Sample Notes: Motion In A Circle

Sample Notes: Astronomy And Cosmology

Sample Quizzes For Preparation: Motion In A Circle

Sample Quizzes For Preparation: Astronomy And Cosmology

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Motion In A Circle: Kinematics Of Uniform Circular Motion: Define The Radian And Express Angular Displacement In Radians

Motion In A Circle: Kinematics Of Uniform Circular Motion: Understand And Use The Concept Of Angular Speed

Motion In A Circle: Kinematics Of Uniform Circular Motion: Recall And Use Ω = 2π/t And V = Rω

Motion In A Circle: Centripetal Acceleration: Understand That A Force Of Constant Magnitude That Is Always Perpendicular To The Direction Of Motion Causes Centripetal Acceleration

Motion In A Circle: Centripetal Acceleration: Understand That Centripetal Acceleration Causes Circular Motion With A Constant Angular Speed

Motion In A Circle: Centripetal Acceleration: Recall And Use A = Rω2 And A = V2 /r

Motion In A Circle: Centripetal Acceleration: Recall And Use F = Mrω2 And F = Mv2 /r

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Field: Understand That A Gravitational Field Is An Example Of A Field Of Force And Define Gravitational Field As Force Per Unit Mass

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Field: Represent A Gravitational Field By Means Of Field Lines

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Force Between Point Masses: Understand That, For A Point Outside A Uniform Sphere, The Mass Of The Sphere May Be Considered To Be A Point Mass At Its Centre

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Force Between Point Masses: Recall And Use Newton’s Law Of Gravitation F = Gm1m2 /r 2 For The Force Between Two Point Masses

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Force Between Point Masses: Analyse Circular Orbits In Gravitational Fields By Relating The Gravitational Force To The Centripetal Acceleration It Causes

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Force Between Point Masses: Understand That A Satellite In A Geostationary Orbit Remains At The Same Point Above The Earth’s Surface, With An Orbital Period Of 24 Hours, Orbiting From West To East, Directly Above The Equator

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Field Of A Point Mass: Derive, From Newton’s Law Of Gravitation And The Definition Of Gravitational Field, The Equation G = Gm/r 2 For The Gravitational Field Strength Due To A Point Mass

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Field Of A Point Mass: Recall And Use G = Gm/r 2

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Field Of A Point Mass: Understand Why G Is Approximately Constant For Small Changes In Height Near The Earth’s Surface

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Potential: Define Gravitational Potential At A Point As The Work Done Per Unit Mass In Bringing A Small Test Mass From Infinity To The Point

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Potential: Use Φ = –gm/r For The Gravitational Potential In The Field Due To A Point Mass

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Potential: Understand How The Concept Of Gravitational Potential Leads To The Gravitational Potential Energy Of Two Point Masses And Use Ep = –gmm/r

Temperature: Thermal Equilibrium: Understand That (Thermal) Energy Is Transferred From A Region Of Higher Temperature To A Region Of Lower Temperature

Temperature: Thermal Equilibrium: Understand That Regions Of Equal Temperature Are In Thermal Equilibrium

Temperature: Temperature Scales: Understand That A Physical Property That Varies With Temperature May Be Used For The Measurement Of Temperature And State Examples Of Such Properties, Including The Density Of A Liquid, Volume Of A Gas At Constant Pressure, Resistance Of A Metal, E.m.f. Of A Thermocouple

Temperature: Temperature Scales: Understand That The Scale Of Thermodynamic Temperature Does Not Depend On The Property Of Any Particular Substance

Temperature: Temperature Scales: Convert Temperatures Between Kelvin And Degrees Celsius And Recall That T/k = Θ/ °c + 273.15

Temperature: Temperature Scales: Understand That The Lowest Possible Temperature Is Zero Kelvin On The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale And That This Is Known As Absolute Zero

Temperature: Specific Heat Capacity And Specific Latent Heat: Define And Use Specific Heat Capacity

Temperature: Specific Heat Capacity And Specific Latent Heat: Define And Use Specific Latent Heat And Distinguish Between Specific Latent Heat Of Fusion And Specific Latent Heat Of Vaporisation

Ideal Gases: The Mole: Understand That Amount Of Substance Is An Si Base Quantity With The Base Unit Mol

Ideal Gases: The Mole: Use Molar Quantities Where One Mole Of Any Substance Is The Amount Containing A Number Of Particles Of That Substance Equal To The Avogadro Constant Na

Ideal Gases: Equation Of State: Understand That A Gas Obeying Pv ∝ T, Where T Is The Thermodynamic Temperature, Is Known As An Ideal Gas

Ideal Gases: Equation Of State: Recall And Use The Equation Of State For An Ideal Gas Expressed As Pv = Nrt, Where N = Amount Of Substance (Number Of Moles) And As Pv = Nkt, Where N = Number Of Molecules

Ideal Gases: Equation Of State: Recall That The Boltzmann Constant K Is Given By K = R/na

Ideal Gases: Kinetic Theory Of Gases: State The Basic Assumptions Of The Kinetic Theory Of Gases

Ideal Gases: Kinetic Theory Of Gases: Explain How Molecular Movement Causes The Pressure Exerted By A Gas And Derive And Use The Relationship Pv = 3 1 Nm, Where Is The Mean-square Speed (A Simple Model Considering One-dimensional Collisions And Then Extending To Three Dimensions Using 3 1 = Is Sufficient)

Ideal Gases: Kinetic Theory Of Gases: Understand That The Root-mean-square Speed Cr.m.s. Is Given By C 2

Ideal Gases: Kinetic Theory Of Gases: Compare Pv = 3 1 Nm With Pv = Nkt To Deduce That The Average Translational Kinetic Energy Of A Molecule Is 2 3 Kt, And Recall And Use This Expression

Thermodynamics: Internal Energy: Understand That Internal Energy Is Determined By The State Of The System And That It Can Be Expressed As The Sum Of A Random Distribution Of Kinetic And Potential Energies Associated With The Molecules Of A System

Thermodynamics: Internal Energy: Relate A Rise In Temperature Of An Object To An Increase In Its Internal Energy

Thermodynamics: The First Law Of Thermodynamics: Recall And Use W = P∆v For The Work Done When The Volume Of A Gas Changes At Constant Pressure And Understand The Difference Between The Work Done By The Gas And The Work Done On The Gas

Thermodynamics: The First Law Of Thermodynamics: Recall And Use The First Law Of Thermodynamics ∆u = Q + W Expressed In Terms Of The Increase In Internal Energy, The Heating Of The System (Energy Transferred To The System By Heating) And The Work Done On The System

Oscillations: Simple Harmonic Oscillations: Understand And Use The Terms Displacement, Amplitude, Period, Frequency, Angular Frequency And Phase Difference In The Context Of Oscillations, And Express The Period In Terms Of Both Frequency And Angular Frequency

Oscillations: Simple Harmonic Oscillations: Understand That Simple Harmonic Motion Occurs When Acceleration Is Proportional To Displacement From A Fixed Point And In The Opposite Direction

Oscillations: Simple Harmonic Oscillations: Use A = –ω2 X And Recall And Use, As A Solution To This Equation, X = X0 Sin Ωt

Oscillations: Simple Harmonic Oscillations: Use The Equations V = V0 Cos Ωt And V = ±ω ( ) X X 0 2 2 −

Oscillations: Simple Harmonic Oscillations: Analyse And Interpret Graphical Representations Of The Variations Of Displacement, Velocity And Acceleration For Simple Harmonic Motion

Oscillations: Energy In Simple Harmonic Motion: Describe The Interchange Between Kinetic And Potential Energy During Simple Harmonic Motion

Oscillations: Energy In Simple Harmonic Motion: Recall And Use E = 2 1 Mω2 X0 2 For The Total Energy Of A System Undergoing Simple Harmonic Motion

Oscillations: Damped And Forced Oscillations, Resonance: Understand That A Resistive Force Acting On An Oscillating System Causes Damping

Oscillations: Damped And Forced Oscillations, Resonance: Understand And Use The Terms Light, Critical And Heavy Damping And Sketch Displacement–time Graphs Illustrating These Types Of Damping

Oscillations: Damped And Forced Oscillations, Resonance: Understand That Resonance Involves A Maximum Amplitude Of Oscillations And That This Occurs When An Oscillating System Is Forced To Oscillate At Its Natural Frequency

Electric Fields: Electric Fields And Field Lines: Understand That An Electric Field Is An Example Of A Field Of Force And Define Electric Field As Force Per Unit Positive Charge

Electric Fields: Electric Fields And Field Lines: Recall And Use F = Qe For The Force On A Charge In An Electric Field

Electric Fields: Electric Fields And Field Lines: Represent An Electric Field By Means Of Field Lines

Electric Fields: Uniform Electric Fields: Recall And Use E = ∆v/∆d To Calculate The Field Strength Of The Uniform Field Between Charged Parallel Plates

Electric Fields: Uniform Electric Fields: Describe The Effect Of A Uniform Electric Field On The Motion Of Charged Particles

Electric Fields: Electric Force Between Point Charges: Understand That, For A Point Outside A Spherical Conductor, The Charge On The Sphere May Be Considered To Be A Point Charge At Its Centre

Electric Fields: Electric Force Between Point Charges: Recall And Use Coulomb’s Law F = Q1q2 /(4πε0r 2 ) For The Force Between Two Point Charges In Free Space

Electric Fields: Electric Field Of A Point Charge: Recall And Use E = Q/(4πε0r 2 ) For The Electric Field Strength Due To A Point Charge In Free Space

Electric Fields: Electric Potential: Define Electric Potential At A Point As The Work Done Per Unit Positive Charge In Bringing A Small Test Charge From Infinity To The Point

Electric Fields: Electric Potential: Recall And Use The Fact That The Electric Field At A Point Is Equal To The Negative Of Potential Gradient At That Point

Electric Fields: Electric Potential: Use V = Q/(4πε0r) For The Electric Potential In The Field Due To A Point Charge

Electric Fields: Electric Potential: Understand How The Concept Of Electric Potential Leads To The Electric Potential Energy Of Two Point Charges And Use Ep = Qq/(4πε0r)

Capacitance: Capacitors And Capacitance: Define Capacitance, As Applied To Both Isolated Spherical Conductors And To Parallel Plate Capacitors

Capacitance: Capacitors And Capacitance: Recall And Use C = Q/v

Capacitance: Capacitors And Capacitance: v

Capacitance: Capacitors And Capacitance: Use The Capacitance Formulae For Capacitors In Series And In Parallel

Capacitance: Energy Stored In A Capacitor: Determine The Electric Potential Energy Stored In A Capacitor From The Area Under The Potential–charge Graph

Capacitance: Energy Stored In A Capacitor: Recall And Use W = 2 1 Qv = 2 1 Cv2

Capacitance: Discharging A Capacitor: Analyse Graphs Of The Variation With Time Of Potential Difference, Charge And Current For A Capacitor Discharging Through A Resistor

Capacitance: Discharging A Capacitor:Recall And Use Τ = Rc For The Time Constant For A Capacitor Discharging Through A Resistor

Capacitance: Discharging A Capacitor: Use Equations Of The Form X = X0 E–(T/rc) Where X Could Represent Current, Charge Or Potential Difference For A Capacitor Discharging Through A Resistor

Magnetic Fields: Concept Of A Magnetic Field: Understand That A Magnetic Field Is An Example Of A Field Of Force Produced Either By Moving Charges Or By Permanent Magnets

Magnetic Fields: Concept Of A Magnetic Field: Represent A Magnetic Field By Field Lines

Magnetic Fields: Force On A Current-carrying Conductor: Understand That A Force Might Act On A Current-carrying Conductor Placed In A Magnetic Field

Magnetic Fields: Force On A Current-carrying Conductor: Recall And Use The Equation F = Bil Sin Θ, With Directions As Interpreted By Fleming’s Left-hand Rule

Magnetic Fields: Force On A Current-carrying Conductor: Define Magnetic Flux Density As The Force Acting Per Unit Current Per Unit Length On A Wire Placed At Rightangles To The Magnetic Field

Magnetic Fields: Force On A Moving Charge: Determine The Direction Of The Force On A Charge Moving In A Magnetic Field

Magnetic Fields: Force On A Moving Charge: Recall And Use F = Bqv Sin Θ

Magnetic Fields: Force On A Moving Charge: Understand The Origin Of The Hall Voltage And Derive And Use The Expression Vh = Bi /(Ntq), Where T = Thickness

Magnetic Fields: Force On A Moving Charge: Understand The Use Of A Hall Probe To Measure Magnetic Flux Density

Magnetic Fields: Force On A Moving Charge: Describe The Motion Of A Charged Particle Moving In A Uniform Magnetic Field Perpendicular To The Direction Of Motion Of The Particle

Magnetic Fields: Force On A Moving Charge: Explain How Electric And Magnetic Fields Can Be Used In Velocity Selection

Magnetic Fields: Magnetic Fields Due To Currents: Sketch Magnetic Field Patterns Due To The Currents In A Long Straight Wire, A Flat Circular Coil And A Long Solenoid

Magnetic Fields: Magnetic Fields Due To Currents: Understand That The Magnetic Field Due To The Current In A Solenoid Is Increased By A Ferrous Core

Magnetic Fields: Magnetic Fields Due To Currents: Explain The Origin Of The Forces Between Current-carrying Conductors And Determine The Direction Of The Forces

Magnetic Fields: Electromagnetic Induction: Define Magnetic Flux As The Product Of The Magnetic Flux Density And The Cross-sectional Area Perpendicular To The Direction Of The Magnetic Flux Density

Magnetic Fields: Electromagnetic Induction: Recall And Use Φ = Ba

Magnetic Fields: Electromagnetic Induction: Understand And Use The Concept Of Magnetic Flux Linkage

Magnetic Fields: Electromagnetic Induction: Understand And Explain Experiments That Demonstrate: That A Changing Magnetic Flux Can Induce An E.m.f. In A Circuit

Magnetic Fields: Electromagnetic Induction: Understand And Explain Experiments That Demonstrate: That The Induced E.m.f. Is In Such A Direction As To Oppose The Change Producing It

Magnetic Fields: Electromagnetic Induction: Understand And Explain Experiments That Demonstrate: The Factors Affecting The Magnitude Of The Induced E.m.f.

Magnetic Fields: Electromagnetic Induction: Recall And Use Faraday’s And Lenz’s Laws Of Electromagnetic Induction

Alternating Currents: Characteristics Of Alternating Currents: Understand And Use The Terms Period, Frequency And Peak Value As Applied To An Alternating Current Or Voltage

Alternating Currents: Characteristics Of Alternating Currents: Use Equations Of The Form X = X0 Sin Ωt Representing A Sinusoidally Alternating Current Or Voltage

Alternating Currents: Characteristics Of Alternating Currents: Recall And Use The Fact That The Mean Power In A Resistive Load Is Half The Maximum Power For A Sinusoidal Alternating Current

Alternating Currents: Characteristics Of Alternating Currents: Distinguish Between Root-mean-square (R.m.s.) And Peak Values And Recall And Use I R.m.s. = I0 / 2 And Vr.m.s. = V0 / 2 For A Sinusoidal Alternating Current

Alternating Currents: Rectification And Smoothing: Distinguish Graphically Between Half-wave And Full-wave Rectification

Alternating Currents: Rectification And Smoothing: Explain The Use Of A Single Diode For The Half-wave Rectification Of An Alternating Current

Alternating Currents: Rectification And Smoothing: Explain The Use Of Four Diodes (Bridge Rectifier) For The Full-wave Rectification Of An Alternating Current

Alternating Currents: Rectification And Smoothing: Analyse The Effect Of A Single Capacitor In Smoothing, Including The Effect Of The Values Of Capacitance And The Load Resistance

Quantum Physics: Energy And Momentum Of A Photon: Understand That Electromagnetic Radiation Has A Particulate Nature

Quantum Physics: Energy And Momentum Of A Photon: Understand That A Photon Is A Quantum Of Electromagnetic Energy

Quantum Physics: Energy And Momentum Of A Photon: Recall And Use E = Hf

Quantum Physics: Energy And Momentum Of A Photon: Use The Electronvolt (Ev) As A Unit Of Energy

Quantum Physics: Energy And Momentum Of A Photon: Understand That A Photon Has Momentum And That The Momentum Is Given By P = E/c

Quantum Physics: Photoelectric Effect: Understand That Photoelectrons May Be Emitted From A Metal Surface When It Is Illuminated By Electromagnetic Radiation

Quantum Physics: Photoelectric Effect: Understand And Use The Terms Threshold Frequency And Threshold Wavelength

Quantum Physics: Photoelectric Effect: Explain Photoelectric Emission In Terms Of Photon Energy And Work Function Energy

Quantum Physics: Photoelectric Effect: Recall And Use Hf = Φ + 2 1 Mvmax 2

Quantum Physics: Photoelectric Effect: Explain Why The Maximum Kinetic Energy Of Photoelectrons Is Independent Of Intensity, Whereas The Photoelectric Current Is Proportional To Intensity

Quantum Physics: Wave-particle Duality: Understand That The Photoelectric Effect Provides Evidence For A Particulate Nature Of Electromagnetic Radiation While Phenomena Such As Interference And Diffraction Provide Evidence For A Wave Nature

Quantum Physics: Wave-particle Duality: Describe And Interpret Qualitatively The Evidence Provided By Electron Diffraction For The Wave Nature Of Particles

Quantum Physics: Wave-particle Duality: Understand The De Broglie Wavelength As The Wavelength Associated With A Moving Particle

Quantum Physics: Wave-particle Duality: Recall And Use Λ = H/p

Quantum Physics: Energy Levels In Atoms And Line Spectra: Understand That There Are Discrete Electron Energy Levels In Isolated Atoms (E.g. Atomic Hydrogen)

Quantum Physics: Energy Levels In Atoms And Line Spectra: Understand The Appearance And Formation Of Emission And Absorption Line Spectra

Quantum Physics: Energy Levels In Atoms And Line Spectra: Recall And Use Hf = E1 – E2

Nuclear Physics: Mass Defect And Nuclear Binding Energy: Understand The Equivalence Between Energy And Mass As Represented By E = Mc2 And Recall And Use This Equation

Nuclear Physics: Mass Defect And Nuclear Binding Energy: Represent Simple Nuclear Reactions By Nuclear Equations Of The Form 7n He O H 14 2 4 8 17 1 1 + + “

Nuclear Physics: Mass Defect And Nuclear Binding Energy: Define And Use The Terms Mass Defect And Binding Energy

Nuclear Physics: Mass Defect And Nuclear Binding Energy: Sketch The Variation Of Binding Energy Per Nucleon With Nucleon Number

Nuclear Physics: Mass Defect And Nuclear Binding Energy: Explain What Is Meant By Nuclear Fusion And Nuclear Fission

Nuclear Physics: Mass Defect And Nuclear Binding Energy: Explain The Relevance Of Binding Energy Per Nucleon To Nuclear Reactions, Including Nuclear Fusion And Nuclear Fission

Nuclear Physics: Mass Defect And Nuclear Binding Energy: Calculate The Energy Released In Nuclear Reactions Using E = C2 ∆m

Nuclear Physics: Radioactive Decay: Understand That Fluctuations In Count Rate Provide Evidence For The Random Nature Of Radioactive Decay

Nuclear Physics: Radioactive Decay: Understand That Radioactive Decay Is Both Spontaneous And Random

Nuclear Physics: Radioactive Decay: Define Activity And Decay Constant, And Recall And Use A = Λn

Nuclear Physics: Radioactive Decay: Define Half-life

Nuclear Physics: Radioactive Decay: Use Λ = 0.693/t 2 1

Nuclear Physics: Radioactive Decay: Understand The Exponential Nature Of Radioactive Decay, And Sketch And Use The Relationship X = X0e–λt , Where X Could Represent Activity, Number Of Undecayed Nuclei Or Received Count Rate

Medical Physics: Production And Use Of Ultrasound: Understand That A Piezo-electric Crystal Changes Shape When A P.d. Is Applied Across It And That The Crystal Generates An E.m.f. When Its Shape Changes

Medical Physics: Production And Use Understand How Ultrasound Waves Are Generated And Detected By A Piezoelectric TransducerOf Ultrasound:

Medical Physics: Production And Use Of Ultrasound: Understand How The Reflection Of Pulses Of Ultrasound At Boundaries Between Tissues Can Be Used To Obtain Diagnostic Information About Internal Structures

Medical Physics: Production And Use Of Ultrasound: Define The Specific Acoustic Impedance Of A Medium As Z = Ρc, Where C Is The Speed Of Sound In The Medium

Medical Physics: Production And Use Of Ultrasound: Use Ir / I0 = (Z1 – Z2) 2 /(Z1 + Z2) 2 For The Intensity Reflection Coefficient Of A Boundary Between Two Media

Medical Physics: Production And Use Of Ultrasound: Recall And Use I = I0e–μx For The Attenuation Of Ultrasound In Matter

Medical Physics: Production And Use Of X-rays: Explain That X-rays Are Produced By Electron Bombardment Of A Metal Target And Calculate The Minimum Wavelength Of X-rays Produced From The Accelerating P.d.

Medical Physics: Production And Use Of X-rays: Understand The Use Of X-rays In Imaging Internal Body Structures, Including An Understanding Of The Term Contrast In X-ray Imaging

Medical Physics: Production And Use Of X-rays: Recall And Use I = I0e–μx For The Attenuation Of X-rays In Matter

Medical Physics: Production And Use Of X-rays: Understand That Computed Tomography (Ct) Scanning Produces A 3d Image Of An Internal Structure By First Combining Multiple X-ray Images Taken In The Same Section From Different Angles To Obtain A 2d Image Of The Section, Then Repeating This Process Along An Axis And Combining 2d Images Of Multiple Sections

Medical Physics: Pet Scanning: Understand That A Tracer Is A Substance Containing Radioactive Nuclei That Can Be Introduced Into The Body And Is Then Absorbed By The Tissue Being Studied

Medical Physics: Pet Scanning: Recall That A Tracer That Decays By Β+ Decay Is Used In Positron Emission Tomography (Pet Scanning)

Medical Physics: Pet Scanning: Understand That Annihilation Occurs When A Particle Interacts With Its Antiparticle And That Mass–energy And Momentum Are Conserved In The Process

Medical Physics: Pet Scanning: Explain That, In Pet Scanning, Positrons Emitted By The Decay Of The Tracer Annihilate When They Interact With Electrons In The Tissue, Producing A Pair Of Gamma-ray Photons Travelling In Opposite Directions

Medical Physics: Pet Scanning: Calculate The Energy Of The Gamma-ray Photons Emitted During The Annihilation Of An Electron-positron Pair

Medical Physics: Pet Scanning: Understand That The Gamma-ray Photons From An Annihilation Event Travel Outside The Body And Can Be Detected, And An Image Of The Tracer Concentration In The Tissue Can Be Created By Processing The Arrival Times Of The Gamma-ray Photons

Astronomy And Cosmology: Standard Candles: Understand The Term Luminosity As The Total Power Of Radiation Emitted By A Star

Astronomy And Cosmology: Standard Candles: Recall And Use The Inverse Square Law For Radiant Flux Intensity F In Terms Of The Luminosity L Of The Source F = L/(4πd2 )

Astronomy And Cosmology: Standard Candles: Understand That An Object Of Known Luminosity Is Called A Standard Candle

Astronomy And Cosmology: Standard Candles: Understand The Use Of Standard Candles To Determine Distances To Galaxies

Astronomy And Cosmology: Stellar Radii: Recall And Use Wien’s Displacement Law Λmax ∝ 1/t To Estimate The Peak Surface Temperature Of A Star

Astronomy And Cosmology: Stellar Radii: Use The Stefan–boltzmann Law L = 4πσr 2 T4

Astronomy And Cosmology: Stellar Radii: Use Wien’s Displacement Law And The Stefan–boltzmann Law To Estimate The Radius Of A Star

Astronomy And Cosmology: Hubble’s Law And The Big Bang Theory: Understand That The Lines In The Emission And Absorption Spectra From Distant Objects Show An Increase In Wavelength From Their Known Values

Astronomy And Cosmology: Hubble’s Law And The Big Bang Theory: Use ∆λ / Λ . ∆f/f . V /c For The Redshift Of Electromagnetic Radiation From A Source Moving Relative To An Observer

Astronomy And Cosmology: Hubble’s Law And The Big Bang Theory: Explain Why Redshift Leads To The Idea That The Universe Is Expanding

Astronomy And Cosmology: Hubble’s Law And The Big Bang Theory: Recall And Use Hubble’s Law V . H0d And Explain How This Leads To The Big Bang Theory (Candidates Will Only Be Required To Use Si Units)

Motion In A Circle

Gravitational Fields

Temperature

Ideal Gases

Thermodynamics

Oscillations

Electric Fields

Capacitance

Magnetic Fields

Alternating Currents

Quantum Physics

Nuclear Physics

Medical Physics

Astronomy And Cosmology

Motion In A Circle

Gravitational Fields

Temperature

Ideal Gases

Thermodynamics

Oscillations

Electric Fields

Capacitance

Magnetic Fields

Alternating Currents

Quantum Physics

Nuclear Physics

Medical Physics

Astronomy And Cosmology

Quizzes For Preparation: Motion In A Circle

Quizzes For Preparation: Gravitational Fields

Quizzes For Preparation: Temperature

Quizzes For Preparation: Ideal Gases

Quizzes For Preparation:

Quizzes For Preparation: Thermodynamics

Quizzes For Preparation: Oscillations

Quizzes For Preparation: Capacitance

Quizzes For Preparation: Electric Fields

Quizzes For Preparation: Magnetic Fields

Quizzes For Preparation: Alternating Current

Quizzes For Preparation: Quantum Physics

Quizzes For Preparation: Nuclear Physics

Quizzes For Preparation: Medial Physical

Quizzes For Preparation: Astronomy And Cosmology

Motion In A Circle: Kinematics Of Uniform Circular Motion: Define The Radian And Express Angular Displacement In Radians

Motion In A Circle: Kinematics Of Uniform Circular Motion: Understand And Use The Concept Of Angular Speed

Motion In A Circle: Kinematics Of Uniform Circular Motion: Recall And Use Ω = 2π/t And V = Rω

Motion In A Circle: Centripetal Acceleration: Understand That A Force Of Constant Magnitude That Is Always Perpendicular To The Direction Of Motion Causes Centripetal Acceleration

Motion In A Circle: Centripetal Acceleration: Understand That Centripetal Acceleration Causes Circular Motion With A Constant Angular Speed

Motion In A Circle: Centripetal Acceleration: Recall And Use A = Rω2 And A = V2 /r

Motion In A Circle: Centripetal Acceleration: Recall And Use F = Mrω2 And F = Mv2 /r

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Field: Understand That A Gravitational Field Is An Example Of A Field Of Force And Define Gravitational Field As Force Per Unit Mass

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Field: Represent A Gravitational Field By Means Of Field Lines

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Force Between Point Masses: Understand That, For A Point Outside A Uniform Sphere, The Mass Of The Sphere May Be Considered To Be A Point Mass At Its Centre

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Force Between Point Masses: Recall And Use Newton’s Law Of Gravitation F = Gm1m2 /r 2 For The Force Between Two Point Masses

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Force Between Point Masses: Analyse Circular Orbits In Gravitational Fields By Relating The Gravitational Force To The Centripetal Acceleration It Causes

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Force Between Point Masses: Understand That A Satellite In A Geostationary Orbit Remains At The Same Point Above The Earth’s Surface, With An Orbital Period Of 24 Hours, Orbiting From West To East, Directly Above The Equator

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Field Of A Point Mass: Derive, From Newton’s Law Of Gravitation And The Definition Of Gravitational Field, The Equation G = Gm/r 2 For The Gravitational Field Strength Due To A Point Mass

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Field Of A Point Mass: Recall And Use G = Gm/r 2

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Field Of A Point Mass: Understand Why G Is Approximately Constant For Small Changes In Height Near The Earth’s Surface

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Potential: Define Gravitational Potential At A Point As The Work Done Per Unit Mass In Bringing A Small Test Mass From Infinity To The Point

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Potential: Use Φ = –gm/r For The Gravitational Potential In The Field Due To A Point Mass

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Potential: Understand How The Concept Of Gravitational Potential Leads To The Gravitational Potential Energy Of Two Point Masses And Use Ep = –gmm/r

Temperature: Thermal Equilibrium: Understand That (Thermal) Energy Is Transferred From A Region Of Higher Temperature To A Region Of Lower Temperature

Temperature: Thermal Equilibrium: Understand That Regions Of Equal Temperature Are In Thermal Equilibrium

Temperature: Temperature Scales: Understand That A Physical Property That Varies With Temperature May Be Used For The Measurement Of Temperature And State Examples Of Such Properties, Including The Density Of A Liquid, Volume Of A Gas At Constant Pressure, Resistance Of A Metal, E.m.f. Of A Thermocouple

Temperature: Temperature Scales: Understand That The Scale Of Thermodynamic Temperature Does Not Depend On The Property Of Any Particular Substance

Temperature: Temperature Scales: Convert Temperatures Between Kelvin And Degrees Celsius And Recall That T/k = Θ/ °c + 273.15

Temperature: Temperature Scales: Understand That The Lowest Possible Temperature Is Zero Kelvin On The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale And That This Is Known As Absolute Zero

Temperature: Specific Heat Capacity And Specific Latent Heat: Define And Use Specific Heat Capacity

Temperature: Specific Heat Capacity And Specific Latent Heat: Define And Use Specific Latent Heat And Distinguish Between Specific Latent Heat Of Fusion And Specific Latent Heat Of Vaporisation

Ideal Gases: The Mole: Understand That Amount Of Substance Is An Si Base Quantity With The Base Unit Mol

Ideal Gases: The Mole: Use Molar Quantities Where One Mole Of Any Substance Is The Amount Containing A Number Of Particles Of That Substance Equal To The Avogadro Constant Na

Ideal Gases: Equation Of State: Understand That A Gas Obeying Pv ∝ T, Where T Is The Thermodynamic Temperature, Is Known As An Ideal Gas

Ideal Gases: Equation Of State: Recall And Use The Equation Of State For An Ideal Gas Expressed As Pv = Nrt, Where N = Amount Of Substance (Number Of Moles) And As Pv = Nkt, Where N = Number Of Molecules

Ideal Gases: Equation Of State: Recall That The Boltzmann Constant K Is Given By K = R/na

Ideal Gases: Kinetic Theory Of Gases: State The Basic Assumptions Of The Kinetic Theory Of Gases

Ideal Gases: Kinetic Theory Of Gases: Explain How Molecular Movement Causes The Pressure Exerted By A Gas And Derive And Use The Relationship Pv = 3 1 Nm, Where Is The Mean-square Speed (A Simple Model Considering One-dimensional Collisions And Then Extending To Three Dimensions Using 3 1 = Is Sufficient)

Ideal Gases: Kinetic Theory Of Gases: Understand That The Root-mean-square Speed Cr.m.s. Is Given By C 2

Ideal Gases: Kinetic Theory Of Gases: Compare Pv = 3 1 Nm With Pv = Nkt To Deduce That The Average Translational Kinetic Energy Of A Molecule Is 2 3 Kt, And Recall And Use This Expression

Thermodynamics: Internal Energy: Understand That Internal Energy Is Determined By The State Of The System And That It Can Be Expressed As The Sum Of A Random Distribution Of Kinetic And Potential Energies Associated With The Molecules Of A System

Thermodynamics: Internal Energy: Relate A Rise In Temperature Of An Object To An Increase In Its Internal Energy

Thermodynamics: The First Law Of Thermodynamics: Recall And Use W = P∆v For The Work Done When The Volume Of A Gas Changes At Constant Pressure And Understand The Difference Between The Work Done By The Gas And The Work Done On The Gas

Thermodynamics: The First Law Of Thermodynamics: Recall And Use The First Law Of Thermodynamics ∆u = Q + W Expressed In Terms Of The Increase In Internal Energy, The Heating Of The System (Energy Transferred To The System By Heating) And The Work Done On The System

Oscillations: Simple Harmonic Oscillations: Understand And Use The Terms Displacement, Amplitude, Period, Frequency, Angular Frequency And Phase Difference In The Context Of Oscillations, And Express The Period In Terms Of Both Frequency And Angular Frequency

Oscillations: Simple Harmonic Oscillations: Understand That Simple Harmonic Motion Occurs When Acceleration Is Proportional To Displacement From A Fixed Point And In The Opposite Direction

Oscillations: Simple Harmonic Oscillations: Use A = –ω2 X And Recall And Use, As A Solution To This Equation, X = X0 Sin Ωt

Oscillations: Simple Harmonic Oscillations: Use The Equations V = V0 Cos Ωt And V = ±ω ( ) X X 0 2 2 −

Oscillations: Simple Harmonic Oscillations: Analyse And Interpret Graphical Representations Of The Variations Of Displacement, Velocity And Acceleration For Simple Harmonic Motion

Oscillations: Energy In Simple Harmonic Motion: Describe The Interchange Between Kinetic And Potential Energy During Simple Harmonic Motion

Oscillations: Energy In Simple Harmonic Motion: Recall And Use E = 2 1 Mω2 X0 2 For The Total Energy Of A System Undergoing Simple Harmonic Motion

Oscillations: Damped And Forced Oscillations, Resonance: Understand That A Resistive Force Acting On An Oscillating System Causes Damping

Oscillations: Damped And Forced Oscillations, Resonance: Understand And Use The Terms Light, Critical And Heavy Damping And Sketch Displacement–time Graphs Illustrating These Types Of Damping

Oscillations: Damped And Forced Oscillations, Resonance: Understand That Resonance Involves A Maximum Amplitude Of Oscillations And That This Occurs When An Oscillating System Is Forced To Oscillate At Its Natural Frequency

Electric Fields: Electric Fields And Field Lines: Understand That An Electric Field Is An Example Of A Field Of Force And Define Electric Field As Force Per Unit Positive Charge

Electric Fields: Electric Fields And Field Lines: Recall And Use F = Qe For The Force On A Charge In An Electric Field

Electric Fields: Electric Fields And Field Lines: Represent An Electric Field By Means Of Field Lines

Electric Fields: Uniform Electric Fields: Recall And Use E = ∆v/∆d To Calculate The Field Strength Of The Uniform Field Between Charged Parallel Plates

Electric Fields: Uniform Electric Fields: Describe The Effect Of A Uniform Electric Field On The Motion Of Charged Particles

Electric Fields: Electric Force Between Point Charges: Understand That, For A Point Outside A Spherical Conductor, The Charge On The Sphere May Be Considered To Be A Point Charge At Its Centre

Electric Fields: Electric Force Between Point Charges: Recall And Use Coulomb’s Law F = Q1q2 /(4πε0r 2 ) For The Force Between Two Point Charges In Free Space

Electric Fields: Electric Field Of A Point Charge: Recall And Use E = Q/(4πε0r 2 ) For The Electric Field Strength Due To A Point Charge In Free Space

Electric Fields: Electric Potential: Define Electric Potential At A Point As The Work Done Per Unit Positive Charge In Bringing A Small Test Charge From Infinity To The Point

Electric Fields: Electric Potential: Recall And Use The Fact That The Electric Field At A Point Is Equal To The Negative Of Potential Gradient At That Point

Electric Fields: Electric Potential: Use V = Q/(4πε0r) For The Electric Potential In The Field Due To A Point Charge

Electric Fields: Electric Potential: Understand How The Concept Of Electric Potential Leads To The Electric Potential Energy Of Two Point Charges And Use Ep = Qq/(4πε0r)

Capacitance: Capacitors And Capacitance: Define Capacitance, As Applied To Both Isolated Spherical Conductors And To Parallel Plate Capacitors

Capacitance: Capacitors And Capacitance: Recall And Use C = Q/v

Capacitance: Capacitors And Capacitance: v

Capacitance: Capacitors And Capacitance: Use The Capacitance Formulae For Capacitors In Series And In Parallel

Capacitance: Energy Stored In A Capacitor: Determine The Electric Potential Energy Stored In A Capacitor From The Area Under The Potential–charge Graph

Capacitance: Energy Stored In A Capacitor: Recall And Use W = 2 1 Qv = 2 1 Cv2

Capacitance: Discharging A Capacitor: Analyse Graphs Of The Variation With Time Of Potential Difference, Charge And Current For A Capacitor Discharging Through A Resistor

Capacitance: Discharging A Capacitor:Recall And Use Τ = Rc For The Time Constant For A Capacitor Discharging Through A Resistor

Capacitance: Discharging A Capacitor: Use Equations Of The Form X = X0 E–(T/rc) Where X Could Represent Current, Charge Or Potential Difference For A Capacitor Discharging Through A Resistor

Magnetic Fields: Concept Of A Magnetic Field: Understand That A Magnetic Field Is An Example Of A Field Of Force Produced Either By Moving Charges Or By Permanent Magnets

Magnetic Fields: Concept Of A Magnetic Field: Represent A Magnetic Field By Field Lines

Magnetic Fields: Force On A Current-carrying Conductor: Understand That A Force Might Act On A Current-carrying Conductor Placed In A Magnetic Field

Magnetic Fields: Force On A Current-carrying Conductor: Recall And Use The Equation F = Bil Sin Θ, With Directions As Interpreted By Fleming’s Left-hand Rule

Magnetic Fields: Force On A Current-carrying Conductor: Define Magnetic Flux Density As The Force Acting Per Unit Current Per Unit Length On A Wire Placed At Rightangles To The Magnetic Field

Magnetic Fields: Force On A Moving Charge: Determine The Direction Of The Force On A Charge Moving In A Magnetic Field

Magnetic Fields: Force On A Moving Charge: Recall And Use F = Bqv Sin Θ

Magnetic Fields: Force On A Moving Charge: Understand The Origin Of The Hall Voltage And Derive And Use The Expression Vh = Bi /(Ntq), Where T = Thickness

Magnetic Fields: Force On A Moving Charge: Understand The Use Of A Hall Probe To Measure Magnetic Flux Density

Magnetic Fields: Force On A Moving Charge: Describe The Motion Of A Charged Particle Moving In A Uniform Magnetic Field Perpendicular To The Direction Of Motion Of The Particle

Magnetic Fields: Force On A Moving Charge: Explain How Electric And Magnetic Fields Can Be Used In Velocity Selection

Magnetic Fields: Magnetic Fields Due To Currents: Sketch Magnetic Field Patterns Due To The Currents In A Long Straight Wire, A Flat Circular Coil And A Long Solenoid

Magnetic Fields: Magnetic Fields Due To Currents: Understand That The Magnetic Field Due To The Current In A Solenoid Is Increased By A Ferrous Core

Magnetic Fields: Magnetic Fields Due To Currents: Explain The Origin Of The Forces Between Current-carrying Conductors And Determine The Direction Of The Forces

Magnetic Fields: Electromagnetic Induction: Define Magnetic Flux As The Product Of The Magnetic Flux Density And The Cross-sectional Area Perpendicular To The Direction Of The Magnetic Flux Density

Magnetic Fields: Electromagnetic Induction: Recall And Use Φ = Ba

Magnetic Fields: Electromagnetic Induction: Understand And Use The Concept Of Magnetic Flux Linkage

Magnetic Fields: Electromagnetic Induction: Understand And Explain Experiments That Demonstrate: That A Changing Magnetic Flux Can Induce An E.m.f. In A Circuit

Magnetic Fields: Electromagnetic Induction: Understand And Explain Experiments That Demonstrate: That The Induced E.m.f. Is In Such A Direction As To Oppose The Change Producing It

Magnetic Fields: Electromagnetic Induction: Understand And Explain Experiments That Demonstrate: The Factors Affecting The Magnitude Of The Induced E.m.f.

Magnetic Fields: Electromagnetic Induction: Recall And Use Faraday’s And Lenz’s Laws Of Electromagnetic Induction

Alternating Currents: Characteristics Of Alternating Currents: Understand And Use The Terms Period, Frequency And Peak Value As Applied To An Alternating Current Or Voltage

Alternating Currents: Characteristics Of Alternating Currents: Use Equations Of The Form X = X0 Sin Ωt Representing A Sinusoidally Alternating Current Or Voltage

Alternating Currents: Characteristics Of Alternating Currents: Recall And Use The Fact That The Mean Power In A Resistive Load Is Half The Maximum Power For A Sinusoidal Alternating Current

Alternating Currents: Characteristics Of Alternating Currents: Distinguish Between Root-mean-square (R.m.s.) And Peak Values And Recall And Use I R.m.s. = I0 / 2 And Vr.m.s. = V0 / 2 For A Sinusoidal Alternating Current

Alternating Currents: Rectification And Smoothing: Distinguish Graphically Between Half-wave And Full-wave Rectification

Alternating Currents: Rectification And Smoothing: Explain The Use Of A Single Diode For The Half-wave Rectification Of An Alternating Current

Alternating Currents: Rectification And Smoothing: Explain The Use Of Four Diodes (Bridge Rectifier) For The Full-wave Rectification Of An Alternating Current

Alternating Currents: Rectification And Smoothing: Analyse The Effect Of A Single Capacitor In Smoothing, Including The Effect Of The Values Of Capacitance And The Load Resistance

Quantum Physics: Energy And Momentum Of A Photon: Understand That Electromagnetic Radiation Has A Particulate Nature

Quantum Physics: Energy And Momentum Of A Photon: Understand That A Photon Is A Quantum Of Electromagnetic Energy

Quantum Physics: Energy And Momentum Of A Photon: Recall And Use E = Hf

Quantum Physics: Energy And Momentum Of A Photon: Use The Electronvolt (Ev) As A Unit Of Energy

Quantum Physics: Energy And Momentum Of A Photon: Understand That A Photon Has Momentum And That The Momentum Is Given By P = E/c

Quantum Physics: Photoelectric Effect: Understand That Photoelectrons May Be Emitted From A Metal Surface When It Is Illuminated By Electromagnetic Radiation

Quantum Physics: Photoelectric Effect: Understand And Use The Terms Threshold Frequency And Threshold Wavelength

Quantum Physics: Photoelectric Effect: Explain Photoelectric Emission In Terms Of Photon Energy And Work Function Energy

Quantum Physics: Photoelectric Effect: Recall And Use Hf = Φ + 2 1 Mvmax 2

Quantum Physics: Photoelectric Effect: Explain Why The Maximum Kinetic Energy Of Photoelectrons Is Independent Of Intensity, Whereas The Photoelectric Current Is Proportional To Intensity

Quantum Physics: Wave-particle Duality: Understand That The Photoelectric Effect Provides Evidence For A Particulate Nature Of Electromagnetic Radiation While Phenomena Such As Interference And Diffraction Provide Evidence For A Wave Nature

Quantum Physics: Wave-particle Duality: Describe And Interpret Qualitatively The Evidence Provided By Electron Diffraction For The Wave Nature Of Particles

Quantum Physics: Wave-particle Duality: Understand The De Broglie Wavelength As The Wavelength Associated With A Moving Particle

Quantum Physics: Wave-particle Duality: Recall And Use Λ = H/p

Quantum Physics: Energy Levels In Atoms And Line Spectra: Understand That There Are Discrete Electron Energy Levels In Isolated Atoms (E.g. Atomic Hydrogen)

Quantum Physics: Energy Levels In Atoms And Line Spectra: Understand The Appearance And Formation Of Emission And Absorption Line Spectra

Quantum Physics: Energy Levels In Atoms And Line Spectra: Recall And Use Hf = E1 – E2

Nuclear Physics: Mass Defect And Nuclear Binding Energy: Understand The Equivalence Between Energy And Mass As Represented By E = Mc2 And Recall And Use This Equation

Nuclear Physics: Mass Defect And Nuclear Binding Energy: Represent Simple Nuclear Reactions By Nuclear Equations Of The Form 7n He O H 14 2 4 8 17 1 1 + + “

Nuclear Physics: Mass Defect And Nuclear Binding Energy: Define And Use The Terms Mass Defect And Binding Energy

Nuclear Physics: Mass Defect And Nuclear Binding Energy: Sketch The Variation Of Binding Energy Per Nucleon With Nucleon Number

Nuclear Physics: Mass Defect And Nuclear Binding Energy: Explain What Is Meant By Nuclear Fusion And Nuclear Fission

Nuclear Physics: Mass Defect And Nuclear Binding Energy: Explain The Relevance Of Binding Energy Per Nucleon To Nuclear Reactions, Including Nuclear Fusion And Nuclear Fission

Nuclear Physics: Mass Defect And Nuclear Binding Energy: Calculate The Energy Released In Nuclear Reactions Using E = C2 ∆m

Nuclear Physics: Radioactive Decay: Understand That Fluctuations In Count Rate Provide Evidence For The Random Nature Of Radioactive Decay

Nuclear Physics: Radioactive Decay: Understand That Radioactive Decay Is Both Spontaneous And Random

Nuclear Physics: Radioactive Decay: Define Activity And Decay Constant, And Recall And Use A = Λn

Nuclear Physics: Radioactive Decay: Define Half-life

Nuclear Physics: Radioactive Decay: Use Λ = 0.693/t 2 1

Nuclear Physics: Radioactive Decay: Understand The Exponential Nature Of Radioactive Decay, And Sketch And Use The Relationship X = X0e–λt , Where X Could Represent Activity, Number Of Undecayed Nuclei Or Received Count Rate

Medical Physics: Production And Use Of Ultrasound: Understand That A Piezo-electric Crystal Changes Shape When A P.d. Is Applied Across It And That The Crystal Generates An E.m.f. When Its Shape Changes

Medical Physics: Production And Use Understand How Ultrasound Waves Are Generated And Detected By A Piezoelectric TransducerOf Ultrasound:

Medical Physics: Production And Use Of Ultrasound: Understand How The Reflection Of Pulses Of Ultrasound At Boundaries Between Tissues Can Be Used To Obtain Diagnostic Information About Internal Structures

Medical Physics: Production And Use Of Ultrasound: Define The Specific Acoustic Impedance Of A Medium As Z = Ρc, Where C Is The Speed Of Sound In The Medium

Medical Physics: Production And Use Of Ultrasound: Use Ir / I0 = (Z1 – Z2) 2 /(Z1 + Z2) 2 For The Intensity Reflection Coefficient Of A Boundary Between Two Media

Medical Physics: Production And Use Of Ultrasound: Recall And Use I = I0e–μx For The Attenuation Of Ultrasound In Matter

Medical Physics: Production And Use Of X-rays: Explain That X-rays Are Produced By Electron Bombardment Of A Metal Target And Calculate The Minimum Wavelength Of X-rays Produced From The Accelerating P.d.

Medical Physics: Production And Use Of X-rays: Understand The Use Of X-rays In Imaging Internal Body Structures, Including An Understanding Of The Term Contrast In X-ray Imaging

Medical Physics: Production And Use Of X-rays: Recall And Use I = I0e–μx For The Attenuation Of X-rays In Matter

Medical Physics: Production And Use Of X-rays: Understand That Computed Tomography (Ct) Scanning Produces A 3d Image Of An Internal Structure By First Combining Multiple X-ray Images Taken In The Same Section From Different Angles To Obtain A 2d Image Of The Section, Then Repeating This Process Along An Axis And Combining 2d Images Of Multiple Sections

Medical Physics: Pet Scanning: Understand That A Tracer Is A Substance Containing Radioactive Nuclei That Can Be Introduced Into The Body And Is Then Absorbed By The Tissue Being Studied

Medical Physics: Pet Scanning: Recall That A Tracer That Decays By Β+ Decay Is Used In Positron Emission Tomography (Pet Scanning)

Medical Physics: Pet Scanning: Understand That Annihilation Occurs When A Particle Interacts With Its Antiparticle And That Mass–energy And Momentum Are Conserved In The Process

Medical Physics: Pet Scanning: Explain That, In Pet Scanning, Positrons Emitted By The Decay Of The Tracer Annihilate When They Interact With Electrons In The Tissue, Producing A Pair Of Gamma-ray Photons Travelling In Opposite Directions

Medical Physics: Pet Scanning: Calculate The Energy Of The Gamma-ray Photons Emitted During The Annihilation Of An Electron-positron Pair

Medical Physics: Pet Scanning: Understand That The Gamma-ray Photons From An Annihilation Event Travel Outside The Body And Can Be Detected, And An Image Of The Tracer Concentration In The Tissue Can Be Created By Processing The Arrival Times Of The Gamma-ray Photons

Astronomy And Cosmology: Standard Candles: Understand The Term Luminosity As The Total Power Of Radiation Emitted By A Star

Astronomy And Cosmology: Standard Candles: Recall And Use The Inverse Square Law For Radiant Flux Intensity F In Terms Of The Luminosity L Of The Source F = L/(4πd2 )

Astronomy And Cosmology: Standard Candles: Understand That An Object Of Known Luminosity Is Called A Standard Candle

Astronomy And Cosmology: Standard Candles: Understand The Use Of Standard Candles To Determine Distances To Galaxies

Astronomy And Cosmology: Stellar Radii: Recall And Use Wien’s Displacement Law Λmax ∝ 1/t To Estimate The Peak Surface Temperature Of A Star

Astronomy And Cosmology: Stellar Radii: Use The Stefan–boltzmann Law L = 4πσr 2 T4

Astronomy And Cosmology: Stellar Radii: Use Wien’s Displacement Law And The Stefan–boltzmann Law To Estimate The Radius Of A Star

Astronomy And Cosmology: Hubble’s Law And The Big Bang Theory: Understand That The Lines In The Emission And Absorption Spectra From Distant Objects Show An Increase In Wavelength From Their Known Values

Astronomy And Cosmology: Hubble’s Law And The Big Bang Theory: Use ∆λ / Λ . ∆f/f . V /c For The Redshift Of Electromagnetic Radiation From A Source Moving Relative To An Observer

Astronomy And Cosmology: Hubble’s Law And The Big Bang Theory: Explain Why Redshift Leads To The Idea That The Universe Is Expanding

Astronomy And Cosmology: Hubble’s Law And The Big Bang Theory: Recall And Use Hubble’s Law V . H0d And Explain How This Leads To The Big Bang Theory (Candidates Will Only Be Required To Use Si Units)

Motion In A Circle

Gravitational Fields

Temperature

Ideal Gases

Thermodynamics

Oscillations

Electric Fields

Capacitance

Magnetic Fields

Alternating Currents

Quantum Physics

Nuclear Physics

Medical Physics

Astronomy And Cosmology

Paper Structure, Weighting & Examiner Intent: How Paper 4 And Paper 5 Combine To Decide A*–E Grades At A2 Level

Paper Structure, Weighting & Examiner Intent: Examiner Intent Behind A2 Structured Questions Vs AS Structured Questions

Paper Structure, Weighting & Examiner Intent: How Assessment Objectives AO1, AO2 And AO3 Are Balanced In A2 Papers

Paper Structure, Weighting & Examiner Intent: Typical Mark Allocation Patterns In Paper 4 Across Long And Short Questions

Paper Structure, Weighting & Examiner Intent: Why Paper 5 Is A Differentiator Paper For A And A* Candidates

Paper Structure, Weighting & Examiner Intent: Understanding How Cambridge Scales Difficulty Across Questions Within Paper 4

Paper Pattern/ Paper Preparation/ Techniques To Attempt The Paper/ Common Mistakes To Avoid:: How Carry-Forward AS Knowledge Is Assumed But Never Re-Explained In A2

Command Words, Question Language & Traps: A2 Command Words: What Examiners Actually Expect For Each

Command Words, Question Language & Traps: The Real Difference Between “State”, “Explain”, “Show”, “Determine” And “Evaluate”

Command Words, Question Language & Traps: How “Hence” And “Hence Or Otherwise” Control Your Method And Marks

Command Words, Question Language & Traps: Multi-Part Question Dependency: How One Wrong Step Affects Later Marks

Command Words, Question Language & Traps: Recognising When Examiners Want Physics Reasoning Vs Mathematics

Command Words, Question Language & Traps: Hidden Instructions Embedded In Question Wording

Mathematical Execution & Calculation Control: Structuring Long A2 Calculations To Avoid Method Mark Loss

Mathematical Execution & Calculation Control: When Substitution Must Be Shown And When It Can Be Skipped

Mathematical Execution & Calculation Control: Common Power-Of-Ten And Unit Conversion Errors Seen By Examiners

Mathematical Execution & Calculation Control: Significant Figures Rules As Actually Applied In Mark Schemes

Mathematical Execution & Calculation Control: Handling Rearrangement Of Complex A2 Formulae Safely

Mathematical Execution & Calculation Control: Avoiding Rounding Errors That Kill Final Accuracy Marks

Mathematical Execution & Calculation Control: Recognising When An Answer Is Physically Impossible Before Writing It

Graphs, Data Handling & Interpretation (A2 Level): Drawing Examiner-Perfect Graphs Under Exam Conditions

Graphs, Data Handling & Interpretation (A2 Level): Axis Scaling Errors That Lose Marks Even When The Physics Is Right

Graphs, Data Handling & Interpretation (A2 Level): Gradient, Intercept And Their Physical Meaning In A2 Contexts

Graphs, Data Handling & Interpretation (A2 Level): Linearisation Techniques And Why Examiners Love Them

Graphs, Data Handling & Interpretation (A2 Level): Identifying Trends, Proportionality And Non-Linear Behaviour

Graphs, Data Handling & Interpretation (A2 Level): Extracting Correct Conclusions From Imperfect Experimental Data

Graphs, Data Handling & Interpretation (A2 Level): Avoiding Over-Interpretation Of Data Tables

Written Explanations & Physics Language: Writing High-Precision Explanations That Match Marking Points

Written Explanations & Physics Language: How Excess Writing Actively Loses Marks At A2 Level

Written Explanations & Physics Language: Correct Use Of Scientific Terminology Under Time Pressure

Written Explanations & Physics Language: Structuring 3–5 Mark Explanations Efficiently

Written Explanations & Physics Language: Avoiding Vague Statements That Examiners Ignore

Written Explanations & Physics Language: Using Cause–Effect Chains Correctly In Explanations

Paper 5 – Planning, Analysis & Evaluation (Full Mastery): The Exact Skills Cambridge Tests In Paper 5 (And What It Does Not Test)

Paper 5 – Planning, Analysis & Evaluation (Full Mastery): Writing Experimental Plans That Are Practical, Testable And Mark-Worthy

Paper 5 – Planning, Analysis & Evaluation (Full Mastery): Identifying Independent, Dependent And Control Variables Correctly

Paper 5 – Planning, Analysis & Evaluation (Full Mastery): Writing Methods That Are Detailed Without Being Unrealistic

Paper 5 – Planning, Analysis & Evaluation (Full Mastery): Distinguishing Between Random Errors, Systematic Errors And Limitations

Paper 5 – Planning, Analysis & Evaluation (Full Mastery): Writing Improvements That Are Specific, Practical And Marked

Paper 5 – Planning, Analysis & Evaluation (Full Mastery): Handling Uncertainty, Precision And Resolution Without Confusion

Paper 5 – Planning, Analysis & Evaluation (Full Mastery): Percentage Uncertainty Calculations And Propagation Rules

Paper 5 – Planning, Analysis & Evaluation (Full Mastery): Recognising Correlation, Trend And Scatter In Experimental Results

Examiner-Reported Common Mistakes (A2 Specific): Repeating AS-Level Explanations Instead Of Applying A2 Reasoning

Examiner-Reported Common Mistakes (A2 Specific): Ignoring Given Information And Re-Deriving Unnecessary Physics

Examiner-Reported Common Mistakes (A2 Specific): Losing Marks Through Poor Diagram Use And Labelling

Examiner-Reported Common Mistakes (A2 Specific): Misreading Axes, Constants Or Given Conditions

Examiner-Reported Common Mistakes (A2 Specific): Answering From Memory Instead Of From The Question

Examiner-Reported Common Mistakes (A2 Specific): Writing Contradictory Statements In Explanations

Exam-Day Strategy & Final Execution: How To Use The Formula Sheet Strategically Without Dependency

Exam-Day Strategy & Final Execution: Question Order, Skipping Strategy And Final 15-Minute A2 Submission Technique

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Motion In A Circle: Kinematics Of Uniform Circular Motion: Define The Radian And Express Angular Displacement In Radians

Motion In A Circle: Kinematics Of Uniform Circular Motion: Understand And Use The Concept Of Angular Speed

Motion In A Circle: Kinematics Of Uniform Circular Motion: Recall And Use Ω = 2π/t And V = Rω

Motion In A Circle: Centripetal Acceleration: Understand That A Force Of Constant Magnitude That Is Always Perpendicular To The Direction Of Motion Causes Centripetal Acceleration

Motion In A Circle: Centripetal Acceleration: Understand That Centripetal Acceleration Causes Circular Motion With A Constant Angular Speed

Motion In A Circle: Centripetal Acceleration: Recall And Use A = Rω2 And A = V2 /r

Motion In A Circle: Centripetal Acceleration: Recall And Use F = Mrω2 And F = Mv2 /r

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Field: Understand That A Gravitational Field Is An Example Of A Field Of Force And Define Gravitational Field As Force Per Unit Mass

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Field: Represent A Gravitational Field By Means Of Field Lines

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Force Between Point Masses: Understand That, For A Point Outside A Uniform Sphere, The Mass Of The Sphere May Be Considered To Be A Point Mass At Its Centre

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Force Between Point Masses: Recall And Use Newton’s Law Of Gravitation F = Gm1m2 /r 2 For The Force Between Two Point Masses

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Force Between Point Masses: Analyse Circular Orbits In Gravitational Fields By Relating The Gravitational Force To The Centripetal Acceleration It Causes

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Force Between Point Masses: Understand That A Satellite In A Geostationary Orbit Remains At The Same Point Above The Earth’s Surface, With An Orbital Period Of 24 Hours, Orbiting From West To East, Directly Above The Equator

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Field Of A Point Mass: Derive, From Newton’s Law Of Gravitation And The Definition Of Gravitational Field, The Equation G = Gm/r 2 For The Gravitational Field Strength Due To A Point Mass

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Field Of A Point Mass: Recall And Use G = Gm/r 2

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Field Of A Point Mass: Understand Why G Is Approximately Constant For Small Changes In Height Near The Earth’s Surface

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Potential: Define Gravitational Potential At A Point As The Work Done Per Unit Mass In Bringing A Small Test Mass From Infinity To The Point

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Potential: Use Φ = –gm/r For The Gravitational Potential In The Field Due To A Point Mass

Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Potential: Understand How The Concept Of Gravitational Potential Leads To The Gravitational Potential Energy Of Two Point Masses And Use Ep = –gmm/r

Temperature: Thermal Equilibrium: Understand That (Thermal) Energy Is Transferred From A Region Of Higher Temperature To A Region Of Lower Temperature

Temperature: Thermal Equilibrium: Understand That Regions Of Equal Temperature Are In Thermal Equilibrium

Temperature: Temperature Scales: Understand That A Physical Property That Varies With Temperature May Be Used For The Measurement Of Temperature And State Examples Of Such Properties, Including The Density Of A Liquid, Volume Of A Gas At Constant Pressure, Resistance Of A Metal, E.m.f. Of A Thermocouple

Temperature: Temperature Scales: Understand That The Scale Of Thermodynamic Temperature Does Not Depend On The Property Of Any Particular Substance

Temperature: Temperature Scales: Convert Temperatures Between Kelvin And Degrees Celsius And Recall That T/k = Θ/ °c + 273.15

Temperature: Temperature Scales: Understand That The Lowest Possible Temperature Is Zero Kelvin On The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale And That This Is Known As Absolute Zero

Temperature: Specific Heat Capacity And Specific Latent Heat: Define And Use Specific Heat Capacity

Temperature: Specific Heat Capacity And Specific Latent Heat: Define And Use Specific Latent Heat And Distinguish Between Specific Latent Heat Of Fusion And Specific Latent Heat Of Vaporisation

Ideal Gases: The Mole: Understand That Amount Of Substance Is An Si Base Quantity With The Base Unit Mol

Ideal Gases: The Mole: Use Molar Quantities Where One Mole Of Any Substance Is The Amount Containing A Number Of Particles Of That Substance Equal To The Avogadro Constant Na

Ideal Gases: Equation Of State: Understand That A Gas Obeying Pv ∝ T, Where T Is The Thermodynamic Temperature, Is Known As An Ideal Gas

Ideal Gases: Equation Of State: Recall And Use The Equation Of State For An Ideal Gas Expressed As Pv = Nrt, Where N = Amount Of Substance (Number Of Moles) And As Pv = Nkt, Where N = Number Of Molecules

Ideal Gases: Equation Of State: Recall That The Boltzmann Constant K Is Given By K = R/na

Ideal Gases: Kinetic Theory Of Gases: State The Basic Assumptions Of The Kinetic Theory Of Gases

Ideal Gases: Kinetic Theory Of Gases: Explain How Molecular Movement Causes The Pressure Exerted By A Gas And Derive And Use The Relationship Pv = 3 1 Nm, Where Is The Mean-square Speed (A Simple Model Considering One-dimensional Collisions And Then Extending To Three Dimensions Using 3 1 = Is Sufficient)

Ideal Gases: Kinetic Theory Of Gases: Understand That The Root-mean-square Speed Cr.m.s. Is Given By C 2

Ideal Gases: Kinetic Theory Of Gases: Compare Pv = 3 1 Nm With Pv = Nkt To Deduce That The Average Translational Kinetic Energy Of A Molecule Is 2 3 Kt, And Recall And Use This Expression

Thermodynamics: Internal Energy: Understand That Internal Energy Is Determined By The State Of The System And That It Can Be Expressed As The Sum Of A Random Distribution Of Kinetic And Potential Energies Associated With The Molecules Of A System

Thermodynamics: Internal Energy: Relate A Rise In Temperature Of An Object To An Increase In Its Internal Energy

Thermodynamics: The First Law Of Thermodynamics: Recall And Use W = P∆v For The Work Done When The Volume Of A Gas Changes At Constant Pressure And Understand The Difference Between The Work Done By The Gas And The Work Done On The Gas

Thermodynamics: The First Law Of Thermodynamics: Recall And Use The First Law Of Thermodynamics ∆u = Q + W Expressed In Terms Of The Increase In Internal Energy, The Heating Of The System (Energy Transferred To The System By Heating) And The Work Done On The System

Oscillations: Simple Harmonic Oscillations: Understand And Use The Terms Displacement, Amplitude, Period, Frequency, Angular Frequency And Phase Difference In The Context Of Oscillations, And Express The Period In Terms Of Both Frequency And Angular Frequency

Oscillations: Simple Harmonic Oscillations: Understand That Simple Harmonic Motion Occurs When Acceleration Is Proportional To Displacement From A Fixed Point And In The Opposite Direction

Oscillations: Simple Harmonic Oscillations: Use A = –ω2 X And Recall And Use, As A Solution To This Equation, X = X0 Sin Ωt

Oscillations: Simple Harmonic Oscillations: Use The Equations V = V0 Cos Ωt And V = ±ω ( ) X X 0 2 2 −

Oscillations: Simple Harmonic Oscillations: Analyse And Interpret Graphical Representations Of The Variations Of Displacement, Velocity And Acceleration For Simple Harmonic Motion

Oscillations: Energy In Simple Harmonic Motion: Describe The Interchange Between Kinetic And Potential Energy During Simple Harmonic Motion

Oscillations: Energy In Simple Harmonic Motion: Recall And Use E = 2 1 Mω2 X0 2 For The Total Energy Of A System Undergoing Simple Harmonic Motion

Oscillations: Damped And Forced Oscillations, Resonance: Understand That A Resistive Force Acting On An Oscillating System Causes Damping

Oscillations: Damped And Forced Oscillations, Resonance: Understand And Use The Terms Light, Critical And Heavy Damping And Sketch Displacement–time Graphs Illustrating These Types Of Damping

Oscillations: Damped And Forced Oscillations, Resonance: Understand That Resonance Involves A Maximum Amplitude Of Oscillations And That This Occurs When An Oscillating System Is Forced To Oscillate At Its Natural Frequency

Electric Fields: Electric Fields And Field Lines: Understand That An Electric Field Is An Example Of A Field Of Force And Define Electric Field As Force Per Unit Positive Charge

Electric Fields: Electric Fields And Field Lines: Recall And Use F = Qe For The Force On A Charge In An Electric Field

Electric Fields: Electric Fields And Field Lines: Represent An Electric Field By Means Of Field Lines

Electric Fields: Uniform Electric Fields: Recall And Use E = ∆v/∆d To Calculate The Field Strength Of The Uniform Field Between Charged Parallel Plates

Electric Fields: Uniform Electric Fields: Describe The Effect Of A Uniform Electric Field On The Motion Of Charged Particles

Electric Fields: Electric Force Between Point Charges: Understand That, For A Point Outside A Spherical Conductor, The Charge On The Sphere May Be Considered To Be A Point Charge At Its Centre

Electric Fields: Electric Force Between Point Charges: Recall And Use Coulomb’s Law F = Q1q2 /(4πε0r 2 ) For The Force Between Two Point Charges In Free Space

Electric Fields: Electric Field Of A Point Charge: Recall And Use E = Q/(4πε0r 2 ) For The Electric Field Strength Due To A Point Charge In Free Space

Electric Fields: Electric Potential: Define Electric Potential At A Point As The Work Done Per Unit Positive Charge In Bringing A Small Test Charge From Infinity To The Point

Electric Fields: Electric Potential: Recall And Use The Fact That The Electric Field At A Point Is Equal To The Negative Of Potential Gradient At That Point

Electric Fields: Electric Potential: Use V = Q/(4πε0r) For The Electric Potential In The Field Due To A Point Charge

Electric Fields: Electric Potential: Understand How The Concept Of Electric Potential Leads To The Electric Potential Energy Of Two Point Charges And Use Ep = Qq/(4πε0r)

Capacitance: Capacitors And Capacitance: Define Capacitance, As Applied To Both Isolated Spherical Conductors And To Parallel Plate Capacitors

Capacitance: Capacitors And Capacitance: Recall And Use C = Q/v

Capacitance: Capacitors And Capacitance: v

Capacitance: Capacitors And Capacitance: Use The Capacitance Formulae For Capacitors In Series And In Parallel

Capacitance: Energy Stored In A Capacitor: Determine The Electric Potential Energy Stored In A Capacitor From The Area Under The Potential–charge Graph

Capacitance: Energy Stored In A Capacitor: Recall And Use W = 2 1 Qv = 2 1 Cv2

Capacitance: Discharging A Capacitor: Analyse Graphs Of The Variation With Time Of Potential Difference, Charge And Current For A Capacitor Discharging Through A Resistor

Capacitance: Discharging A Capacitor:Recall And Use Τ = Rc For The Time Constant For A Capacitor Discharging Through A Resistor

Capacitance: Discharging A Capacitor: Use Equations Of The Form X = X0 E–(T/rc) Where X Could Represent Current, Charge Or Potential Difference For A Capacitor Discharging Through A Resistor

Magnetic Fields: Concept Of A Magnetic Field: Understand That A Magnetic Field Is An Example Of A Field Of Force Produced Either By Moving Charges Or By Permanent Magnets

Magnetic Fields: Concept Of A Magnetic Field: Represent A Magnetic Field By Field Lines

Magnetic Fields: Force On A Current-carrying Conductor: Understand That A Force Might Act On A Current-carrying Conductor Placed In A Magnetic Field

Magnetic Fields: Force On A Current-carrying Conductor: Recall And Use The Equation F = Bil Sin Θ, With Directions As Interpreted By Fleming’s Left-hand Rule

Magnetic Fields: Force On A Current-carrying Conductor: Define Magnetic Flux Density As The Force Acting Per Unit Current Per Unit Length On A Wire Placed At Rightangles To The Magnetic Field

Magnetic Fields: Force On A Moving Charge: Determine The Direction Of The Force On A Charge Moving In A Magnetic Field

Magnetic Fields: Force On A Moving Charge: Recall And Use F = Bqv Sin Θ

Magnetic Fields: Force On A Moving Charge: Understand The Origin Of The Hall Voltage And Derive And Use The Expression Vh = Bi /(Ntq), Where T = Thickness

Magnetic Fields: Force On A Moving Charge: Understand The Use Of A Hall Probe To Measure Magnetic Flux Density

Magnetic Fields: Force On A Moving Charge: Describe The Motion Of A Charged Particle Moving In A Uniform Magnetic Field Perpendicular To The Direction Of Motion Of The Particle

Magnetic Fields: Force On A Moving Charge: Explain How Electric And Magnetic Fields Can Be Used In Velocity Selection

Magnetic Fields: Magnetic Fields Due To Currents: Sketch Magnetic Field Patterns Due To The Currents In A Long Straight Wire, A Flat Circular Coil And A Long Solenoid

Magnetic Fields: Magnetic Fields Due To Currents: Understand That The Magnetic Field Due To The Current In A Solenoid Is Increased By A Ferrous Core

Magnetic Fields: Magnetic Fields Due To Currents: Explain The Origin Of The Forces Between Current-carrying Conductors And Determine The Direction Of The Forces

Magnetic Fields: Electromagnetic Induction: Define Magnetic Flux As The Product Of The Magnetic Flux Density And The Cross-sectional Area Perpendicular To The Direction Of The Magnetic Flux Density

Magnetic Fields: Electromagnetic Induction: Recall And Use Φ = Ba

Magnetic Fields: Electromagnetic Induction: Understand And Use The Concept Of Magnetic Flux Linkage

Magnetic Fields: Electromagnetic Induction: Understand And Explain Experiments That Demonstrate: That A Changing Magnetic Flux Can Induce An E.m.f. In A Circuit

Magnetic Fields: Electromagnetic Induction: Understand And Explain Experiments That Demonstrate: That The Induced E.m.f. Is In Such A Direction As To Oppose The Change Producing It

Magnetic Fields: Electromagnetic Induction: Understand And Explain Experiments That Demonstrate: The Factors Affecting The Magnitude Of The Induced E.m.f.

Magnetic Fields: Electromagnetic Induction: Recall And Use Faraday’s And Lenz’s Laws Of Electromagnetic Induction

Alternating Currents: Characteristics Of Alternating Currents: Understand And Use The Terms Period, Frequency And Peak Value As Applied To An Alternating Current Or Voltage

Alternating Currents: Characteristics Of Alternating Currents: Use Equations Of The Form X = X0 Sin Ωt Representing A Sinusoidally Alternating Current Or Voltage

Alternating Currents: Characteristics Of Alternating Currents: Recall And Use The Fact That The Mean Power In A Resistive Load Is Half The Maximum Power For A Sinusoidal Alternating Current

Alternating Currents: Characteristics Of Alternating Currents: Distinguish Between Root-mean-square (R.m.s.) And Peak Values And Recall And Use I R.m.s. = I0 / 2 And Vr.m.s. = V0 / 2 For A Sinusoidal Alternating Current

Alternating Currents: Rectification And Smoothing: Distinguish Graphically Between Half-wave And Full-wave Rectification

Alternating Currents: Rectification And Smoothing: Explain The Use Of A Single Diode For The Half-wave Rectification Of An Alternating Current

Alternating Currents: Rectification And Smoothing: Explain The Use Of Four Diodes (Bridge Rectifier) For The Full-wave Rectification Of An Alternating Current

Alternating Currents: Rectification And Smoothing: Analyse The Effect Of A Single Capacitor In Smoothing, Including The Effect Of The Values Of Capacitance And The Load Resistance

Quantum Physics: Energy And Momentum Of A Photon: Understand That Electromagnetic Radiation Has A Particulate Nature

Quantum Physics: Energy And Momentum Of A Photon: Understand That A Photon Is A Quantum Of Electromagnetic Energy

Quantum Physics: Energy And Momentum Of A Photon: Recall And Use E = Hf

Quantum Physics: Energy And Momentum Of A Photon: Use The Electronvolt (Ev) As A Unit Of Energy

Quantum Physics: Energy And Momentum Of A Photon: Understand That A Photon Has Momentum And That The Momentum Is Given By P = E/c

Quantum Physics: Photoelectric Effect: Understand That Photoelectrons May Be Emitted From A Metal Surface When It Is Illuminated By Electromagnetic Radiation

Quantum Physics: Photoelectric Effect: Understand And Use The Terms Threshold Frequency And Threshold Wavelength

Quantum Physics: Photoelectric Effect: Explain Photoelectric Emission In Terms Of Photon Energy And Work Function Energy

Quantum Physics: Photoelectric Effect: Recall And Use Hf = Φ + 2 1 Mvmax 2

Quantum Physics: Photoelectric Effect: Explain Why The Maximum Kinetic Energy Of Photoelectrons Is Independent Of Intensity, Whereas The Photoelectric Current Is Proportional To Intensity

Quantum Physics: Wave-particle Duality: Understand That The Photoelectric Effect Provides Evidence For A Particulate Nature Of Electromagnetic Radiation While Phenomena Such As Interference And Diffraction Provide Evidence For A Wave Nature

Quantum Physics: Wave-particle Duality: Describe And Interpret Qualitatively The Evidence Provided By Electron Diffraction For The Wave Nature Of Particles

Quantum Physics: Wave-particle Duality: Understand The De Broglie Wavelength As The Wavelength Associated With A Moving Particle

Quantum Physics: Wave-particle Duality: Recall And Use Λ = H/p

Quantum Physics: Energy Levels In Atoms And Line Spectra: Understand That There Are Discrete Electron Energy Levels In Isolated Atoms (E.g. Atomic Hydrogen)

Quantum Physics: Energy Levels In Atoms And Line Spectra: Understand The Appearance And Formation Of Emission And Absorption Line Spectra

Quantum Physics: Energy Levels In Atoms And Line Spectra: Recall And Use Hf = E1 – E2

Nuclear Physics: Mass Defect And Nuclear Binding Energy: Understand The Equivalence Between Energy And Mass As Represented By E = Mc2 And Recall And Use This Equation

Nuclear Physics: Mass Defect And Nuclear Binding Energy: Represent Simple Nuclear Reactions By Nuclear Equations Of The Form 7n He O H 14 2 4 8 17 1 1 + + “

Nuclear Physics: Mass Defect And Nuclear Binding Energy: Define And Use The Terms Mass Defect And Binding Energy

Nuclear Physics: Mass Defect And Nuclear Binding Energy: Sketch The Variation Of Binding Energy Per Nucleon With Nucleon Number

Nuclear Physics: Mass Defect And Nuclear Binding Energy: Explain What Is Meant By Nuclear Fusion And Nuclear Fission

Nuclear Physics: Mass Defect And Nuclear Binding Energy: Explain The Relevance Of Binding Energy Per Nucleon To Nuclear Reactions, Including Nuclear Fusion And Nuclear Fission

Nuclear Physics: Mass Defect And Nuclear Binding Energy: Calculate The Energy Released In Nuclear Reactions Using E = C2 ∆m

Nuclear Physics: Radioactive Decay: Understand That Fluctuations In Count Rate Provide Evidence For The Random Nature Of Radioactive Decay

Nuclear Physics: Radioactive Decay: Understand That Radioactive Decay Is Both Spontaneous And Random

Nuclear Physics: Radioactive Decay: Define Activity And Decay Constant, And Recall And Use A = Λn

Nuclear Physics: Radioactive Decay: Define Half-life

Nuclear Physics: Radioactive Decay: Use Λ = 0.693/t 2 1

Nuclear Physics: Radioactive Decay: Understand The Exponential Nature Of Radioactive Decay, And Sketch And Use The Relationship X = X0e–λt , Where X Could Represent Activity, Number Of Undecayed Nuclei Or Received Count Rate

Medical Physics: Production And Use Of Ultrasound: Understand That A Piezo-electric Crystal Changes Shape When A P.d. Is Applied Across It And That The Crystal Generates An E.m.f. When Its Shape Changes

Medical Physics: Production And Use Understand How Ultrasound Waves Are Generated And Detected By A Piezoelectric TransducerOf Ultrasound:

Medical Physics: Production And Use Of Ultrasound: Understand How The Reflection Of Pulses Of Ultrasound At Boundaries Between Tissues Can Be Used To Obtain Diagnostic Information About Internal Structures

Medical Physics: Production And Use Of Ultrasound: Define The Specific Acoustic Impedance Of A Medium As Z = Ρc, Where C Is The Speed Of Sound In The Medium

Medical Physics: Production And Use Of Ultrasound: Use Ir / I0 = (Z1 – Z2) 2 /(Z1 + Z2) 2 For The Intensity Reflection Coefficient Of A Boundary Between Two Media

Medical Physics: Production And Use Of Ultrasound: Recall And Use I = I0e–μx For The Attenuation Of Ultrasound In Matter

Medical Physics: Production And Use Of X-rays: Explain That X-rays Are Produced By Electron Bombardment Of A Metal Target And Calculate The Minimum Wavelength Of X-rays Produced From The Accelerating P.d.

Medical Physics: Production And Use Of X-rays: Understand The Use Of X-rays In Imaging Internal Body Structures, Including An Understanding Of The Term Contrast In X-ray Imaging

Medical Physics: Production And Use Of X-rays: Recall And Use I = I0e–μx For The Attenuation Of X-rays In Matter

Medical Physics: Production And Use Of X-rays: Understand That Computed Tomography (Ct) Scanning Produces A 3d Image Of An Internal Structure By First Combining Multiple X-ray Images Taken In The Same Section From Different Angles To Obtain A 2d Image Of The Section, Then Repeating This Process Along An Axis And Combining 2d Images Of Multiple Sections

Medical Physics: Pet Scanning: Recall That A Tracer That Decays By Β+ Decay Is Used In Positron Emission Tomography (Pet Scanning)

Medical Physics: Pet Scanning: Understand That Annihilation Occurs When A Particle Interacts With Its Antiparticle And That Mass–energy And Momentum Are Conserved In The Process

Medical Physics: Pet Scanning: Explain That, In Pet Scanning, Positrons Emitted By The Decay Of The Tracer Annihilate When They Interact With Electrons In The Tissue, Producing A Pair Of Gamma-ray Photons Travelling In Opposite Directions

Medical Physics: Pet Scanning: Calculate The Energy Of The Gamma-ray Photons Emitted During The Annihilation Of An Electron-positron Pair

Medical Physics: Pet Scanning: Understand That The Gamma-ray Photons From An Annihilation Event Travel Outside The Body And Can Be Detected, And An Image Of The Tracer Concentration In The Tissue Can Be Created By Processing The Arrival Times Of The Gamma-ray Photons

Astronomy And Cosmology: Standard Candles: Understand The Term Luminosity As The Total Power Of Radiation Emitted By A Star

Astronomy And Cosmology: Standard Candles: Recall And Use The Inverse Square Law For Radiant Flux Intensity F In Terms Of The Luminosity L Of The Source F = L/(4πd2 )

Astronomy And Cosmology: Standard Candles: Understand That An Object Of Known Luminosity Is Called A Standard Candle

Astronomy And Cosmology: Standard Candles: Understand The Use Of Standard Candles To Determine Distances To Galaxies

Astronomy And Cosmology: Stellar Radii: Recall And Use Wien’s Displacement Law Λmax ∝ 1/t To Estimate The Peak Surface Temperature Of A Star

Astronomy And Cosmology: Stellar Radii: Use The Stefan–boltzmann Law L = 4πσr 2 T4

Astronomy And Cosmology: Stellar Radii: Use Wien’s Displacement Law And The Stefan–boltzmann Law To Estimate The Radius Of A Star

Astronomy And Cosmology: Hubble’s Law And The Big Bang Theory: Understand That The Lines In The Emission And Absorption Spectra From Distant Objects Show An Increase In Wavelength From Their Known Values

Astronomy And Cosmology: Hubble’s Law And The Big Bang Theory: Use ∆λ / Λ . ∆f/f . V /c For The Redshift Of Electromagnetic Radiation From A Source Moving Relative To An Observer

Astronomy And Cosmology: Hubble’s Law And The Big Bang Theory: Explain Why Redshift Leads To The Idea That The Universe Is Expanding

Astronomy And Cosmology: Hubble’s Law And The Big Bang Theory: Recall And Use Hubble’s Law V . H0d And Explain How This Leads To The Big Bang Theory (Candidates Will Only Be Required To Use Si Units)

Motion In A Circle

Gravitational Fields

Temperature

Ideal Gases

Thermodynamics

Oscillations

Electric Fields

Capacitance

Magnetic Fields

Alternating Current

Quantum Physics

Nuclear Physics

Medial Physical

Astronomy And Cosmology

Practical Skills

Formulae Sheet: Circular Motion: Radian Measure And Angular Displacement Formulae

Formulae Sheet: Circular Motion: Angular Speed And Period Relationships

Formulae Sheet: Circular Motion: Linear Speed In Circular Motion

Formulae Sheet: Circular Motion: Centripetal Acceleration Formulae

Formulae Sheet: Circular Motion: Centripetal Force Formulae

Formulae Sheet: Gravitational Fields: Newton’s Law Of Gravitation Formulae

Formulae Sheet: Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Field Strength Due To A Point Mass

Formulae Sheet: Gravitational Fields: Variation Of Gravitational Field Strength With Distance

Formulae Sheet: Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Potential Formulae

Formulae Sheet: Gravitational Fields: Gravitational Potential Energy Formulae

Formulae Sheet: Gravitational Fields: Orbital Motion And Satellite Speed Formulae

Formulae Sheet: Gravitational Fields: Geostationary Orbit Conditions And Formulae