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As Level Issues And Debates: The Application Of Psychology To Everyday Life

As Level Issues And Debates: Individual And Situational Explanations

As Level Issues And Debates: Nature Versus Nurture

As Level Issues And Debates: The Use Of Children In Psychological Research

As Level Issues And Debates: The Use Of Animals In Psychological Research

Biological Approach: Behaviour, Cognitions And Emotions Can Be Explained In Terms Of The Working Of The Brain And The Effect Of Hormones, Genetics And Evolution.

Biological Approach: Similarities And Differences Between People Can Be Understood In Terms Of Biological Factors And Their Interaction With Other Factors.

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): Dement, W And Kleitman, N (1957), The Relation Of Eye Movements During Sleep To Dream Activity: An Objective Method For The Study Of Dreaming. Journal Of Experimental Psychology, 53(5): 339–46

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): The Study By Dement And Kleitman Investigated The Relationship Between Rapid Eye Movements (Rem) And Dreaming. It Included Eegs, Rem And Non-rem Sleep, Used Experimental And Correlational Methods And An Interview Technique.

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Sleep; Dreaming; Ultradian Rhythms.

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): The Background To The Study

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): Hassett, J M, Siebert, E R And Wallen, K (2008), Sex Differences In Rhesus Monkey Toy Preferences Parallel Those Of Children. Hormones And Behaviour, 54(3): 359–64

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): The Study By Hassett Et Al. Was An Experiment Investigating Sex Differences For Toy Preferences In Monkeys, Whose Behaviour Is Assumed To Be More Biologically Controlled Than That Of Children. Interactions With Stereotypical Boys’ Toys And Girls’ Toys Were Observed And Coded Using A Behavioural Checklist. Human Participants Were Not Included In This Study. To Compare Monkey Toy Preferences To Those Of Children, Data From Another Study Was Used.

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Sex Differences; Socialisation; Play; The Role Of Hormones.

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): The Psychology That Is Being Investigated

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): The Background To The Study

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): Hölzel, B K, Carmody, J, Vangel, M, Congleton, C, Yerramsetti, S M, Gard, T And Lazar, S W (2011), Mindfulness Practice Leads To Increases In Regional Brain Gray Matter Density. Psychiatry Research, 191(1): 36–43

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): The Study By Hölzel Et Al. Investigated The Effects Of Mindfulness Practice On Brain Structure In An Experiment Using A Longitudinal Design. The Techniques Used Included Mri Scans And Self-reports. The Study Also Used Correlations.

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Mindfulness; Localisation Of Function.

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): The Psychology That Is Being Investigated

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): The Background To The Study

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates.

Cognitive Approach: Information Is Processed Through The Same Route In All Humans: Input – Process – Output, In A Similar Way To How Information Is Processed By A Computer.

Cognitive Approach: People Have Individual Differences In Their Cognitive Processing Such As With Attention, Language, Thinking And Memory. These Processes Can Also Help To Explain Behaviour And Emotion.

Andrade (Doodling): Andrade, J (2010), What Does Doodling Do? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24(1): 100–6

Andrade (Doodling): The Study By Andrade Explored The Idea That Doodling Can Assist A Person’s Concentration And Memory. This Was Investigated In A Laboratory Experiment.

Andrade (Doodling): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Attention; Memory.

Andrade (Doodling): The Psychology That Is Being Investigated

Andrade (Doodling): The Background To The Study

Andrade (Doodling): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Andrade (Doodling): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Andrade (Doodling): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Andrade (Doodling): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Andrade (Doodling): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Andrade (Doodling): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Andrade (Doodling): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Andrade (Doodling): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates.

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): Baron-cohen, S, Wheelwright, S, Hill, J, Raste, Y And Plumb, I (2001), The ‘reading The Mind In The Eyes’ Test Revised Version: A Study With Normal Adults, And Adults With Asperger Syndrome Or High-functioning Autism. Journal Of Child Psychology And Psychiatry, 42(2): 241–51

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): The Study By Baron-cohen Et Al. Investigated Theory Of Mind In Adults Including Those With Asperger Syndrome Or Autism. The Study Aimed To Improve The Original 1997 ‘reading The Mind In The Eyes’ Test, A Questionnaire That Was Completed Online. The Research Methods Used In This Study Included Experiments And Correlations.

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Theory Of Mind; Social Sensitivity.

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): The Psychology That Is Being Investigated

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): The Background To The Study

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates.

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): Pozzulo, J D, Dempsey, J, Bruer, K And Sheahan, C (2011), The Culprit In Target-absent Lineups: Understanding Young Children’s False Positive Responding. Journal Of Police And Criminal Psychology, 27(1): 55–62

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): The Study By Pozzulo Et Al. Investigated Factors Affecting Memory For Target Faces In A Line-up, As Used In Identification Of A Criminal By An Eyewitness. This Was Tested Using The Faces Of Cartoon Characters And Humans. The Laboratory Experiment Also Made Comparisons Between Adults And Children And Used Interviews And Questionnaires As Techniques.

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: False Positive Responses; Eyewitness Testimony.

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): The Psychology That Is Being Investigated

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): The Background To The Study

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates.

Learning Approach: We All Begin Life As A Blank Slate. Experiences And Interactions With The Environment Shape Our Behaviour And These Changes Are Directly Observable.

Learning Approach: We Learn Through The Processes Of Operant Conditioning, Classical Conditioning And Social Learning. This Can Be Understood Using The Stimulus-response Model.

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): Bandura, A, Ross, D And Ross, S A (1961), Transmission Of Aggression Through Imitation Of Aggressive Models. Journal Of Abnormal And Social Psychology, 63(3): 575–82

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): The Study By Bandura Et Al. Tested Social Learning Theory. The Study Investigated Whether A Child Would Imitate Aggressive Behaviour If They Witnessed Such Behaviour In An Adult. The Study Was An Experiment Comparing Several Variables Using Observation As A Technique To Collect Data.

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Social Learning Theory; Aggression.

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): The Psychology That Is Being Investigated

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): The Background To The Study

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates.

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): Fagen, A, Acharya, N And Kaufman, G E (2014), Positive Reinforcement Training For A Trunk Wash In Nepal’s Working Elephants: Demonstrating Alternatives To Traditional Elephant Training Techniques. Journal Of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 17(2): 83–97

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): The Study By Fagen Et Al. Investigated The Use Of Positive Reinforcement Training For Trunk Washing In A Group Of Working Elephants To Improve Captive Management And Welfare. Secondary Reinforcement Training Was Used To Train The Elephants To Perform Specific Behaviours. The Research Method Was An Observation With Success Measured Using A Behavioural Checklist.

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Operant Conditioning; Reinforcement (Positive, Negative, Primary And Secondary); Shaping; Behavioural Chaining.

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): The Psychology That Is Being Investigated

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): The Background To The Study

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates.

Saavedra And Silverman (Button Phobia): Saavedra, L M And Silverman, W K (2002), Case Study: Disgust And A Specific Phobia Of Buttons. Journal Of The American Academy Of Child And Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(11): 1376–79

Saavedra And Silverman (Button Phobia): Saavedra And Silverman Studied A Child With Button Phobia. They Investigated How Classical Conditioning Can Be Used To Treat A Child’s Phobia By Targeting Disgust And Fear Responses. The Case Study Research Method Was Used With Interviews, Various Scales And Observations As Techniques.

Saavedra And Silverman (Button Phobia): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Evaluative Learning; Operant Conditioning; Classical Conditioning; Phobias.

Social Approach: Behaviour, Cognitions And Emotions Are Influenced By Social Contexts, Social Environments And Groups.

Social Approach: Behaviour, Cognitions And Emotions Are Influenced By The Actual, Implied Or Imagined Presence Of Others.

Milgram (Obedience): Milgram, S (1963), Behavioral Study Of Obedience. Journal Of Abnormal And Social Psychology, 67(4): 371–78

Milgram (Obedience): The Study By Milgram Investigated The Conflict Between Obedience To Authority And Personal Conscience And How Far A Person Would Go In Obeying An Instruction If It Meant Harming Another Person. This Includes Considering Dispositional And Situational Hypotheses. A Laboratory Setting Was Used To Measure Obedience, Described As A ‘dependent Variable’ But There Was No Independent Variable In The Main Study. The Study Used Observations And An Interview As Techniques. Please Note: Milgram Conducted Many Variations On This Study. This Study Did Not Provide The ‘teacher’ With Voice-feedback From The ‘victim’.

Milgram (Obedience): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Obedience; Social Pressure.

Milgram (Obedience): The Psychology That Is Being Investigated

Milgram (Obedience): The Background To The Study

Milgram (Obedience): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Milgram (Obedience): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Milgram (Obedience): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Milgram (Obedience): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Milgram (Obedience): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Milgram (Obedience): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Milgram (Obedience): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Milgram (Obedience): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates.

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): Perry, A, Mankuta, D And Shamay-tsoory, S G (2015), Ot Promotes Closer Interpersonal Distance Among Highly Empathic Individuals. Social, Cognitive And Affective Neuroscience, 10(1): 3–9

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): The Study By Perry Et Al. Investigated Personal Space (Interpersonal Distance). They Tested How Empathy And Oxytocin Affected The Perception Of Personal Space Using A Placebo To Compare To Oxytocin. Two Experiments Used Different Techniques To Measure Interpersonal Distance And Questionnaires Were Also Used. Experiment 1 Used A Computerised Version Of The Comfortable Interpersonal Distance Scale. In Experiment 2, Participants Chose Between Pictures Of Different Rooms.

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Interpersonal Distance (Personal Space); Social Hormones; Empathy.

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): The Psychology That Is Being Investigated

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): The Background To The Study

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates.

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): Piliavin, I M, Rodin, J And Piliavin, J A (1969), Good Samaritanism: An Underground Phenomenon? Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 13(4): 289–99

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): The Study By Piliavin Et Al. Tested Bystander Apathy. The Study Investigated How Bystanders Behave In Real Life Situations And The Factors That Can Affect Their Desire To Help. This Includes Considering Diffusion Of Responsibility. The Study Was A Field Experiment And Used Observations As A Technique.

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Bystander Apathy; Diffusion Of Responsibility.

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): The Psychology That Is Being Investigated

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): The Background To The Study

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates.

Research Methodology: Research Method: Experiments: Describe The Main Features Of Each Type Of Experiment: Laboratory

Research Methodology: Research Method: Experiments: Describe The Main Features Of Each Type Of Experiment: Field

Research Methodology: Research Method: Experiments: Evaluate Each Type Of Experiment, In Terms Of: Reliability

Research Methodology: Research Method: Experiments: Evaluate Each Type Of Experiment, In Terms Of: Validity

Research Methodology: Research Method: Experiments: Evaluate Each Type Of Experiment, In Terms Of: Ethics

Research Methodology: Research Method: Experiments: Describe And Evaluate Experimental Designs As Used In Psychological Research (Independent Measures, Matched Pairs And Repeated Measures)

Research Methodology: Research Method: Experiments: Describe And Evaluate Concepts Relating To Experimental Designs Including Counterbalancing, Random Allocation, Order Effects (Fatigue And Practice)

Research Methodology: Research Method: Experiments: Evaluate The Use Of Experiments In Psychological Research, Including The Use Of Experimental And Control Groups /control Conditions

Research Methodology: Research Method: Experiments: Apply Knowledge Of Experiments To A Given Novel Research Scenario

Research Methodology: Research Method: Self-reports: Describe The Main Features Of Each Type Of Self-report: Questionnaire, Including Technique (Paper And Pencil/online) And Question Format (Open And Closed Questions)

Research Methodology: Research Method: Self-reports: Describe The Main Features Of Each Type Of Self-report: Interview, Including Format (Structured/unstructured/ Semi-structured), Technique (Telephone/face-toface) And Question Format (Open And Closed Questions)

Research Methodology: Research Method: Self-reports: Evaluate The Use Of Self-reports In Psychological Research

Research Methodology: Research Method: Self-reports: Apply Knowledge Of Self-reports To A Given Novel Research Scenario

Research Methodology: Research Method: Case Studies: Describe The Case Study Method, Including The Main Features: A Single Participant/unit; Studied In Detail

Research Methodology: Research Method: Case Studies: Evaluate The Use Of Case Studies In Psychological Research

Research Methodology: Research Method: Case Studies: Apply Knowledge Of Case Studies To A Given Novel Research Scenario.

Research Methodology: Research Method: Observations: Describe The Main Features Of An Observation (E.g. Overt/covert, Participant/non-participant, Structured/unstructured, Naturalistic/controlled)

Research Methodology: Research Method: Observations: Evaluate The Use Of Observations In Psychological Research

Research Methodology: Research Method: Observations: Apply Knowledge Of Observations To A Given Novel Research Scenario.

Research Methodology: Research Method: Correlations: Describe Correlations, Positive And Negative Correlations And Strength Of Correlations

Research Methodology: Research Method: Correlations: Identify And Give Operational Definitions For Co-variables (Measured Variables)

Research Methodology: Research Method: Correlations: Evaluate The Use Of Correlations In Psychological Research, Including Lack Of Causality

Research Methodology: Research Method: Correlations: Apply Knowledge Of Correlations To A Given Novel Research Scenario.

Research Methodology: Research Method: Longitudinal Studies: Describe Longitudinal Studies, Including Experiments With Longitudinal Designs

Research Methodology: Research Method: Longitudinal Studies: Evaluate The Use Of Longitudinal Studies, Including Experiments With Longitudinal Designs

Research Methodology: Research Method: Longitudinal Studies: v

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Aims And Hypotheses: Describe And Write Aims

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Aims And Hypotheses: Describe And Recognise Null Hypotheses And Alternative Hypotheses Including Directional (One-tailed) And Non-directional (Two-tailed) Hypotheses.

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Variables: Describe What Is Meant By An Independent Variable And A Dependent Variable

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Variables: Describe How Dependent Variables Can Be Measured

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Variables: Identify Independent Variables And Dependent Variables In Studies

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Variables: Understand What Is Meant By An ‘operational Definition’

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Variables: Operationalise: An Independent Variable

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Variables: Operationalise: A Dependent Variable

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Variables: Apply Knowledge Of Variables To A Novel Research Situation.

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Controlling Of Variables: Describe How Psychologists Can Control Variables (Use ‘controls’) In A Study

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Controlling Of Variables: Understand Control Of Variables / Standardisation Of A Procedure

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Controlling Of Variables: Understand Uncontrolled, Participant And Situational Variables

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Controlling Of Variables: Apply Knowledge Of Control Of Variables (‘controls’) To A Novel Research Situation.

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Types Of Data: Describe What Is Meant By Quantitative And Qualitative Data And Subjective And Objective Data

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Types Of Data: Evaluate The Use Of Types Of Data As Collected In Psychological Research

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Types Of Data: Apply Knowledge Of Types Of Data To A Novel Research Situation.

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Sampling Of Participants: Describe What Is Meant By The Sample And Population, And The Sampling Techniques Of Opportunity Sampling, Random Sampling And Volunteer (Self-selecting) Sampling

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Sampling Of Participants: Evaluate Different Sampling Techniques As Used In Psychological Research, Including Generalisations

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Sampling Of Participants: Apply Knowledge Of Sampling Techniques To A Novel Research Situation.

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Human Participants: Minimising Harm (And Maximising Benefit)

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Human Participants: Valid Consent Including Informed Consent

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Human Participants: Right To Withdraw

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Human Participants: Lack Of Deception

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Human Participants: Confidentiality

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Human Participants: Privacy

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Human Participants: Debriefing

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Animals: Minimising Harm (And Maximising Benefit)

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Animals: Replacement

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Animals: Species

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Animals: Numbers

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Animals: Procedures ○ Pain, Suffering And Distress ○ Housing ○ Reward, Deprivation And Aversive Stimuli

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Evaluate Studies Based On Ethical Guidelines

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Apply Knowledge Of Ethical Guidelines To A Novel Research Situation.

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Validity: Describe Validity, Including Ecological Validity

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Validity: Evaluate Studies Based On Their Validity: – Subjectivity /objectivity – Demand Characteristics – Generalisability

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Validity: Apply Knowledge Of Validity To A Novel Research Situation.

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Reliability And Replicability: Describe Different Types Of Reliability, Including Inter-rater And Inter-observer Reliability, Test-retest Reliability

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Reliability And Replicability: Evaluate Studies Based On Their Reliability

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Reliability And Replicability: Apply Knowledge Of Reliability To A Given Novel Research Situation

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Reliability And Replicability: Understand Replicability

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Reliability And Replicability: Apply Understanding Of Replicability To The Planning Of Studies.

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Data Analysis: Present And Interpret Data In Tables

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Data Analysis: Understand The Meaning Of ‘measure Of Central Tendency’

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Data Analysis: Name, Recognise And Know How To Find Measures Of Central Tendency: – Mode – Median (No Calculation Necessary) – Mean (No Calculation Necessary)

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Data Analysis: Understand The Meaning Of ‘measure Of Spread’ – Name, Recognise And Know How To Find Range – Recognise, Interpret And Understand Standard Deviation

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Data Analysis: Name, Recognise, Draw, Change And Interpret Data From A: – Bar Chart – Histogram – Scatter Graph.

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Candidates Will Not Be Required To Carry Out Calculations.

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Candidates Will Not Be Required To Understand Or Interpret Statistical Tests Or Findings Other Than As Specified.

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams)

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences)

Holzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans)

Andrade (Doodling)

Baron-Cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test)

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-Ups)

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression)

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning)

Saavedra And Silverman (Button Phobia)

Milgram (Obedience)

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space)

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans)

Experiments

Self-Reports

Case Studies

Observations

Correlations

Longitudinal Studies

Aims And Hypotheses

Variables

Controlling of Variables

Types of Data

Sampling of Participants

Ethics

Validity

Reliability And Replicability

Data Analysis

As Level Issues And Debates: The Application Of Psychology To Everyday Life

As Level Issues And Debates: Individual And Situational Explanations

As Level Issues And Debates: Nature Versus Nurture

As Level Issues And Debates: The Use Of Children In Psychological Research

As Level Issues And Debates: The Use Of Animals In Psychological Research

Biological Approach: Behaviour, Cognitions And Emotions Can Be Explained In Terms Of The Working Of The Brain And The Effect Of Hormones, Genetics And Evolution.

Biological Approach: Similarities And Differences Between People Can Be Understood In Terms Of Biological Factors And Their Interaction With Other Factors.

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): Dement, W And Kleitman, N (1957), The Relation Of Eye Movements During Sleep To Dream Activity: An Objective Method For The Study Of Dreaming. Journal Of Experimental Psychology, 53(5): 339–46

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): The Study By Dement And Kleitman Investigated The Relationship Between Rapid Eye Movements (Rem) And Dreaming. It Included Eegs, Rem And Non-rem Sleep, Used Experimental And Correlational Methods And An Interview Technique.

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Sleep; Dreaming; Ultradian Rhythms.

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): The Background To The Study

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): Hassett, J M, Siebert, E R And Wallen, K (2008), Sex Differences In Rhesus Monkey Toy Preferences Parallel Those Of Children. Hormones And Behaviour, 54(3): 359–64

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): The Study By Hassett Et Al. Was An Experiment Investigating Sex Differences For Toy Preferences In Monkeys, Whose Behaviour Is Assumed To Be More Biologically Controlled Than That Of Children. Interactions With Stereotypical Boys’ Toys And Girls’ Toys Were Observed And Coded Using A Behavioural Checklist. Human Participants Were Not Included In This Study. To Compare Monkey Toy Preferences To Those Of Children, Data From Another Study Was Used.

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Sex Differences; Socialisation; Play; The Role Of Hormones.

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): The Psychology That Is Being Investigated

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): The Background To The Study

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): Hölzel, B K, Carmody, J, Vangel, M, Congleton, C, Yerramsetti, S M, Gard, T And Lazar, S W (2011), Mindfulness Practice Leads To Increases In Regional Brain Gray Matter Density. Psychiatry Research, 191(1): 36–43

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): The Study By Hölzel Et Al. Investigated The Effects Of Mindfulness Practice On Brain Structure In An Experiment Using A Longitudinal Design. The Techniques Used Included Mri Scans And Self-reports. The Study Also Used Correlations.

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Mindfulness; Localisation Of Function.

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): The Psychology That Is Being Investigated

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): The Background To The Study

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates.

Cognitive Approach: Information Is Processed Through The Same Route In All Humans: Input – Process – Output, In A Similar Way To How Information Is Processed By A Computer.

Cognitive Approach: People Have Individual Differences In Their Cognitive Processing Such As With Attention, Language, Thinking And Memory. These Processes Can Also Help To Explain Behaviour And Emotion.

Andrade (Doodling): Andrade, J (2010), What Does Doodling Do? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24(1): 100–6

Andrade (Doodling): The Study By Andrade Explored The Idea That Doodling Can Assist A Person’s Concentration And Memory. This Was Investigated In A Laboratory Experiment.

Andrade (Doodling): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Attention; Memory.

Andrade (Doodling): The Background To The Study

Andrade (Doodling): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Andrade (Doodling): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Andrade (Doodling): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Andrade (Doodling): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Andrade (Doodling): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Andrade (Doodling): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Andrade (Doodling): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Andrade (Doodling): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates.

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): Baron-cohen, S, Wheelwright, S, Hill, J, Raste, Y And Plumb, I (2001), The ‘reading The Mind In The Eyes’ Test Revised Version: A Study With Normal Adults, And Adults With Asperger Syndrome Or High-functioning Autism. Journal Of Child Psychology And Psychiatry, 42(2): 241–51

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): The Study By Baron-cohen Et Al. Investigated Theory Of Mind In Adults Including Those With Asperger Syndrome Or Autism. The Study Aimed To Improve The Original 1997 ‘reading The Mind In The Eyes’ Test, A Questionnaire That Was Completed Online. The Research Methods Used In This Study Included Experiments And Correlations.

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Theory Of Mind; Social Sensitivity.

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): The Psychology That Is Being Investigated

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): The Background To The Study

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates.

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): Pozzulo, J D, Dempsey, J, Bruer, K And Sheahan, C (2011), The Culprit In Target-absent Lineups: Understanding Young Children’s False Positive Responding. Journal Of Police And Criminal Psychology, 27(1): 55–62

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): The Study By Pozzulo Et Al. Investigated Factors Affecting Memory For Target Faces In A Line-up, As Used In Identification Of A Criminal By An Eyewitness. This Was Tested Using The Faces Of Cartoon Characters And Humans. The Laboratory Experiment Also Made Comparisons Between Adults And Children And Used Interviews And Questionnaires As Techniques.

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: False Positive Responses; Eyewitness Testimony.

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): The Psychology That Is Being Investigated

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): The Background To The Study

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates.

Learning Approach: We All Begin Life As A Blank Slate. Experiences And Interactions With The Environment Shape Our Behaviour And These Changes Are Directly Observable.

Learning Approach: We Learn Through The Processes Of Operant Conditioning, Classical Conditioning And Social Learning. This Can Be Understood Using The Stimulus-response Model.

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): Bandura, A, Ross, D And Ross, S A (1961), Transmission Of Aggression Through Imitation Of Aggressive Models. Journal Of Abnormal And Social Psychology, 63(3): 575–82

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): The Study By Bandura Et Al. Tested Social Learning Theory. The Study Investigated Whether A Child Would Imitate Aggressive Behaviour If They Witnessed Such Behaviour In An Adult. The Study Was An Experiment Comparing Several Variables Using Observation As A Technique To Collect Data.

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Social Learning Theory; Aggression.

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): The Psychology That Is Being Investigated

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): The Background To The Study

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates.

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): Fagen, A, Acharya, N And Kaufman, G E (2014), Positive Reinforcement Training For A Trunk Wash In Nepal’s Working Elephants: Demonstrating Alternatives To Traditional Elephant Training Techniques. Journal Of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 17(2): 83–97

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): The Study By Fagen Et Al. Investigated The Use Of Positive Reinforcement Training For Trunk Washing In A Group Of Working Elephants To Improve Captive Management And Welfare. Secondary Reinforcement Training Was Used To Train The Elephants To Perform Specific Behaviours. The Research Method Was An Observation With Success Measured Using A Behavioural Checklist.

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Operant Conditioning; Reinforcement (Positive, Negative, Primary And Secondary); Shaping; Behavioural Chaining.

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): The Psychology That Is Being Investigated

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): The Background To The Study

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates.

Saavedra And Silverman (Button Phobia): Saavedra, L M And Silverman, W K (2002), Case Study: Disgust And A Specific Phobia Of Buttons. Journal Of The American Academy Of Child And Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(11): 1376–79

Saavedra And Silverman (Button Phobia): Saavedra And Silverman Studied A Child With Button Phobia. They Investigated How Classical Conditioning Can Be Used To Treat A Child’s Phobia By Targeting Disgust And Fear Responses. The Case Study Research Method Was Used With Interviews, Various Scales And Observations As Techniques.

Saavedra And Silverman (Button Phobia): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Evaluative Learning; Operant Conditioning; Classical Conditioning; Phobias.

Social Approach: Behaviour, Cognitions And Emotions Are Influenced By Social Contexts, Social Environments And Groups.

Social Approach: Behaviour, Cognitions And Emotions Are Influenced By The Actual, Implied Or Imagined Presence Of Others.

Milgram (Obedience): Milgram, S (1963), Behavioral Study Of Obedience. Journal Of Abnormal And Social Psychology, 67(4): 371–78

Milgram (Obedience): The Study By Milgram Investigated The Conflict Between Obedience To Authority And Personal Conscience And How Far A Person Would Go In Obeying An Instruction If It Meant Harming Another Person. This Includes Considering Dispositional And Situational Hypotheses. A Laboratory Setting Was Used To Measure Obedience, Described As A ‘dependent Variable’ But There Was No Independent Variable In The Main Study. The Study Used Observations And An Interview As Techniques. Please Note: Milgram Conducted Many Variations On This Study. This Study Did Not Provide The ‘teacher’ With Voice-feedback From The ‘victim’.

Milgram (Obedience): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Obedience; Social Pressure.

Milgram (Obedience): The Psychology That Is Being Investigated

Milgram (Obedience): The Background To The Study

Milgram (Obedience): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Milgram (Obedience): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Milgram (Obedience): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Milgram (Obedience): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Milgram (Obedience): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Milgram (Obedience): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Milgram (Obedience): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Milgram (Obedience): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates.

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): Perry, A, Mankuta, D And Shamay-tsoory, S G (2015), Ot Promotes Closer Interpersonal Distance Among Highly Empathic Individuals. Social, Cognitive And Affective Neuroscience, 10(1): 3–9

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): The Study By Perry Et Al. Investigated Personal Space (Interpersonal Distance). They Tested How Empathy And Oxytocin Affected The Perception Of Personal Space Using A Placebo To Compare To Oxytocin. Two Experiments Used Different Techniques To Measure Interpersonal Distance And Questionnaires Were Also Used. Experiment 1 Used A Computerised Version Of The Comfortable Interpersonal Distance Scale. In Experiment 2, Participants Chose Between Pictures Of Different Rooms.

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Interpersonal Distance (Personal Space); Social Hormones; Empathy.

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): The Psychology That Is Being Investigated

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): The Background To The Study

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates.

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): Piliavin, I M, Rodin, J And Piliavin, J A (1969), Good Samaritanism: An Underground Phenomenon? Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 13(4): 289–99

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): The Study By Piliavin Et Al. Tested Bystander Apathy. The Study Investigated How Bystanders Behave In Real Life Situations And The Factors That Can Affect Their Desire To Help. This Includes Considering Diffusion Of Responsibility. The Study Was A Field Experiment And Used Observations As A Technique.

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Bystander Apathy; Diffusion Of Responsibility.

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): The Psychology That Is Being Investigated

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): The Background To The Study

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates.

Research Methodology: Research Method: Experiments: Describe The Main Features Of Each Type Of Experiment: Laboratory

Research Methodology: Research Method: Experiments: Describe The Main Features Of Each Type Of Experiment: Field

Research Methodology: Research Method: Experiments: Evaluate Each Type Of Experiment, In Terms Of: Reliability

Research Methodology: Research Method: Experiments: Evaluate Each Type Of Experiment, In Terms Of: Validity

Research Methodology: Research Method: Experiments: Evaluate Each Type Of Experiment, In Terms Of: Ethics

Research Methodology: Research Method: Experiments: Describe And Evaluate Experimental Designs As Used In Psychological Research (Independent Measures, Matched Pairs And Repeated Measures)

Research Methodology: Research Method: Experiments: Describe And Evaluate Concepts Relating To Experimental Designs Including Counterbalancing, Random Allocation, Order Effects (Fatigue And Practice)

Research Methodology: Research Method: Experiments: Evaluate The Use Of Experiments In Psychological Research, Including The Use Of Experimental And Control Groups /control Conditions

Research Methodology: Research Method: Experiments: Apply Knowledge Of Experiments To A Given Novel Research Scenario

Research Methodology: Research Method: Self-reports: Describe The Main Features Of Each Type Of Self-report: Questionnaire, Including Technique (Paper And Pencil/online) And Question Format (Open And Closed Questions)

Research Methodology: Research Method: Self-reports: Evaluate The Use Of Self-reports In Psychological Research

Research Methodology: Research Method: Self-reports: Apply Knowledge Of Self-reports To A Given Novel Research Scenario

Research Methodology: Research Method: Self-reports: Describe The Main Features Of Each Type Of Self-report: Interview, Including Format (Structured/unstructured/ Semi-structured), Technique (Telephone/face-toface) And Question Format (Open And Closed Questions)

Research Methodology: Research Method: Case Studies: Describe The Case Study Method, Including The Main Features: A Single Participant/unit; Studied In Detail

Research Methodology: Research Method: Case Studies: Evaluate The Use Of Case Studies In Psychological Research

Research Methodology: Research Method: Case Studies: Apply Knowledge Of Case Studies To A Given Novel Research Scenario.

Research Methodology: Research Method: Observations: Describe The Main Features Of An Observation (E.g. Overt/covert, Participant/non-participant, Structured/unstructured, Naturalistic/controlled)

Research Methodology: Research Method: Observations: Evaluate The Use Of Observations In Psychological Research

Research Methodology: Research Method: Observations: Apply Knowledge Of Observations To A Given Novel Research Scenario.

Research Methodology: Research Method: Correlations: Describe Correlations, Positive And Negative Correlations And Strength Of Correlations

Research Methodology: Research Method: Correlations: Identify And Give Operational Definitions For Co-variables (Measured Variables)

Research Methodology: Research Method: Correlations: Evaluate The Use Of Correlations In Psychological Research, Including Lack Of Causality

Research Methodology: Research Method: Correlations: Apply Knowledge Of Correlations To A Given Novel Research Scenario.

Research Methodology: Research Method: Longitudinal Studies: Describe Longitudinal Studies, Including Experiments With Longitudinal Designs

Research Methodology: Research Method: Longitudinal Studies: Evaluate The Use Of Longitudinal Studies, Including Experiments With Longitudinal Designs

Research Methodology: Research Method: Longitudinal Studies: v

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Aims And Hypotheses: Describe And Write Aims

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Aims And Hypotheses: Describe And Recognise Null Hypotheses And Alternative Hypotheses Including Directional (One-tailed) And Non-directional (Two-tailed) Hypotheses.

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Variables: Describe What Is Meant By An Independent Variable And A Dependent Variable

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Variables: Describe How Dependent Variables Can Be Measured

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Variables: Identify Independent Variables And Dependent Variables In Studies

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Variables: Understand What Is Meant By An ‘operational Definition’

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Variables: Operationalise: An Independent Variable

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Variables: Operationalise: A Dependent Variable

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Variables: Apply Knowledge Of Variables To A Novel Research Situation.

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Controlling Of Variables: Describe How Psychologists Can Control Variables (Use ‘controls’) In A Study

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Controlling Of Variables: Understand Control Of Variables / Standardisation Of A Procedure

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Controlling Of Variables: Understand Uncontrolled, Participant And Situational Variables

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Controlling Of Variables: Apply Knowledge Of Control Of Variables (‘controls’) To A Novel Research Situation.

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Types Of Data: Describe What Is Meant By Quantitative And Qualitative Data And Subjective And Objective Data

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Types Of Data: Evaluate The Use Of Types Of Data As Collected In Psychological Research

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Types Of Data: Apply Knowledge Of Types Of Data To A Novel Research Situation.

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Sampling Of Participants: Describe What Is Meant By The Sample And Population, And The Sampling Techniques Of Opportunity Sampling, Random Sampling And Volunteer (Self-selecting) Sampling

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Sampling Of Participants: Evaluate Different Sampling Techniques As Used In Psychological Research, Including Generalisations

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Sampling Of Participants: Apply Knowledge Of Sampling Techniques To A Novel Research Situation.

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Human Participants: Minimising Harm (And Maximising Benefit)

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Human Participants: Valid Consent Including Informed Consent

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Human Participants: Right To Withdraw

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Human Participants: Lack Of Deception

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Human Participants: Confidentiality

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Human Participants: Privacy

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Human Participants: Debriefing

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Animals: Minimising Harm (And Maximising Benefit)

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Animals: Replacement

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Animals: Species

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Animals: Numbers

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Animals: Procedures ○ Pain, Suffering And Distress ○ Housing ○ Reward, Deprivation And Aversive Stimuli

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Evaluate Studies Based On Ethical Guidelines

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Apply Knowledge Of Ethical Guidelines To A Novel Research Situation.

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Validity: Describe Validity, Including Ecological Validity

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Validity: Evaluate Studies Based On Their Validity: – Subjectivity /objectivity – Demand Characteristics – Generalisability

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Validity: Apply Knowledge Of Validity To A Novel Research Situation.

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Reliability And Replicability: Describe Different Types Of Reliability, Including Inter-rater And Inter-observer Reliability, Test-retest Reliability

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Reliability And Replicability: Evaluate Studies Based On Their Reliability

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Reliability And Replicability: Apply Knowledge Of Reliability To A Given Novel Research Situation

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Reliability And Replicability: Understand Replicability

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Reliability And Replicability: Apply Understanding Of Replicability To The Planning Of Studies.

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Data Analysis: Present And Interpret Data In Tables

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Data Analysis: Understand The Meaning Of ‘measure Of Central Tendency’

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Data Analysis: Name, Recognise And Know How To Find Measures Of Central Tendency: – Mode – Median (No Calculation Necessary) – Mean (No Calculation Necessary)

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Data Analysis: Understand The Meaning Of ‘measure Of Spread’ – Name, Recognise And Know How To Find Range – Recognise, Interpret And Understand Standard Deviation

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Data Analysis: Name, Recognise, Draw, Change And Interpret Data From A: – Bar Chart – Histogram – Scatter Graph.

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Candidates Will Not Be Required To Carry Out Calculations.

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Candidates Will Not Be Required To Understand Or Interpret Statistical Tests Or Findings Other Than As Specified.

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams)

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences)

Holzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans)

Andrade (Doodling)

Baron-Cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test)

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-Ups)

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression)

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning)

Saavedra And Silverman (Button Phobia)

Milgram (Obedience)

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space)

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans)

Experiments

Self-Reports

Case Studies

Observations

Correlations

Longitudinal Studies

Aims And Hypotheses

Variables

Controlling of Variables

Types of Data

Sampling of Participants

Ethics

Validity

Reliability And Replicability

Data Analysis

Dement and Kleitman

Hassett et al.

Holzel et al.

Andrade

Baron-Cohen et al.

Pozzulo et al.

Bandura et al.

Fagen et al.

Saavedra and Silverman

Milgram

Perry et al.

Paliavin et al.

Experiments

Self-Reports

Case Studies

Observations

Correlations

Longitudinal Studies

Aims and Hypothesis

Variables

Controlling of variables

Types of Data

Sampling of Participants

Ethics

Validity

Reliability and Replicability

Data analysis

Complete Paper 2 Content + First Study Biological Approach

Studies: Holzel + Hassett + Fagen + Andrade

Studies: Milgram + Pallivan

Studies: Pullozo+ Saveeda +Baron-Cohen + Bandura + Perry

Paper Attempt Technique

Past Paper Revision

Past Paper Paper 2

As Level Issues And Debates: The Application Of Psychology To Everyday Life

As Level Issues And Debates: Individual And Situational Explanations

As Level Issues And Debates: Nature Versus Nurture

As Level Issues And Debates: The Use Of Children In Psychological Research

As Level Issues And Debates: The Use Of Animals In Psychological Research

Biological Approach: Behaviour, Cognitions And Emotions Can Be Explained In Terms Of The Working Of The Brain And The Effect Of Hormones, Genetics And Evolution.

Biological Approach: Similarities And Differences Between People Can Be Understood In Terms Of Biological Factors And Their Interaction With Other Factors.

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): Dement, W And Kleitman, N (1957), The Relation Of Eye Movements During Sleep To Dream Activity: An Objective Method For The Study Of Dreaming. Journal Of Experimental Psychology, 53(5): 339–46

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): The Study By Dement And Kleitman Investigated The Relationship Between Rapid Eye Movements (Rem) And Dreaming. It Included Eegs, Rem And Non-rem Sleep, Used Experimental And Correlational Methods And An Interview Technique.

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Sleep; Dreaming; Ultradian Rhythms.

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): The Background To The Study

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Dement And Kleitman (Sleep And Dreams): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): Hassett, J M, Siebert, E R And Wallen, K (2008), Sex Differences In Rhesus Monkey Toy Preferences Parallel Those Of Children. Hormones And Behaviour, 54(3): 359–64

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): The Study By Hassett Et Al. Was An Experiment Investigating Sex Differences For Toy Preferences In Monkeys, Whose Behaviour Is Assumed To Be More Biologically Controlled Than That Of Children. Interactions With Stereotypical Boys’ Toys And Girls’ Toys Were Observed And Coded Using A Behavioural Checklist. Human Participants Were Not Included In This Study. To Compare Monkey Toy Preferences To Those Of Children, Data From Another Study Was Used.

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Sex Differences; Socialisation; Play; The Role Of Hormones.

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): The Psychology That Is Being Investigated

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): The Background To The Study

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Hassett Et Al. (Monkey Toy Preferences): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): Hölzel, B K, Carmody, J, Vangel, M, Congleton, C, Yerramsetti, S M, Gard, T And Lazar, S W (2011), Mindfulness Practice Leads To Increases In Regional Brain Gray Matter Density. Psychiatry Research, 191(1): 36–43

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): The Study By Hölzel Et Al. Investigated The Effects Of Mindfulness Practice On Brain Structure In An Experiment Using A Longitudinal Design. The Techniques Used Included Mri Scans And Self-reports. The Study Also Used Correlations.

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Mindfulness; Localisation Of Function.

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): The Psychology That Is Being Investigated

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): The Background To The Study

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Hölzel Et Al. (Mindfulness And Brain Scans): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates.

Cognitive Approach: Information Is Processed Through The Same Route In All Humans: Input – Process – Output, In A Similar Way To How Information Is Processed By A Computer.

Cognitive Approach: People Have Individual Differences In Their Cognitive Processing Such As With Attention, Language, Thinking And Memory. These Processes Can Also Help To Explain Behaviour And Emotion.

Andrade (Doodling): Andrade, J (2010), What Does Doodling Do? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24(1): 100–6

Andrade (Doodling): The Study By Andrade Explored The Idea That Doodling Can Assist A Person’s Concentration And Memory. This Was Investigated In A Laboratory Experiment.

Andrade (Doodling): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Attention; Memory.

Andrade (Doodling): The Psychology That Is Being Investigated

Andrade (Doodling): The Background To The Study

Andrade (Doodling): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Andrade (Doodling): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Andrade (Doodling): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Andrade (Doodling): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Andrade (Doodling): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Andrade (Doodling): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Andrade (Doodling): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Andrade (Doodling): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates.

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): Baron-cohen, S, Wheelwright, S, Hill, J, Raste, Y And Plumb, I (2001), The ‘reading The Mind In The Eyes’ Test Revised Version: A Study With Normal Adults, And Adults With Asperger Syndrome Or High-functioning Autism. Journal Of Child Psychology And Psychiatry, 42(2): 241–51

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): The Study By Baron-cohen Et Al. Investigated Theory Of Mind In Adults Including Those With Asperger Syndrome Or Autism. The Study Aimed To Improve The Original 1997 ‘reading The Mind In The Eyes’ Test, A Questionnaire That Was Completed Online. The Research Methods Used In This Study Included Experiments And Correlations.

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Theory Of Mind; Social Sensitivity.

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): The Psychology That Is Being Investigated

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): The Background To The Study

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Baron-cohen Et Al. (Eyes Test): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates.

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): Pozzulo, J D, Dempsey, J, Bruer, K And Sheahan, C (2011), The Culprit In Target-absent Lineups: Understanding Young Children’s False Positive Responding. Journal Of Police And Criminal Psychology, 27(1): 55–62

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): The Study By Pozzulo Et Al. Investigated Factors Affecting Memory For Target Faces In A Line-up, As Used In Identification Of A Criminal By An Eyewitness. This Was Tested Using The Faces Of Cartoon Characters And Humans. The Laboratory Experiment Also Made Comparisons Between Adults And Children And Used Interviews And Questionnaires As Techniques.

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: False Positive Responses; Eyewitness Testimony.

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): The Psychology That Is Being Investigated

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): The Background To The Study

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Pozzulo Et Al. (Line-ups): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates.

Learning Approach: We All Begin Life As A Blank Slate. Experiences And Interactions With The Environment Shape Our Behaviour And These Changes Are Directly Observable.

Learning Approach: We Learn Through The Processes Of Operant Conditioning, Classical Conditioning And Social Learning. This Can Be Understood Using The Stimulus-response Model.

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): Bandura, A, Ross, D And Ross, S A (1961), Transmission Of Aggression Through Imitation Of Aggressive Models. Journal Of Abnormal And Social Psychology, 63(3): 575–82

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): The Study By Bandura Et Al. Tested Social Learning Theory. The Study Investigated Whether A Child Would Imitate Aggressive Behaviour If They Witnessed Such Behaviour In An Adult. The Study Was An Experiment Comparing Several Variables Using Observation As A Technique To Collect Data.

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Social Learning Theory; Aggression.

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): The Psychology That Is Being Investigated

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): The Background To The Study

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Bandura Et Al. (Aggression): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates.

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): Fagen, A, Acharya, N And Kaufman, G E (2014), Positive Reinforcement Training For A Trunk Wash In Nepal’s Working Elephants: Demonstrating Alternatives To Traditional Elephant Training Techniques. Journal Of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 17(2): 83–97

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): The Study By Fagen Et Al. Investigated The Use Of Positive Reinforcement Training For Trunk Washing In A Group Of Working Elephants To Improve Captive Management And Welfare. Secondary Reinforcement Training Was Used To Train The Elephants To Perform Specific Behaviours. The Research Method Was An Observation With Success Measured Using A Behavioural Checklist.

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Operant Conditioning; Reinforcement (Positive, Negative, Primary And Secondary); Shaping; Behavioural Chaining.

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): The Psychology That Is Being Investigated

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): The Background To The Study

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Fagen Et Al. (Elephant Learning): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates.

Saavedra And Silverman (Button Phobia): Saavedra, L M And Silverman, W K (2002), Case Study: Disgust And A Specific Phobia Of Buttons. Journal Of The American Academy Of Child And Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(11): 1376–79

Saavedra And Silverman (Button Phobia): Saavedra And Silverman Studied A Child With Button Phobia. They Investigated How Classical Conditioning Can Be Used To Treat A Child’s Phobia By Targeting Disgust And Fear Responses. The Case Study Research Method Was Used With Interviews, Various Scales And Observations As Techniques.

Saavedra And Silverman (Button Phobia): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Evaluative Learning; Operant Conditioning; Classical Conditioning; Phobias.

Social Approach: Behaviour, Cognitions And Emotions Are Influenced By Social Contexts, Social Environments And Groups.

Social Approach: Behaviour, Cognitions And Emotions Are Influenced By The Actual, Implied Or Imagined Presence Of Others.

Milgram (Obedience): Milgram, S (1963), Behavioral Study Of Obedience. Journal Of Abnormal And Social Psychology, 67(4): 371–78

Milgram (Obedience): The Study By Milgram Investigated The Conflict Between Obedience To Authority And Personal Conscience And How Far A Person Would Go In Obeying An Instruction If It Meant Harming Another Person. This Includes Considering Dispositional And Situational Hypotheses. A Laboratory Setting Was Used To Measure Obedience, Described As A ‘dependent Variable’ But There Was No Independent Variable In The Main Study. The Study Used Observations And An Interview As Techniques. Please Note: Milgram Conducted Many Variations On This Study. This Study Did Not Provide The ‘teacher’ With Voice-feedback From The ‘victim’.

Milgram (Obedience): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Obedience; Social Pressure.

Milgram (Obedience): The Psychology That Is Being Investigated

Milgram (Obedience): The Background To The Study

Milgram (Obedience): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Milgram (Obedience): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Milgram (Obedience): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Milgram (Obedience): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Milgram (Obedience): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Milgram (Obedience): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Milgram (Obedience): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Milgram (Obedience): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates.

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): Perry, A, Mankuta, D And Shamay-tsoory, S G (2015), Ot Promotes Closer Interpersonal Distance Among Highly Empathic Individuals. Social, Cognitive And Affective Neuroscience, 10(1): 3–9

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): The Study By Perry Et Al. Investigated Personal Space (Interpersonal Distance). They Tested How Empathy And Oxytocin Affected The Perception Of Personal Space Using A Placebo To Compare To Oxytocin. Two Experiments Used Different Techniques To Measure Interpersonal Distance And Questionnaires Were Also Used. Experiment 1 Used A Computerised Version Of The Comfortable Interpersonal Distance Scale. In Experiment 2, Participants Chose Between Pictures Of Different Rooms.

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Interpersonal Distance (Personal Space); Social Hormones; Empathy.

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): The Psychology That Is Being Investigated

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): The Background To The Study

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Perry Et Al. (Personal Space): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates.

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): Piliavin, I M, Rodin, J And Piliavin, J A (1969), Good Samaritanism: An Underground Phenomenon? Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 13(4): 289–99

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): The Study By Piliavin Et Al. Tested Bystander Apathy. The Study Investigated How Bystanders Behave In Real Life Situations And The Factors That Can Affect Their Desire To Help. This Includes Considering Diffusion Of Responsibility. The Study Was A Field Experiment And Used Observations As A Technique.

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): The Psychology Being Investigated Includes: Bystander Apathy; Diffusion Of Responsibility.

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): The Psychology That Is Being Investigated

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): The Background To The Study

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): The Aim(S) Of The Study

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): The Procedure Of The Study, Including All Methodology As Appropriate, Such As The Research Methods Used, Sample Size And Demographics [if Known] And Sampling Technique [if Known], Experimental Design, Controls, Question Types, Research Technique For Data Collection And Measured And Manipulated Variables

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): The Ethical Issues Relating To The Study

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): The Results Of The Study, Including The Main/significant Quantitative Findings, The Main Qualitative Findings And How They Are Or Could Be Represented And Interpreted

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): The Conclusion(S) The Psychologist(S) Drew Or That Could Be Drawn From The Study

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): The Strengths And Weaknesses Of All Elements Of The Study.

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): Describe And Evaluate The Methodology Used

Piliavin Et Al. (Subway Samaritans): Consider How The Study Relates To Psychological Issues And Debates.

Research Methodology: Research Method: Experiments: Describe The Main Features Of Each Type Of Experiment: Laboratory

Research Methodology: Research Method: Experiments: Describe The Main Features Of Each Type Of Experiment: Field

Research Methodology: Research Method: Experiments: Evaluate Each Type Of Experiment, In Terms Of: Reliability

Research Methodology: Research Method: Experiments: Evaluate Each Type Of Experiment, In Terms Of: Validity

Research Methodology: Research Method: Experiments: Evaluate Each Type Of Experiment, In Terms Of: Ethics

Research Methodology: Research Method: Experiments: Describe And Evaluate Experimental Designs As Used In Psychological Research (Independent Measures, Matched Pairs And Repeated Measures)

Research Methodology: Research Method: Experiments: Describe And Evaluate Concepts Relating To Experimental Designs Including Counterbalancing, Random Allocation, Order Effects (Fatigue And Practice)

Research Methodology: Research Method: Experiments: Evaluate The Use Of Experiments In Psychological Research, Including The Use Of Experimental And Control Groups /control Conditions

Research Methodology: Research Method: Experiments: Apply Knowledge Of Experiments To A Given Novel Research Scenario

Research Methodology: Research Method: Self-reports: Describe The Main Features Of Each Type Of Self-report: Questionnaire, Including Technique (Paper And Pencil/online) And Question Format (Open And Closed Questions)

Research Methodology: Research Method: Self-reports: Describe The Main Features Of Each Type Of Self-report: Interview, Including Format (Structured/unstructured/ Semi-structured), Technique (Telephone/face-toface) And Question Format (Open And Closed Questions)

Research Methodology: Research Method: Self-reports: Evaluate The Use Of Self-reports In Psychological Research

Research Methodology: Research Method: Self-reports: Apply Knowledge Of Self-reports To A Given Novel Research Scenario

Research Methodology: Research Method: Case Studies: Describe The Case Study Method, Including The Main Features: A Single Participant/unit; Studied In Detail

Research Methodology: Research Method: Case Studies: Evaluate The Use Of Case Studies In Psychological Research

Research Methodology: Research Method: Case Studies: Apply Knowledge Of Case Studies To A Given Novel Research Scenario.

Research Methodology: Research Method: Observations: Describe The Main Features Of An Observation (E.g. Overt/covert, Participant/non-participant, Structured/unstructured, Naturalistic/controlled)

Research Methodology: Research Method: Observations: Evaluate The Use Of Observations In Psychological Research

Research Methodology: Research Method: Observations: Apply Knowledge Of Observations To A Given Novel Research Scenario.

Research Methodology: Research Method: Correlations: Describe Correlations, Positive And Negative Correlations And Strength Of Correlations

Research Methodology: Research Method: Correlations: Identify And Give Operational Definitions For Co-variables (Measured Variables)

Research Methodology: Research Method: Correlations: Evaluate The Use Of Correlations In Psychological Research, Including Lack Of Causality

Research Methodology: Research Method: Correlations: Apply Knowledge Of Correlations To A Given Novel Research Scenario.

Research Methodology: Research Method: Longitudinal Studies: Describe Longitudinal Studies, Including Experiments With Longitudinal Designs

Research Methodology: Research Method: Longitudinal Studies: Evaluate The Use Of Longitudinal Studies, Including Experiments With Longitudinal Designs

Research Methodology: Research Method: Longitudinal Studies: v

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Aims And Hypotheses: Describe And Write Aims

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Aims And Hypotheses: Describe And Recognise Null Hypotheses And Alternative Hypotheses Including Directional (One-tailed) And Non-directional (Two-tailed) Hypotheses.

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Variables: Describe What Is Meant By An Independent Variable And A Dependent Variable

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Variables: Describe How Dependent Variables Can Be Measured

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Variables: Identify Independent Variables And Dependent Variables In Studies

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Variables: Understand What Is Meant By An ‘operational Definition’

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Variables: Operationalise: An Independent Variable

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Variables: Operationalise: A Dependent Variable

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Variables: Apply Knowledge Of Variables To A Novel Research Situation.

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Controlling Of Variables: Describe How Psychologists Can Control Variables (Use ‘controls’) In A Study

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Controlling Of Variables: Understand Control Of Variables / Standardisation Of A Procedure

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Controlling Of Variables: Understand Uncontrolled, Participant And Situational Variables

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Controlling Of Variables: Apply Knowledge Of Control Of Variables (‘controls’) To A Novel Research Situation.

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Types Of Data: Describe What Is Meant By Quantitative And Qualitative Data And Subjective And Objective Data

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Types Of Data: Evaluate The Use Of Types Of Data As Collected In Psychological Research

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Types Of Data: Apply Knowledge Of Types Of Data To A Novel Research Situation.

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Sampling Of Participants: Describe What Is Meant By The Sample And Population, And The Sampling Techniques Of Opportunity Sampling, Random Sampling And Volunteer (Self-selecting) Sampling

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Sampling Of Participants: Evaluate Different Sampling Techniques As Used In Psychological Research, Including Generalisations

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Sampling Of Participants: Apply Knowledge Of Sampling Techniques To A Novel Research Situation.

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Human Participants: Minimising Harm (And Maximising Benefit)

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Human Participants: Valid Consent Including Informed Consent

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Human Participants: Right To Withdraw

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Human Participants: Lack Of Deception

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Human Participants: Confidentiality

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Human Participants: Privacy

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Human Participants: Debriefing

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Animals: Minimising Harm (And Maximising Benefit)

Research Methodology: Methodological Concepts: Ethics: Describe Ethical Guidelines As Used In Psychological Research, In Relation To Animals: Replacement