And Without Drag (Including Air Resistance Or Resistance In A Liquid)

Friction: Explain How An Object Reaches Terminal Velocity

Friction: Define The Thinking Distance, Braking Distance And Stopping Distance Of A Moving Vehicle

Friction: Explain The Factors That Affect Thinking And Braking Distance Including Speed, Tiredness, Alcohol, Drugs, Load, Tyre Surface And Road Conditions

Elastic Deformation: Know That Forces May Produce A Change In Size And Shape Of An Object

Elastic Deformation: Define The Spring Constant As Force Per Unit Extension; Recall And Use The Equation Spring Constant = Force Extension K = F X

Elastic Deformation: Sketch, Plot And Interpret Load–extension Graphs For An Elastic Solid And Describe The Associated Experimental Procedures

Elastic Deformation: Define And Use The Term ‘limit Of Proportionality’ For A Load–extension Graph And Identify This Point On The Graph (An Understanding Of The Elastic Limit Is Not Required)

Circular Motion: Describe, Qualitatively, Motion In A Circular Path Due To A Force Perpendicular To The Motion

Turning Effect Of Forces: Describe The Moment Of A Force As A Measure Of Its Turning Effect And Give Everyday Examples

Turning Effect Of Forces: Define The Moment Of A Force As Moment = Force × Perpendicular Distance From The Pivot; Recall And Use This Equation

Turning Effect Of Forces: State And Use The Principle Of Moments For An Object In Equilibrium

Turning Effect Of Forces: Describe An Experiment To Verify The Principle Of Moments

Centre Of Gravity: State What Is Meant By Centre Of Gravity

Centre Of Gravity: Describe How To Determine The Position Of The Centre Of Gravity Of A Plane Lamina Using A Plumb Line

Centre Of Gravity: Describe, Qualitatively, The Effect Of The Position Of The Centre Of Gravity On The Stability Of Simple Objects

Momentum: Define Momentum As Mass × Velocity; Recall And Use The Equation P = Mv

Momentum: Define Impulse As Force × Time For Which Force Acts; Recall And Use The Equation Impulse = Fδt = Δ(Mv)

Momentum: Apply The Principle Of The Conservation Of Momentum To Solve Simple Problems In One Dimension

Momentum: Define Resultant Force As The Change In Momentum Per Unit Time; Recall And Use The Equation Resultant Force = Change In Momentum Time Taken F = ∆p

Energy: State That Energy May Be Stored As Kinetic, Gravitational Potential, Chemical, Elastic (Strain), Nuclear, Electrostatic And Internal (Thermal)

Energy: Describe How Energy Is Transferred Between Stores During Events And Processes, Including Examples Of Transfer By Forces (Mechanical Work Done), Electrical Currents (Electrical Work Done), Heating, And By Electromagnetic, Sound And Other Waves

Energy: Know The Principle Of The Conservation Of Energy And Apply This Principle To The Transfer Of Energy Between Stores During Events And Processes

Energy: Recall And Use The Equation For Kinetic Energy Ek = 1 2 Mv2

Energy: Recall And Use The Equation For The Change In Gravitational Potential Energy Δep = Mgδh

Work: Recall And Use The Equation Work Done = Force × Distance Moved In The Direction Of The Force W = Fd

Energy Resources: List Renewable And Non-renewable Energy Sources

Energy Resources: Describe How Useful Energy May Be Obtained, Or Electrical Power Generated

Energy Resources: Describe Advantages And Disadvantages Of Each Method Limited To Whether It Is Renewable, When And Whether It Is Available, And Its Impact On The Environment

Efficiency: Define Efficience

Power: Define Power As Work Done Per Unit Time And Also As Energy Transferred Per Unit Time; Recall And Use The Equations

Pressure: Define Pressure As Force Per Unit Area; Recall And Use The Equation Pressure = Force Area P = F A

Pressure: Describe How Pressure Varies With Force And Area In The Context Of Everyday Examples

Pressure: State That The Pressure At A Surface Produces A Force In A Direction At Right Angles To The Surface And Describe An Experiment To Show This

Pressure: Describe How The Height Of A Liquid Column In A Liquid Barometer May Be Used To Determine The Atmospheric Pressure

Pressure: Describe, Quantitatively, How The Pressure Beneath The Surface Of A Liquid Changes With Depth And Density Of The Liquid

Pressure: Recall And Use The Equation For The Change In Pressure Beneath The Surface Of A Liquid Change In Pressure = Density × Gravitational Field Strength × Change In Height ∆p = Ρg∆h

States Of Matter: Know The Distinguishing Properties Of Solids, Liquids And Gases

States Of Matter: Know The Terms For The Changes In State Between Solids, Liquids And Gases (Gas To Solid And Solid To Gas Transfers Are Not Required)

Particle Model: Describe, Qualitatively, The Particle Structure Of Solids, Liquids And Gases, Relating Their Properties To The Forces And Distances Between Particles And To The Motion Of The Particles (Atoms, Molecules, Ions And Electrons)

Particle Model: Describe The Relationship Between The Motion Of Particles And Temperature, Including The Idea That There Is A Lowest Possible Temperature (−273°c), Known As Absolute Zero, Where The Particles Have Least Kinetic Energy

Particle Model: Describe The Pressure And The Changes In Pressure Of A Gas In Terms Of The Forces Exerted By Particles Colliding With Surfaces, Creating A Force Per Unit Area

Particle Model: Explain Qualitatively, In Terms Of Particles

Particle Model: Recall And Use The Equation P1 V1 = P2v2, Including A Graphical Representation Of The Relationship Between Pressure And Volume For A Gas At Constant Temperature

Thermal Expansion Of Solids, Liquids And Gases: Explain Applications And Consequences Of Thermal Expansion In The Context Of Common Examples, Including The Liquid-in-glass Thermometer

Thermal Expansion Of Solids, Liquids And Gases: Explain, In Terms Of The Motion And Arrangement Of Particles, The Thermal Expansion Of Solids, Liquids And Gases, And State The Relative Order Of Magnitudes Of The Expansion Of Solids, Liquids And Gases

Thermal Expansion Of Solids, Liquids And Gases: Convert Temperatures Between Kelvin And Degrees Celsius; Recall And Use The Equation T (In K) = Θ (In °c) + 27

Specific Heat Capacity: Know That An Increase In The Temperature Of An Object Increases Its Internal Energy

Specific Heat Capacity: Describe An Increase In Temperature Of An Object In Terms Of An Increase In The Average Kinetic Energies Of All Of The Particles In The Object

Specific Heat Capacity: Define Specific Heat Capacity As The Energy Required Per Unit Mass Per Unit Temperature Increase; Recall And Use The Equation Specific Heat Capacity = Change In Energy Mass × Change In Temperature C = ∆e M∆θ

Specific Heat Capacity: Describe Experiments To Measure The Specific Heat Capacity Of A Solid And Of A Liquid

Melting, Boiling And Evaporation: Describe Melting, Solidification, Boiling And Condensation In Terms Of Energy Transfer Without A Change In Temperature

Melting, Boiling And Evaporation: Know The Melting And Boiling Temperatures For Water At Standard Atmospheric Pressure

Melting, Boiling And Evaporation: Describe The Differences Between Boiling And Evaporation

Melting, Boiling And Evaporation: Describe Evaporation In Terms Of The Escape Of More Energetic Particles From The Surface Of A Liquid

Melting, Boiling And Evaporation: Describe How Temperature, Surface Area And Air Movement Over A Surface Affect Evaporation

Melting, Boiling And Evaporation: Explain How Evaporation Causes Cooling

Melting, Boiling And Evaporation: Describe Latent Heat As The Energy Required To Change The State Of A Substance And Explain It In Terms Of Particle Behaviour And The Forces Between Particles

Conduction: Describe Experiments To Distinguish Between Good And Bad Thermal Conductors

Conduction: Describe Thermal Conduction In All Solids In Terms Of Atomic Or Molecular Lattice Vibrations And Also In Terms Of The Movement Of Free (Delocalised) Electrons In Metallic Conductors

Convection: Explain Convection In Liquids And Gases In Terms Of Density Changes And Describe Experiments To Illustrate Convection

Radiation: Describe The Process Of Thermal Energy Transfer By Infrared Radiation And Know That It Does Not Require A Medium

Radiation: Describe The Effect Of Surface Colour (Black Or White) And Texture (Dull Or Shiny) On The Emission, Absorption And Reflection Of Infrared Radiation

Radiation: Describe How The Rate Of Emission Of Radiation Depends On The Surface Temperature And Surface Area Of An Object

Radiation: Describe Experiments To Distinguish Between Good And Bad Emitters Of Infrared Radiation

Radiation: Describe Experiments To Distinguish Between Good And Bad Absorbers Of Infrared Radiation

Consequences Of Thermal Energy Transfer: Explain Everyday Applications Using Ideas About Conduction, Convection And Radiation

General Properties Of Waves: Know That Waves Transfer Energy Without Transferring Matter

General Properties Of Waves: Describe What Is Meant By Wave Motion As Illustrated By Vibrations In Ropes And Springs And By Experiments Using Water Waves

General Properties Of Waves: Describe The Features Of A Wave In Terms Of Wavefront, Wavelength, Frequency, Crest (Peak), Trough, Amplitude And Wave Speed

General Properties Of Waves: Define The Terms

General Properties Of Waves: Recall And Use The Equation Wave Speed = Frequency × Wavelength V = F Λ

General Properties Of Waves: Know That For A Transverse Wave, The Direction Of Vibration Is At Right Angles To The Direction Of The Energy Transfer, And Give Examples Such As Electromagnetic Radiation, Waves On The Surface Of Water, And Seismic S-waves (Secondary)

General Properties Of Waves: Know That For A Longitudinal Wave, The Direction Of Vibration Is Parallel To The Direction Of The Energy Transfer, And Give Examples Such As Sound Waves And Seismic P-waves (Primary)

General Properties Of Waves: Describe How Waves Can Undergo

General Properties Of Waves: Describe How Wavelength And Gap Size Affects Diffraction Through A Gap

General Properties Of Waves: Describe The Use Of A Ripple Tank

General Properties Of Waves: Describe How Wavelength Affects Diffraction At An Edge

Reflection Of Light: Define And Use The Terms Normal, Angle Of Incidence And Angle Of Reflection

Reflection Of Light: Describe An Experiment To Illustrate The Law Of Reflection

Reflection Of Light: Describe An Experiment To Find The Position And Characteristics Of An Optical Image Formed By A Plane Mirror (Same Size, Same Distance From Mirror As Object And Virtual)

Reflection Of Light: State That For Reflection, The Angle Of Incidence Is Equal To The Angle Of Reflection And Use This In Constructions, Measurements And Calculations

Refraction Of Light: Define And Use The Terms Normal, Angle Of Incidence And Angle Of Refraction

Refraction Of Light: Define Refractive Index N As N = Sin I Sin R ; Recall And Use This Equation

Refraction Of Light: Describe An Experiment To Show Refraction Of Light By Transparent Blocks Of Different Shapes

Refraction Of Light: Define The Terms Critical Angle And Total Internal Reflection; Recall And Use The Equation N = 1 Sin C

Refraction Of Light: Describe Experiments To Show Internal Reflection And Total Internal Reflection

Refraction Of Light: Describe The Use Of Optical Fibres, Particularly In Telecommunications, Stating The Advantages Of Their Use In Each Context

Thin Lenses: Describe The Action Of Thin Converging And Thin Diverging Lenses On A Parallel Beam Of Light

Thin Lenses: Define And Use The Terms Focal Length, Principal Axis And Principal Focus (Focal Point)

Thin Lenses: Draw Ray Diagrams To Illustrate The Formation Of Real And Virtual Images Of An Object By A Converging Lens And Know That A Real Image Is Formed By Converging Rays And A Virtual Image Is Formed By Diverging Rays

Thin Lenses: Define Linear Magnification As The Ratio Of Image Length To Object Length; Recall And Use The Equation Linear Magnification = Image Length Object Length

Thin Lenses: Describe The Use Of A Single Lens As A Magnifying Glass

Thin Lenses: Draw Ray Diagrams To Show The Formation Of Images In The Normal Eye, A Short-sighted Eye And A Long-sighted Eye

Thin Lenses: Describe The Use Of Converging And Diverging Lenses To Correct Long-sightedness And Short-sightedness

Dispersion Of Light: Describe The Dispersion Of Light As Illustrated By The Refraction Of White Light By A Glass Prism

Dispersion Of Light: Know The Traditional Seven Colours Of The Visible Spectrum In Order Of Frequency And In Order Of Wavelength

Electromagnetic Spectrum: Know The Main Regions Of The Electromagnetic Spectrum In Order Of Frequency And In Order Of Wavelength

Electromagnetic Spectrum: Know That The Speed Of All Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic Spectrum: Describe The Role Of The Following Components In The Stated Applications

Electromagnetic Spectrum: Describe The Damage Caused By Electromagnetic Radiation

Sound: Describe The Production Of Sound By Vibrating Sources

Sound: Describe The Longitudinal Nature Of Sound Waves And Describe Compressions And Rarefactions

Sound: State The Approximate Range Of Frequencies Audible To Humans As 20hz To 20000hz

Sound: Explain Why Sound Waves Cannot Travel In A Vacuum And Describe An Experiment To Demonstrate This

Sound: Describe How Changes In Amplitude And Frequency Affect The Loudness And Pitch Of Sound Waves

Sound: Describe How Different Sound Sources Produce Sound Waves With Different Qualities (Timbres), As Shown By The Shape Of The Traces On An Oscilloscope

Sound: Describe An Echo As The Reflection Of Sound Waves

Sound: Describe Simple Experiments To Show The Reflection Of Sound Waves

Sound: Describe A Method Involving A Measurement Of Distance And Time For Determining The Speed Of Sound In Air

Sound: Know That The Speed Of Sound In Air Is Approximately 330–350m/ S

Sound: Know That, In General, Sound Travels Faster In Solids Than In Liquids And Faster In Liquids Than In Gases

Sound: Define Ultrasound As Sound With A Frequency Higher Than 20khz

Sound: Describe The Uses Of Ultrasound In Cleaning, Prenatal And Other Medical Scanning, And In Sonar

Simple Magnetism And Magnetic Fields: Describe The Forces Between Magnetic Poles And Between Magnets And Magnetic Materials, Including The Use Of The Terms North Pole (N Pole), South Pole (S Pole), Attraction And Repulsion, Magnetised And Unmagnetised

Simple Magnetism And Magnetic Fields: Describe Induced Magnetism

Simple Magnetism And Magnetic Fields: State The Difference Between Magnetic And Non-magnetic Materials

Simple Magnetism And Magnetic Fields: State The Differences Between The Properties Of Temporary Magnets (Made Of Soft Iron) And The Properties Of Permanent Magnets (Made Of Steel)

Simple Magnetism And Magnetic Fields: Describe A Magnetic Field As A Region In Which A Magnetic Pole Experiences A Force

Simple Magnetism And Magnetic Fields: Describe The Plotting Of Magnetic Field Lines With A Compass Or Iron Filings And The Use Of A Compass To Determine The Direction Of The Magnetic Field

Simple Magnetism And Magnetic Fields: Draw The Pattern And Direction Of The Magnetic Field Lines Around A Bar Magnet

Simple Magnetism And Magnetic Fields: State That The Direction Of The Magnetic Field At A Point Is The Direction Of The Force On The N Pole Of A Magnet At That Point

Simple Magnetism And Magnetic Fields: Know That The Relative Strength Of A Magnetic Field Is Represented By The Spacing Of The Magnetic Field Lines

Simple Magnetism And Magnetic Fields: Describe Uses Of Permanent Magnets And Electromagnets

Electrical Charge: State That There Are Positive And Negative Charges And That Charge Is Measured In Coulombs

Electrical Charge: State That Unlike Charges Attract And Like Charges Repel

Electrical Charge: Describe Experiments To Show Electrostatic Charging By Friction

Electrical Charge: Explain That Charging Of Solids By Friction Involves Only A Transfer Of Negative Charge (Electrons)

Electrical Charge: Describe An Electric Field As A Region In Which An Electric Charge Experiences A Force

Electrical Charge: State That The Direction Of An Electric Field Line At A Point Is The Direction Of The Force On A Positive Charge At That Point

Electrical Charge: Describe Simple Electric Field Patterns, Including The Direction Of The Field

Electrical Charge: State Examples Of Electrical Conductors And Insulators

Electrical Charge: Describe An Experiment To Distinguish Between Electrical Conductors And Insulators

Electrical Charge: Recall And Use A Simple Electron Model To Explain The Difference Between Electrical Conductors And Insulators

Electrical Current: Define Electric Current As The Charge Passing A Point Per Unit Time; Recall And Use The Equation Electric Current = Charge Time I = Q T

Electrical Current: Describe Electrical Conduction In Metals In Terms Of The Movement Of Free Electrons

Electrical Current: Know That Current Is Measured In Amps (Amperes) And That The Amp Is Given By Coulomb Per Second (C/ S)

Electrical Current: Know The Difference Between Direct Current (D.c.) And Alternating Current (A.c.)

Electrical Current: State That Conventional Current Is From Positive To Negative And That The Flow Of Free Electrons Is From Negative To Positive

Electrical Current: Describe The Use Of Ammeters (Analogue And Digital) With Different Ranges

Electromotive Force And Potential Difference: Define E.m.f. (Electromotive Force) As The Electrical Work Done By A Source In Moving A Unit Charge Around A Complete Circuit; Recall And Use The Equation E.m.f. = Work Done (By A Source) Charge E = W Q

Electromotive Force And Potential Difference: Define P.d. (Potential Difference) As The Work Done By A Unit Charge Passing Through A Component; Recall And Use The Equation P.d. = Work Done (On A Component) Charge V = W Q

Electromotive Force And Potential Difference: Know That E.m.f. And P.d. Are Measured In Volts And That The Volt Is Given By Joule Per Coulomb ( J/c)

Electromotive Force And Potential Difference: Describe The Use Of Voltmeters (Analogue And Digital) With Different Ranges

Electromotive Force And Potential Difference: Calculate The Total E.m.f. Where Several Sources Are Arranged In Series

Electromotive Force And Potential Difference: State That The E.m.f Of Identical Sources Connected In Parallel Is Equal To The E.m.f. Of One Of The Sources

Resistance: Recall And Use The Equation Resistance = P.d. Current R = V I

Resistance: Describe An Experiment To Determine Resistance Using A Voltmeter And An Ammeter And Do The Appropriate Calculations

Resistance: Recall And Use, For A Wire, The Direct Proportionality Between Resistance And Length, And The Inverse Proportionality Between Resistance And Cross-sectional Area

Resistance: State Ohm’s Law, Including Reference To Constant Temperature

Resistance: Sketch And Explain The Current–voltage Graphs For A Resistor Of Constant Resistance, A Filament Lamp And A Diode

Resistance: Describe The Effect Of Temperature Increase On The Resistance Of A Resistor, Such As The Filament In A Filament Lamp

Circuit Diagrams And Circuit Components: Draw And Interpret Circuit Diagrams With Cells, Batteries, Power Supplies, Generators, Oscilloscopes, Potential Dividers, Switches, Resistors (Fixed And Variable), Heaters, Thermistors (Ntc Only), Lightdependent Resistors (Ldrs), Lamps, Motors, Ammeters, Voltmeters, Magnetising Coils, Transformers, Fuses, Relays, Diodes And Light-emitting Diodes (Leds), And Know How These Components Behave In The Circuit

Series And Parallel Circuits: Recall And Use In Calculations

Series And Parallel Circuits: Calculate The Combined Resistance Of Two Or More Resistors In Series

Series And Parallel Circuits: Calculate The Combined Resistance Of Two Resistors In Parallel

Series And Parallel Circuits: Calculate Current, Voltage And Resistance In Parts Of A Circuit Or In The Whole Circuit

Action And Use Of Circuit Components: Describe The Action Of Negative Temperature Coefficient (Ntc) Thermistors And Light-dependent Resistors And Explain Their Use As Input Sensors

Action And Use Of Circuit Components: Describe The Action Of A Variable Potential Divider

Action And Use Of Circuit Components: Recall And Use The Equation For Two Resistors Used As A Potential Divider R1 R2 = V1 V2

Uses Of Electricity: State Common Uses Of Electricity, Including Heating, Lighting, Battery Charging And Powering Motors And Electronic Systems

Uses Of Electricity: State The Advantages Of Connecting Lamps In Parallel In A Lighting Circuit

Uses Of Electricity: Recall And Use The Equation Power = Current × Voltage P = Iv

Uses Of Electricity: Recall And Use The Equation Energy = Current × Voltage × Time E = Ivt

Uses Of Electricity: Define The Kilowatt-hour (Kwh) And Calculate The Cost Of Using Electrical Appliances Where The Energy Unit Is The Kwh

Electrical Safety: State The Hazards

Electrical Safety: Explain The Use And Operation Of Trip Switches And Fuses And Choose Appropriate Fuse Ratings And Trip Switch Settings

Electrical Safety: Explain What Happens When A Live Wire Touches A Metal Case That Is Earthed

Electrical Safety: Explain Why The Outer Casing Of An Electrical Appliance Must Be Either Non-conducting (Doubleinsulated) Or Earthed

Electrical Safety: Know That A Mains Circuit Consists Of A Live Wire (Line Wire), A Neutral Wire And An Earth Wire And Explain Why A Switch Must Be Connected Into The Live Wire For The Circuit To Be Switched Off Safely

Electrical Safety: Explain Why Fuses And Circuit Breakers Are Connected Into The Live Wire

Electromagnetic Induction: Describe An Experiment To Demonstrate Electromagnetic Induction

Electromagnetic Induction: State That The Magnitude Of An Induced E.m.f. Is Affected

Electromagnetic Induction: State And Use The Fact That The Effect Of The Current Produced By An Induced E.m.f. Is To Oppose The Change Producing It (Lenz’s Law) And Describe How This Law May Be Demonstrated

The A.c. Generator: Describe A Simple Form Of A.c. Generator (Rotating Coil Or Rotating Magnet) And The Use Of Slip Rings And Brushes Where Needed

The A.c. Generator: Sketch And Interpret Graphs Of E.m.f. Against Time For Simple A.c. Generators And Relate The Position Of The Generator Coil To The Peaks, Troughs And Zeros Of The E.m.f.

Magnetic Effect Of A Current: Describe The Pattern And Direction Of The Magnetic Field Due To Currents In Straight Wires And In Solenoids And State The Effect On The Magnetic Field Of Changing The Magnitude And Direction Of The Current

Magnetic Effect Of A Current: Describe How The Magnetic Effect Of A Current Is Used In Relays And Loudspeakers And Give Examples Of Their Application

Forces On A Current-carrying Conductor: Describe An Experiment To Show That A Force Acts On A Current-carrying Conductor In A Magnetic Field

Forces On A Current-carrying Conductor: Recall And Use The Relative Directions Of Force, Magnetic Field And Current

Forces On A Current-carrying Conductor: Describe The Magnetic Field Patterns Between Currents In Parallel Conductors And Relate These To The Forces On The Conductors (Excluding The Earth’s Field)

The D.c. Motor: Know That A Current-carrying Coil In A Magnetic Field May Experience A Turning Effect And That The Turning Effect Is Increased

The D.c. Motor: Describe The Operation Of An Electric Motor, Including The Action Of A Split-ring Commutator And Brushes

The Transformer: Describe The Structure And Explain The Principle Of Operation Of A Simple Iron-cored Transformer

The Transformer: Use The Terms Primary, Secondary, Step-up And Step-down

The Transformer: Recall And Use The Equation Vp Vs = Np Ns Where P And S Refer To Primary And Secondary

The Transformer: State The Advantages Of High-voltage Transmission And Explain Why Power Losses In Cables Are Smaller When The Voltage Is Greate

Uses Of An Oscilloscope: Describe The Use Of An Oscilloscope To Display Waveforms (The Structure Of An Oscilloscope Is Not Required)

Uses Of An Oscilloscope: Describe How To Measure P.d. And Short Intervals Of Time With An Oscilloscope Using The Y-gain And Timebase

The Atom: Describe The Structure Of The Atom In Terms Of A Positively Charged Nucleus And Negatively Charged Electrons In Orbit Around The Nucleus

The Atom: Describe How Alpha-particle Scattering Experiments Provide Evidence

The Nucleus: Describe The Composition Of The Nucleus In Terms Of Protons And Neutrons

The Nucleus: Describe How Atoms Form Positive Ions By Losing Electrons Or Negative Ions By Gaining Electrons

The Nucleus: Define The Terms Proton Number (Atomic Number) Z And Nucleon Number (Mass Number) A And Be Able To Calculate The Number Of Neutrons In A Nucleus

The Nucleus: Explain The Term Nuclide And Use The Nuclide Notation A Zx

The Nucleus: Explain What Is Meant By An Isotope And State That An Element May Have More Than One Isotope

Detection Of Radioactivity: Describe The Detection Of Alpha Particles (α-particles) Using A Cloud Chamber Or Spark Counter And The Detection Of Beta Particles (β-particles) (β-particles Will Be Taken To Refer To Β−) And Gamma Radiation (γ-radiation) By Using A Geiger-müller Tube And Counter

Detection Of Radioactivity: Use Count Rate Measured In Counts / S Or Counts /minute

Detection Of Radioactivity: Know What Is Meant By Background Radiation

Detection Of Radioactivity: Know The Sources That Make A Significant Contribution To Background Radiation

Detection Of Radioactivity: Use Measurements Of Background Radiation To Determine A Corrected Count Rate

The Three Types Of Emission: Describe The Emission Of Radiation From A Nucleus As Spontaneous And Random In Direction

The Three Types Of Emission: Describe Α-particles As Two Protons And Two Neutrons (Helium Nuclei), Β-particles As High-speed Electrons From The Nucleus And Γ-radiation As High-frequency Electromagnetic Waves

The Three Types Of Emission: State, For Α-particles, Β-particles And Γ-radiation

The Three Types Of Emission: Describe The Deflection Of Α-particles, Β-particles And Γ-radiation In Electric Fields And Magnetic Fields

Radioactive Decay: Know That Radioactive Decay Is A Change In An Unstable Nucleus That Can Result In The Emission Of Α-particles Or Β-particles And/or Γ-radiation And Know That These Changes Are Spontaneous And Random

Radioactive Decay: Use Decay Equations, Using Nuclide Notation, To Show The Emission Of Α-particles, Β-particles And Γ-radiation

Fission And Fusion: Describe The Process Of Fusion As The Formation Of A Larger Nucleus By Combining Two Smaller Nuclei With The Release Of Energy, And Recognise Fusion As The Energy Source For Stars

Fission And Fusion: Describe The Process Of Fission When A Nucleus, Such As Uranium-235 (U-235), Absorbs A Neutron And Produces Daughter Nuclei And Two Or More Neutrons With The Release Of Energy

Fission And Fusion: Explain How The Neutrons Produced In Fission Create A Chain Reaction And That This Is Controlled In A Nuclear Reactor, Including The Action Of Coolant, Moderators And Control Rods

Half-life: Define The Half-life Of A Particular Isotope As The Time Taken For Half The Nuclei Of That Isotope In Any Sample To Decay; Recall And Use This Definition In Calculations, Which May Involve Information In Tables Or Decay Curves

Half-life: Describe The Dating Of Objects By The Use Of 14c

Half-life: Explain How The Type Of Radiation Emitted And The Half-life Of The Isotope Determine Which Isotope Is Used For Applications

Safety Precautions: State The Effects Of Ionising Nuclear Radiations On Living Things, Including Cell Death, Mutations And Cancer

Safety Precautions: Explain How Radioactive Materials Are Moved, Used And Stored In A Safe Way

The Earth

The Earth: Define Average Orbital Speed From The Equation V = 2π R T Where R Is The Average Radius Of The Orbit And T Is The Orbital Period; Recall And Use This Equation

The Solar System: Describe The Solar System

The Solar System: Analyse And Interpret Planetary Data About Orbital Distance, Orbital Period, Density, Surface Temperature And Uniform Gravitational Field Strength At The Planet’s Surface

The Solar System: Know That The Strength Of The Gravitational Field

The Solar System: Know That The Sun Contains Most Of The Mass Of The Solar System And That The Strength Of The Gravitational Field At The Surface Of The Sun Is Greater Than The Strength Of The Gravitational Field At The Surface Of The Planets

The Solar System: Know That The Force That Keeps An Object In Orbit Around The Sun Is The Gravitational Attraction Of The Sun

The Solar System: Know That The Strength Of The Sun’s Gravitational Field Decreases And That The Orbital Speeds Of The Planets Decrease As The Distance From The Sun Increases

The Sun As A Star: Know That The Sun Is A Star Of Medium Size, Consisting Mostly Of Hydrogen And Helium, And That It Radiates Most Of Its Energy In The Infrared, Visible And Ultraviolet Regions Of The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The Sun As A Star: Know That Stars Are Powered By Nuclear Reactions That Release Energy And That In Stable Stars The Nuclear Reactions Involve The Fusion Of Hydrogen Into Helium

Stars

Stars: Describe The Life Cycle of A Star

The Universe: Know That The Milky Way Is One Of Many Billions Of Galaxies Making Up The Universe And That The Diameter Of The Milky Way Is Approximately 100000 Light-years

The Universe: Describe Redshift As An Increase In The Observed Wavelength Of Electromagnetic Radiation Emitted From Receding Stars And Galaxies

The Universe: Know That The Light From Distant Galaxies Shows Redshift And That The Further Away The Galaxy, The Greater The Observed Redshift And The Faster The Galaxy’s Speed Away From The Earth

The Universe: Describe, Qualitatively, How Redshift Provides Evidence For The Big Bang Theory

Physical Quantities And Measurement Techniques

Motion

Mass And Weight

Density

Forces

Momentum

Energy, Work And Power

Pressure

Kinetic Particle Model of Nature

Thermal Properties And Temperature

Transfer of Thermal Energy

General Properties of Waves

Light

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Sound

Simple Magnetism And Magnetic Fields

Electrical Quantities

Electrical Circuits

Practical Electricity

Electromagnetic Effects

Uses of Oscilloscope

The Nuclear Model of Atom

Radioactivity

Earth And The Solar System

Stars And The Universe

Physical Quantities And Measurement Techniques

Motion

Mass And Weight

Density

Force

Momentum

Energy, Work And Power

Pressure

Kinetic Particle Model of Matter

Thermal Properties And Temperature

Transfer of Thermal Energy

General Properties of Waves

Light

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Sound

Simple Magnetism And Magnetic Fields

Electrical Quantities

Electrical Circuits

Practical Electricity

Electromagnetic Effects

Uses of Oscilloscope

The Nuclear Model of Atom

Radioactivity

Earth And The Solar System

Stars And The Universe

Physical Quantities And Measurement Techniques: Describe How To Measure A Variety Of Lengths With Appropriate Precision Using Tapes, Rulers And Micrometers (Including Reading The Scale On An Analogue Micrometer)

Physical Quantities And Measurement Techniques: Describe How To Use A Measuring Cylinder To Measure The Volume Of A Liquid And To Determine The Volume Of A Solid By Displacement

Physical Quantities And Measurement Techniques: Describe How To Measure A Variety Of Time Intervals Using Clocks And Digital Timers

Physical Quantities And Measurement Techniques: Determine An Average Value For A Small Distance And For A Short Interval Of Time By Measuring Multiples (Including The Period Of Oscillation Of A Pendulum)

Physical Quantities And Measurement Techniques: Understand That A Scalar Quantity Has Magnitude (Size) Only And That A Vector Quantity Has Magnitude And Direction

Physical Quantities And Measurement Techniques: Know That The Following Quantities Are Scalars: Distance, Speed, Time, Mass, Energy And Temperature

Physical Quantities And Measurement Techniques: Know That The Following Quantities Are Vectors: Displacement, Force, Weight, Velocity, Acceleration, Momentum, Electric Field Strength And Gravitational Field Strength

Physical Quantities And Measurement Techniques: Determine, By Calculation Or Graphically, The Resultant Of Two Vectors At Right Angles

Motion: Define Speed As Distance Travelled Per Unit Time And Define Velocity As Change In Displacement Per Unit Time

Motion: Recall And Use The Equation Speed = Distance Time V = S T

Motion: Recall And Use The Equation Average Speed = Total Distance Travelled Total Time Taken

Motion: Define Acceleration As Change In Velocity Per Unit Time; Recall And Use The Equation Acceleration = Change In Velocity Time Taken A = ∆v ∆t

Motion: State What Is Meant By, And Describe Examples Of, Uniform Acceleration And Non-uniform Acceleration

Motion: Know That A Deceleration Is A Negative Acceleration And Use This In Calculations

Motion: Sketch, Plot And Interpret Distance–time And Speed–time Graphs

Motion: Determine From The Shape Of A Distance–time Graph When An Object Is: (A) At Rest (B) Moving With Constant Speed (C) Accelerating (D) Decelerating

Motion: Determine From The Shape Of A Speed–time Graph When An Object Is: (A) At Rest (B) Moving With Constant Speed (C) Moving With Constant Acceleration (D) Moving With Changing Acceleration 10 State That The Acceleration Of Free Fall G For An Object Near To The Surface Of The Earth Is Approximately Constant And Is Approximately 9.8m/ S2

Motion: State that the acceleration of free fall g for an object near to the surface of the Earth is approximately constant and is approximately 9.8m/ s2

Motion: Calculate Speed From The Gradient Of A Distance–time Graph

Motion: Calculate The Area Under A Speed–time Graph To Determine The Distance Travelled For Motion With Constant Speed Or Constant Acceleration

Motion: Calculate Acceleration From The Gradient Of A Speed–time Graph

Mass And Weight: State That Mass Is A Measure Of The Quantity Of Matter In An Object At Rest Relative To The Observer

Mass And Weight: State That The Mass Of An Object Resists Change From Its State Of Rest Or Motion (Inertia)

Mass And Weight: Know That Weights, And Therefore Masses, May Be Compared Using A Beam Balance Or Equal-arm Balance

Mass And Weight: Describe How To Determine Mass Using An Electronic Balance

Mass And Weight: Describe How To Measure Weight Using A Force Meter

Mass And Weight: Define Gravitational Field Strength As Force Per Unit Mass; Recall And Use The Equation Gravitational Field Strength = Weight Mass G = W M And Know That This Is Equivalent To The Acceleration Of Free Fall

Mass And Weight: State That A Gravitational Field Is A Region In Which A Mass Experiences A Force Due To Gravitational Attraction

Density: Define Density As Mass Per Unit Volume; Recall And Use The Equation Density = Mass Volume Ρ = M V

Density: Describe How To Determine The Density Of A Liquid, Of A Regularly Shaped Solid And Of An Irregularly Shaped Solid Which Sinks In A Liquid (Volume By Displacement), Including Appropriate Calculations

Balanced And Unbalanced Forces: Identify And Use Different Types Of Force, Including Weight (Gravitational Force), Friction, Drag, Air Resistance, Tension (Elastic Force), Electrostatic Force, Magnetic Force, Thrust (Driving Force) And Contact Force

Balanced And Unbalanced Forces: Identify Forces Acting On An Object And Draw Free-body Diagram(S) Representing The Forces

Balanced And Unbalanced Forces: State Newton’s First Law As ‘an Object Either Remains At Rest Or Continues To Move In A Straight Line At Constant Speed Unless Acted On By A Resultant Force’

Balanced And Unbalanced Forces: State That A Force May Change The Velocity Of An Object By Changing Its Direction Of Motion Or Its Speed

Balanced And Unbalanced Forces: Determine The Resultant Of Two Or More Forces Acting Along The Same Straight Line

Balanced And Unbalanced Forces: Recall And Use The Equation Resultant Force = Mass × Acceleration F = Ma

Balanced And Unbalanced Forces: State Newton’s Third Law As ‘when Object A Exerts A Force On Object B, Then Object B Exerts An Equal And Opposite Force On Object A’

Balanced And Unbalanced Forces: Know That Newton’s Third Law Describes Pairs Of Forces Of The Same Type Acting On Different Objects

Friction: Describe Friction As A Force That May Impede Motion And Produce Heating

Friction: Understand The Motion Of Objects Acted On By A Constant Weight Or Driving Force, With And Without Drag (Including Air Resistance Or Resistance In A Liquid)

Friction: Explain How An Object Reaches Terminal Velocity

Friction: Define The Thinking Distance, Braking Distance And Stopping Distance Of A Moving Vehicle

Friction: Explain The Factors That Affect Thinking And Braking Distance Including Speed, Tiredness, Alcohol, Drugs, Load, Tyre Surface And Road Conditions

Elastic Deformation: Know That Forces May Produce A Change In Size And Shape Of An Object

Elastic Deformation: Define The Spring Constant As Force Per Unit Extension; Recall And Use The Equation Spring Constant = Force Extension K = F X

Elastic Deformation: Sketch, Plot And Interpret Load–extension Graphs For An Elastic Solid And Describe The Associated Experimental Procedures

Elastic Deformation: Define And Use The Term ‘limit Of Proportionality’ For A Load–extension Graph And Identify This Point On The Graph (An Understanding Of The Elastic Limit Is Not Required)

Circular Motion: Describe, Qualitatively, Motion In A Circular Path Due To A Force Perpendicular To The Motion

Turning Effect Of Forces: Describe The Moment Of A Force As A Measure Of Its Turning Effect And Give Everyday Examples

Turning Effect Of Forces: Define The Moment Of A Force As Moment = Force × Perpendicular Distance From The Pivot; Recall And Use This Equation

Turning Effect Of Forces: State And Use The Principle Of Moments For An Object In Equilibrium

Turning Effect Of Forces: Describe An Experiment To Verify The Principle Of Moments

Centre Of Gravity: State What Is Meant By Centre Of Gravity

Centre Of Gravity: Describe How To Determine The Position Of The Centre Of Gravity Of A Plane Lamina Using A Plumb Line

Centre Of Gravity: Describe, Qualitatively, The Effect Of The Position Of The Centre Of Gravity On The Stability Of Simple Objects

Momentum: Define Momentum As Mass × Velocity; Recall And Use The Equation P = Mv

Momentum: Define Impulse As Force × Time For Which Force Acts; Recall And Use The Equation Impulse = Fδt = Δ(Mv)

Momentum: Apply The Principle Of The Conservation Of Momentum To Solve Simple Problems In One Dimension

Momentum: Define Resultant Force As The Change In Momentum Per Unit Time; Recall And Use The Equation Resultant Force = Change In Momentum Time Taken F = ∆p

Energy: State That Energy May Be Stored As Kinetic, Gravitational Potential, Chemical, Elastic (Strain), Nuclear, Electrostatic And Internal (Thermal)

Energy: Describe How Energy Is Transferred Between Stores During Events And Processes, Including Examples Of Transfer By Forces (Mechanical Work Done), Electrical Currents (Electrical Work Done), Heating, And By Electromagnetic, Sound And Other Waves

Energy: Know The Principle Of The Conservation Of Energy And Apply This Principle To The Transfer Of Energy Between Stores During Events And Processes

Energy: Recall And Use The Equation For Kinetic Energy Ek = 1 2 Mv2

Energy: Recall And Use The Equation For The Change In Gravitational Potential Energy Δep = Mgδh

Work: Recall And Use The Equation Work Done = Force × Distance Moved In The Direction Of The Force W = Fd

Energy Resources: List Renewable And Non-renewable Energy Sources

Energy Resources: Describe How Useful Energy May Be Obtained, Or Electrical Power Generated

Energy Resources: Describe Advantages And Disadvantages Of Each Method Limited To Whether It Is Renewable, When And Whether It Is Available, And Its Impact On The Environment

Efficiency: Define Efficience

Power: Define Power As Work Done Per Unit Time And Also As Energy Transferred Per Unit Time; Recall And Use The Equations

Pressure: Define Pressure As Force Per Unit Area; Recall And Use The Equation Pressure = Force Area P = F A

Pressure: Describe How Pressure Varies With Force And Area In The Context Of Everyday Examples

Pressure: State That The Pressure At A Surface Produces A Force In A Direction At Right Angles To The Surface And Describe An Experiment To Show This

Pressure: Describe How The Height Of A Liquid Column In A Liquid Barometer May Be Used To Determine The Atmospheric Pressure

Pressure: Describe, Quantitatively, How The Pressure Beneath The Surface Of A Liquid Changes With Depth And Density Of The Liquid

Pressure: Recall And Use The Equation For The Change In Pressure Beneath The Surface Of A Liquid Change In Pressure = Density × Gravitational Field Strength × Change In Height ∆p = Ρg∆h

States Of Matter: Know The Distinguishing Properties Of Solids, Liquids And Gases

States Of Matter: Know The Terms For The Changes In State Between Solids, Liquids And Gases (Gas To Solid And Solid To Gas Transfers Are Not Required)

Particle Model: Describe, Qualitatively, The Particle Structure Of Solids, Liquids And Gases, Relating Their Properties To The Forces And Distances Between Particles And To The Motion Of The Particles (Atoms, Molecules, Ions And Electrons)

Particle Model: Describe The Relationship Between The Motion Of Particles And Temperature, Including The Idea That There Is A Lowest Possible Temperature (−273°c), Known As Absolute Zero, Where The Particles Have Least Kinetic Energy

Particle Model: Describe The Pressure And The Changes In Pressure Of A Gas In Terms Of The Forces Exerted By Particles Colliding With Surfaces, Creating A Force Per Unit Area

Particle Model: Explain Qualitatively, In Terms Of Particles

Particle Model: Recall And Use The Equation P1 V1 = P2v2, Including A Graphical Representation Of The Relationship Between Pressure And Volume For A Gas At Constant Temperature

Thermal Expansion Of Solids, Liquids And Gases: Explain Applications And Consequences Of Thermal Expansion In The Context Of Common Examples, Including The Liquid-in-glass Thermometer

Thermal Expansion Of Solids, Liquids And Gases: Explain, In Terms Of The Motion And Arrangement Of Particles, The Thermal Expansion Of Solids, Liquids And Gases, And State The Relative Order Of Magnitudes Of The Expansion Of Solids, Liquids And Gases

Thermal Expansion Of Solids, Liquids And Gases: Convert Temperatures Between Kelvin And Degrees Celsius; Recall And Use The Equation T (In K) = Θ (In °c) + 27

Specific Heat Capacity: Know That An Increase In The Temperature Of An Object Increases Its Internal Energy

Specific Heat Capacity: Describe An Increase In Temperature Of An Object In Terms Of An Increase In The Average Kinetic Energies Of All Of The Particles In The Object

Specific Heat Capacity: Define Specific Heat Capacity As The Energy Required Per Unit Mass Per Unit Temperature Increase; Recall And Use The Equation Specific Heat Capacity = Change In Energy Mass × Change In Temperature C = ∆e M∆θ

Specific Heat Capacity: Describe Experiments To Measure The Specific Heat Capacity Of A Solid And Of A Liquid

Melting, Boiling And Evaporation: Describe Melting, Solidification, Boiling And Condensation In Terms Of Energy Transfer Without A Change In Temperature

Melting, Boiling And Evaporation: Know The Melting And Boiling Temperatures For Water At Standard Atmospheric Pressure

Melting, Boiling And Evaporation: Describe The Differences Between Boiling And Evaporation

Melting, Boiling And Evaporation: Describe Evaporation In Terms Of The Escape Of More Energetic Particles From The Surface Of A Liquid

Melting, Boiling And Evaporation: Describe How Temperature, Surface Area And Air Movement Over A Surface Affect Evaporation

Melting, Boiling And Evaporation: Explain How Evaporation Causes Cooling

Melting, Boiling And Evaporation: Describe Latent Heat As The Energy Required To Change The State Of A Substance And Explain It In Terms Of Particle Behaviour And The Forces Between Particles

Conduction: Describe Experiments To Distinguish Between Good And Bad Thermal Conductors

Conduction: Describe Thermal Conduction In All Solids In Terms Of Atomic Or Molecular Lattice Vibrations And Also In Terms Of The Movement Of Free (Delocalised) Electrons In Metallic Conductors

Convection: Explain Convection In Liquids And Gases In Terms Of Density Changes And Describe Experiments To Illustrate Convection

Radiation: Describe The Process Of Thermal Energy Transfer By Infrared Radiation And Know That It Does Not Require A Medium

Radiation: Describe The Effect Of Surface Colour (Black Or White) And Texture (Dull Or Shiny) On The Emission, Absorption And Reflection Of Infrared Radiation

Radiation: Describe How The Rate Of Emission Of Radiation Depends On The Surface Temperature And Surface Area Of An Object

Radiation: Describe Experiments To Distinguish Between Good And Bad Emitters Of Infrared Radiation

Radiation: Describe Experiments To Distinguish Between Good And Bad Absorbers Of Infrared Radiation

Consequences Of Thermal Energy Transfer: Explain Everyday Applications Using Ideas About Conduction, Convection And Radiation

General Properties Of Waves: Know That Waves Transfer Energy Without Transferring Matter

General Properties Of Waves: Describe What Is Meant By Wave Motion As Illustrated By Vibrations In Ropes And Springs And By Experiments Using Water Waves

General Properties Of Waves: Describe The Features Of A Wave In Terms Of Wavefront, Wavelength, Frequency, Crest (Peak), Trough, Amplitude And Wave Speed

General Properties Of Waves: Define The Terms

General Properties Of Waves: Recall And Use The Equation Wave Speed = Frequency × Wavelength V = F Λ

General Properties Of Waves: Know That For A Transverse Wave, The Direction Of Vibration Is At Right Angles To The Direction Of The Energy Transfer, And Give Examples Such As Electromagnetic Radiation, Waves On The Surface Of Water, And Seismic S-waves (Secondary)

General Properties Of Waves: Know That For A Longitudinal Wave, The Direction Of Vibration Is Parallel To The Direction Of The Energy Transfer, And Give Examples Such As Sound Waves And Seismic P-waves (Primary)

General Properties Of Waves: Describe How Waves Can Undergo

General Properties Of Waves: Describe How Wavelength And Gap Size Affects Diffraction Through A Gap

General Properties Of Waves: Describe The Use Of A Ripple Tank

General Properties Of Waves: Describe The Use Of A Ripple Tank

General Properties Of Waves: Describe How Wavelength Affects Diffraction At An Edge

Reflection Of Light: Define And Use The Terms Normal, Angle Of Incidence And Angle Of Reflection

Reflection Of Light: Describe An Experiment To Illustrate The Law Of Reflection

Reflection Of Light: Describe An Experiment To Find The Position And Characteristics Of An Optical Image Formed By A Plane Mirror (Same Size, Same Distance From Mirror As Object And Virtual)

Reflection Of Light: State That For Reflection, The Angle Of Incidence Is Equal To The Angle Of Reflection And Use This In Constructions, Measurements And Calculations

Refraction Of Light: Define And Use The Terms Normal, Angle Of Incidence And Angle Of Refraction

Refraction Of Light: Define Refractive Index N As N = Sin I Sin R ; Recall And Use This Equation

Refraction Of Light: Describe An Experiment To Show Refraction Of Light By Transparent Blocks Of Different Shapes

Refraction Of Light: Define The Terms Critical Angle And Total Internal Reflection; Recall And Use The Equation N = 1 Sin C

Refraction Of Light: Describe Experiments To Show Internal Reflection And Total Internal Reflection

Refraction Of Light: Describe The Use Of Optical Fibres, Particularly In Telecommunications, Stating The Advantages Of Their Use In Each Context

Thin Lenses: Describe The Action Of Thin Converging And Thin Diverging Lenses On A Parallel Beam Of Light

Thin Lenses: Define And Use The Terms Focal Length, Principal Axis And Principal Focus (Focal Point)

Thin Lenses: Draw Ray Diagrams To Illustrate The Formation Of Real And Virtual Images Of An Object By A Converging Lens And Know That A Real Image Is Formed By Converging Rays And A Virtual Image Is Formed By Diverging Rays

Thin Lenses: Define Linear Magnification As The Ratio Of Image Length To Object Length; Recall And Use The Equation Linear Magnification = Image Length Object Length

Thin Lenses: Describe The Use Of A Single Lens As A Magnifying Glass

Thin Lenses: Draw Ray Diagrams To Show The Formation Of Images In The Normal Eye, A Short-sighted Eye And A Long-sighted Eye

Thin Lenses: Describe The Use Of Converging And Diverging Lenses To Correct Long-sightedness And Short-sightedness

Dispersion Of Light: Describe The Dispersion Of Light As Illustrated By The Refraction Of White Light By A Glass Prism

Dispersion Of Light: Know The Traditional Seven Colours Of The Visible Spectrum In Order Of Frequency And In Order Of Wavelength

Electromagnetic Spectrum: Know The Main Regions Of The Electromagnetic Spectrum In Order Of Frequency And In Order Of Wavelength

Electromagnetic Spectrum: Know That The Speed Of All Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic Spectrum: Describe The Role Of The Following Components In The Stated Applications

Electromagnetic Spectrum: Describe The Damage Caused By Electromagnetic Radiation

Sound: Describe The Production Of Sound By Vibrating Sources

Sound: Describe The Longitudinal Nature Of Sound Waves And Describe Compressions And Rarefactions

Sound: State The Approximate Range Of Frequencies Audible To Humans As 20hz To 20000hz

Sound: Explain Why Sound Waves Cannot Travel In A Vacuum And Describe An Experiment To Demonstrate This

Sound: Describe How Changes In Amplitude And Frequency Affect The Loudness And Pitch Of Sound Waves

Sound: Describe How Different Sound Sources Produce Sound Waves With Different Qualities (Timbres), As Shown By The Shape Of The Traces On An Oscilloscope

Sound: Describe An Echo As The Reflection Of Sound Waves

Sound: Describe Simple Experiments To Show The Reflection Of Sound Waves

Sound: Describe A Method Involving A Measurement Of Distance And Time For Determining The Speed Of Sound In Air

Sound: Know That The Speed Of Sound In Air Is Approximately 330–350m/ S

Sound: Know That, In General, Sound Travels Faster In Solids Than In Liquids And Faster In Liquids Than In Gases

Sound: Define Ultrasound As Sound With A Frequency Higher Than 20khz

Sound: Describe The Uses Of Ultrasound In Cleaning, Prenatal And Other Medical Scanning, And In Sonar

Simple Magnetism And Magnetic Fields: Describe The Forces Between Magnetic Poles And Between Magnets And Magnetic Materials, Including The Use Of The Terms North Pole (N Pole), South Pole (S Pole), Attraction And Repulsion, Magnetised And Unmagnetised

Simple Magnetism And Magnetic Fields: Describe Induced Magnetism

Simple Magnetism And Magnetic Fields: State The Difference Between Magnetic And Non-magnetic Materials

Simple Magnetism And Magnetic Fields: State The Differences Between The Properties Of Temporary Magnets (Made Of Soft Iron) And The Properties Of Permanent Magnets (Made Of Steel)

Simple Magnetism And Magnetic Fields: Describe A Magnetic Field As A Region In Which A Magnetic Pole Experiences A Force

Simple Magnetism And Magnetic Fields: Describe The Plotting Of Magnetic Field Lines With A Compass Or Iron Filings And The Use Of A Compass To Determine The Direction Of The Magnetic Field

Simple Magnetism And Magnetic Fields: Draw The Pattern And Direction Of The Magnetic Field Lines Around A Bar Magnet

Simple Magnetism And Magnetic Fields: State That The Direction Of The Magnetic Field At A Point Is The Direction Of The Force On The N Pole Of A Magnet At That Point

Simple Magnetism And Magnetic Fields: Know That The Relative Strength Of A Magnetic Field Is Represented By The Spacing Of The Magnetic Field Lines

Simple Magnetism And Magnetic Fields: Describe Uses Of Permanent Magnets And Electromagnets

Electrical Charge: State That There Are Positive And Negative Charges And That Charge Is Measured In Coulombs

Electrical Charge: State That Unlike Charges Attract And Like Charges Repel

Electrical Charge: Describe Experiments To Show Electrostatic Charging By Friction

Electrical Charge: Explain That Charging Of Solids By Friction Involves Only A Transfer Of Negative Charge (Electrons)

Electrical Charge: Describe An Electric Field As A Region In Which An Electric Charge Experiences A Force

Electrical Charge: State That The Direction Of An Electric Field Line At A Point Is The Direction Of The Force On A Positive Charge At That Point

Electrical Charge: Describe Simple Electric Field Patterns, Including The Direction Of The Field

Electrical Charge: State Examples Of Electrical Conductors And Insulators

Electrical Charge: Describe An Experiment To Distinguish Between Electrical Conductors And Insulators

Electrical Charge: Recall And Use A Simple Electron Model To Explain The Difference Between Electrical Conductors And Insulators

Electrical Current: Define Electric Current As The Charge Passing A Point Per Unit Time; Recall And Use The Equation Electric Current = Charge Time I = Q T

Electrical Current: Describe Electrical Conduction In Metals In Terms Of The Movement Of Free Electrons

Electrical Current: Know That Current Is Measured In Amps (Amperes) And That The Amp Is Given By Coulomb Per Second (C/ S)

Electrical Current: Know The Difference Between Direct Current (D.c.) And Alternating Current (A.c.)

Electrical Current: State That Conventional Current Is From Positive To Negative And That The Flow Of Free Electrons Is From Negative To Positive

Electrical Current: Describe The Use Of Ammeters (Analogue And Digital) With Different Ranges

Electromotive Force And Potential Difference: Define E.m.f. (Electromotive Force) As The Electrical Work Done By A Source In Moving A Unit Charge Around A Complete Circuit; Recall And Use The Equation E.m.f. = Work Done (By A Source) Charge E = W Q

Electromotive Force And Potential Difference: Define P.d. (Potential Difference) As The Work Done By A Unit Charge Passing Through A Component; Recall And Use The Equation P.d. = Work Done (On A Component) Charge V = W Q

Electromotive Force And Potential Difference: Know That E.m.f. And P.d. Are Measured In Volts And That The Volt Is Given By Joule Per Coulomb ( J/c)

Electromotive Force And Potential Difference: Describe The Use Of Voltmeters (Analogue And Digital) With Different Ranges

Electromotive Force And Potential Difference: Calculate The Total E.m.f. Where Several Sources Are Arranged In Series

Electromotive Force And Potential Difference: State That The E.m.f Of Identical Sources Connected In Parallel Is Equal To The E.m.f. Of One Of The Sources

Resistance: Recall And Use The Equation Resistance = P.d. Current R = V I

Resistance: Describe An Experiment To Determine Resistance Using A Voltmeter And An Ammeter And Do The Appropriate Calculations

Resistance: Recall And Use, For A Wire, The Direct Proportionality Between Resistance And Length, And The Inverse Proportionality Between Resistance And Cross-sectional Area

Resistance: State Ohm’s Law, Including Reference To Constant Temperature

Resistance: Sketch And Explain The Current–voltage Graphs For A Resistor Of Constant Resistance, A Filament Lamp And A Diode

Resistance: Describe The Effect Of Temperature Increase On The Resistance Of A Resistor, Such As The Filament In A Filament Lamp

Circuit Diagrams And Circuit Components: Draw And Interpret Circuit Diagrams With Cells, Batteries, Power Supplies, Generators, Oscilloscopes, Potential Dividers, Switches, Resistors (Fixed And Variable), Heaters, Thermistors (Ntc Only), Lightdependent Resistors (Ldrs), Lamps, Motors, Ammeters, Voltmeters, Magnetising Coils, Transformers, Fuses, Relays, Diodes And Light-emitting Diodes (Leds), And Know How These Components Behave In The Circuit

Series And Parallel Circuits: Recall And Use In Calculations

Series And Parallel Circuits: Calculate The Combined Resistance Of Two Or More Resistors In Series

Series And Parallel Circuits: Calculate The Combined Resistance Of Two Resistors In Parallel

Series And Parallel Circuits: Calculate Current, Voltage And Resistance In Parts Of A Circuit Or In The Whole Circuit

Action And Use Of Circuit Components: Describe The Action Of Negative Temperature Coefficient (Ntc) Thermistors And Light-dependent Resistors And Explain Their Use As Input Sensors

Action And Use Of Circuit Components: Describe The Action Of A Variable Potential Divider

Action And Use Of Circuit Components: Recall And Use The Equation For Two Resistors Used As A Potential Divider R1 R2 = V1 V2

Uses Of Electricity: State Common Uses Of Electricity, Including Heating, Lighting, Battery Charging And Powering Motors And Electronic Systems

Uses Of Electricity: State The Advantages Of Connecting Lamps In Parallel In A Lighting Circuit

Uses Of Electricity: Recall And Use The Equation Power = Current × Voltage P = Iv

Uses Of Electricity: Recall And Use The Equation Energy = Current × Voltage × Time E = Ivt

Uses Of Electricity: Define The Kilowatt-hour (Kwh) And Calculate The Cost Of Using Electrical Appliances Where The Energy Unit Is The Kwh

Electrical Safety: State The Hazards

Electrical Safety: Explain The Use And Operation Of Trip Switches And Fuses And Choose Appropriate Fuse Ratings And Trip Switch Settings

Electrical Safety: Explain What Happens When A Live Wire Touches A Metal Case That Is Earthed

Electrical Safety: Explain Why The Outer Casing Of An Electrical Appliance Must Be Either Non-conducting (Doubleinsulated) Or Earthed

Electrical Safety: Know That A Mains Circuit Consists Of A Live Wire (Line Wire), A Neutral Wire And An Earth Wire And Explain Why A Switch Must Be Connected Into The Live Wire For The Circuit To Be Switched Off Safely

Electrical Safety: Explain Why Fuses And Circuit Breakers Are Connected Into The Live Wire

Electromagnetic Induction: Describe An Experiment To Demonstrate Electromagnetic Induction

Electromagnetic Induction: State That The Magnitude Of An Induced E.m.f. Is Affected

Electromagnetic Induction: State And Use The Fact That The Effect Of The Current Produced By An Induced E.m.f. Is To Oppose The Change Producing It (Lenz’s Law) And Describe How This Law May Be Demonstrated

The A.c. Generator: Describe A Simple Form Of A.c. Generator (Rotating Coil Or Rotating Magnet) And The Use Of Slip Rings And Brushes Where Needed

The A.c. Generator: Sketch And Interpret Graphs Of E.m.f. Against Time For Simple A.c. Generators And Relate The Position Of The Generator Coil To The Peaks, Troughs And Zeros Of The E.m.f.

Magnetic Effect Of A Current: Describe The Pattern And Direction Of The Magnetic Field Due To Currents In Straight Wires And In Solenoids And State The Effect On The Magnetic Field Of Changing The Magnitude And Direction Of The Current

Magnetic Effect Of A Current: Describe How The Magnetic Effect Of A Current Is Used In Relays And Loudspeakers And Give Examples Of Their Application

Forces On A Current-carrying Conductor: Describe An Experiment To Show That A Force Acts On A Current-carrying Conductor In A Magnetic Field

Forces On A Current-carrying Conductor: Recall And Use The Relative Directions Of Force, Magnetic Field And Current

Forces On A Current-carrying Conductor: Describe The Magnetic Field Patterns Between Currents In Parallel Conductors And Relate These To The Forces On The Conductors (Excluding The Earth’s Field)

The D.c. Motor: Know That A Current-carrying Coil In A Magnetic Field May Experience A Turning Effect And That The Turning Effect Is Increased

The D.c. Motor: Describe The Operation Of An Electric Motor, Including The Action Of A Split-ring Commutator And Brushes

The Transformer: Describe The Structure And Explain The Principle Of Operation Of A Simple Iron-cored Transformer

The Transformer: Use The Terms Primary, Secondary, Step-up And Step-down

The Transformer: Recall And Use The Equation Vp Vs = Np Ns Where P And S Refer To Primary And Secondary

The Transformer: State The Advantages Of High-voltage Transmission And Explain Why Power Losses In Cables Are Smaller When The Voltage Is Greate

Uses Of An Oscilloscope: Describe The Use Of An Oscilloscope To Display Waveforms (The Structure Of An Oscilloscope Is Not Required)

Uses Of An Oscilloscope: Describe How To Measure P.d. And Short Intervals Of Time With An Oscilloscope Using The Y-gain And Timebase

The Atom: Describe The Structure Of The Atom In Terms Of A Positively Charged Nucleus And Negatively Charged Electrons In Orbit Around The Nucleus

The Atom: Describe How Alpha-particle Scattering Experiments Provide Evidence

The Nucleus: Describe The Composition Of The Nucleus In Terms Of Protons And Neutrons

The Nucleus: Describe How Atoms Form Positive Ions By Losing Electrons Or Negative Ions By Gaining Electrons

The Nucleus: Define The Terms Proton Number (Atomic Number) Z And Nucleon Number (Mass Number) A And Be Able To Calculate The Number Of Neutrons In A Nucleus

The Nucleus: Explain The Term Nuclide And Use The Nuclide Notation A Zx

The Nucleus: Explain What Is Meant By An Isotope And State That An Element May Have More Than One Isotope

Detection Of Radioactivity: Describe The Detection Of Alpha Particles (α-particles) Using A Cloud Chamber Or Spark Counter And The Detection Of Beta Particles (β-particles) (β-particles Will Be Taken To Refer To Β−) And Gamma Radiation (γ-radiation) By Using A Geiger-müller Tube And Counter

Detection Of Radioactivity: Use Count Rate Measured In Counts / S Or Counts /minute

Detection Of Radioactivity: Know What Is Meant By Background Radiation

Detection Of Radioactivity: Know The Sources That Make A Significant Contribution To Background Radiation

Detection Of Radioactivity: Use Measurements Of Background Radiation To Determine A Corrected Count Rate

The Three Types Of Emission: Describe The Emission Of Radiation From A Nucleus As Spontaneous And Random In Direction

The Three Types Of Emission: Describe Α-particles As Two Protons And Two Neutrons (Helium Nuclei), Β-particles As High-speed Electrons From The Nucleus And Γ-radiation As High-frequency Electromagnetic Waves

The Three Types Of Emission: State, For Α-particles, Β-particles And Γ-radiation

The Three Types Of Emission: Describe The Deflection Of Α-particles, Β-particles And Γ-radiation In Electric Fields And Magnetic Fields

Radioactive Decay: Know That Radioactive Decay Is A Change In An Unstable Nucleus That Can Result In The Emission Of Α-particles Or Β-particles And/or Γ-radiation And Know That These Changes Are Spontaneous And Random

Radioactive Decay: Use Decay Equations, Using Nuclide Notation, To Show The Emission Of Α-particles, Β-particles And Γ-radiation

Fission And Fusion: Describe The Process Of Fusion As The Formation Of A Larger Nucleus By Combining Two Smaller Nuclei With The Release Of Energy, And Recognise Fusion As The Energy Source For Stars

Fission And Fusion: Describe The Process Of Fission When A Nucleus, Such As Uranium-235 (U-235), Absorbs A Neutron And Produces Daughter Nuclei And Two Or More Neutrons With The Release Of Energy

Fission And Fusion: Explain How The Neutrons Produced In Fission Create A Chain Reaction And That This Is Controlled In A Nuclear Reactor, Including The Action Of Coolant, Moderators And Control Rods

Half-life: Define The Half-life Of A Particular Isotope As The Time Taken For Half The Nuclei Of That Isotope In Any Sample To Decay; Recall And Use This Definition In Calculations, Which May Involve Information In Tables Or Decay Curves

Half-life: Describe The Dating Of Objects By The Use Of 14c

Half-life: Explain How The Type Of Radiation Emitted And The Half-life Of The Isotope Determine Which Isotope Is Used For Applications

Safety Precautions: State The Effects Of Ionising Nuclear Radiations On Living Things, Including Cell Death, Mutations And Cancer

Safety Precautions: Explain How Radioactive Materials Are Moved, Used And Stored In A Safe Way

The Earth

The Earth: Define Average Orbital Speed From The Equation V = 2π R T Where R Is The Average Radius Of The Orbit And T Is The Orbital Period; Recall And Use This Equation

The Solar System: Describe The Solar System

The Solar System: Analyse And Interpret Planetary Data About Orbital Distance, Orbital Period, Density, Surface Temperature And Uniform Gravitational Field Strength At The Planet’s Surface

The Solar System: Know That The Strength Of The Gravitational Field

The Solar System: Know That The Sun Contains Most Of The Mass Of The Solar System And That The Strength Of The Gravitational Field At The Surface Of The Sun Is Greater Than The Strength Of The Gravitational Field At The Surface Of The Planets

The Solar System: Know That The Force That Keeps An Object In Orbit Around The Sun Is The Gravitational Attraction Of The Sun

The Solar System: Know That The Strength Of The Sun’s Gravitational Field Decreases And That The Orbital Speeds Of The Planets Decrease As The Distance From The Sun Increases

The Sun As A Star: Know That The Sun Is A Star Of Medium Size, Consisting Mostly Of Hydrogen And Helium, And That It Radiates Most Of Its Energy In The Infrared, Visible And Ultraviolet Regions Of The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The Sun As A Star: Know That Stars Are Powered By Nuclear Reactions That Release Energy And That In Stable Stars The Nuclear Reactions Involve The Fusion Of Hydrogen Into Helium

Stars

Stars: Describe The Life Cycle of A Star

The Universe: Know That The Milky Way Is One Of Many Billions Of Galaxies Making Up The Universe And That The Diameter Of The Milky Way Is Approximately 100000 Light-years

The Universe: Describe Redshift As An Increase In The Observed Wavelength Of Electromagnetic Radiation Emitted From Receding Stars And Galaxies

The Universe: Know That The Light From Distant Galaxies Shows Redshift And That The Further Away The Galaxy, The Greater The Observed Redshift And The Faster The Galaxy’s Speed Away From The Earth

The Universe: Describe, Qualitatively, How Redshift Provides Evidence For The Big Bang Theory

Physical Quantities And Measurement Techniques

Motion

Mass And Weight

Density

Force

Momentum

Energy, Work And Power

Pressure

Kinetic Particle Model of Matter

Thermal Properties And Temperature

Transfer of Thermal Energy

General Properties of Waves

Light

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Sound

Simple Magnetism And Magnetic Fields

Electrical Quantities

Electrical Circuits

Practical Electricity

Electromagnetic Effects

Uses of Oscilloscope

The Nuclear Model of Atom

Radioactivity

Earth And The Solar System

Stars And The Universe

Past Paper Session: October/ November 2024 (O) Paper 11

Physical Quantities

Kinematics

Circular Motion, Mass, Weight, Density and Turning Effect of Forces

Pressure and Energy Sources

Transfer of Thermal Energy

Thermal Properties of Matter and Kinetic Model of Matter

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Magnetism and Electromagnetism

Static Electricity

DC Circuits and Practical Electricity

Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

Introductory Electronics

Radioactivity

Waves

Physics Complete First Video

Physics Remaining Chapters

Cheat Sheet

General Rules for ATP Paper

Key Experimental Skills Tested

Common Practical Topics

Speed and Acceleration

Forces and Newton’s Laws

Moments (Turning Effects)

Hooke’s Law

Thermal Experiments

Specific Heat Capacity

Electrical Circuits

Resistors and Resistance

Light

Lenses

Sound

Graphs In ATP Paper

Common Errors To Avoid

Safety Precautions

High-Scoring Exam Tips

Quick Reference Equations