Commerce (7100) | Ordinary Level (O Level) | Full Scale Course
This Full-Scale course / Complete Course offers a complete online coverage for both the syllabus and the preparation for the examination. The O level Commerce 7100 Complete Course online / Full-Scale Course Online (O level Commerce 7100 Full Scale Course …
Overview
This Full-Scale course / Complete Course offers a complete online coverage for both the syllabus and the preparation for the examination. The O level Commerce 7100 Complete Course online / Full-Scale Course Online (O level Commerce 7100 Full Scale Course online / Complete Course online) is the complete course, where the prime goal is to train a student from scratch to learn everything that they need to know for the examination, as well as in-depth understanding of the syllabus material. We incorporate a sophisticated strategy to target all the subject areas that are required to get the best grade possible. The O Level Commerce 7100 Course covers the complete syllabus of Commerce (7100) – O Level. The O Level Course has been designed to help any student, no matter how much they have prepared for the subject. Students at all levels can benefit from the O Level Commerce 7100 Course. You are not required to buy any book to complement the O Level Commerce 7100 Course as it covers all that is required for a successful attempt at the subject. Also, being a Full-Scale Course, the curriculum follows periodic content availability, just like a real classroom.
However, the timing of the class does not matter: each student can cover the material as per their own feasibility. Whenever new content is uploaded or is available, an announcement is made both on the O Level Commerce 7100 Course page and communicated via e-mail to the students so that they may stay informed. Also, you may join later as the O level Commerce 7100 Complete Course online / Full-Scale Course Online (O level Commerce 7100 Full Scale Course online / Complete Course online) allows for backward compatibility. Thus, a student joining in week 3 has access to the materials of week 1 and week 2, as well as limited ability to submit the assignments of these weeks. The curriculum shall be updated as the O Level Commerce 7100 Course progresses.
Ideally, the course contains:
- Complete lectures of Each Topic in A Unique Way
- Notes and Videos
- Periodic Assignments with Proper Grading and Feedback
- Past Paper Based Quizzes
- Forum Access To Ask Any Question
- Complete availability of the Teacher.
- Best Resources and Guidelines
- Tip and Tricks for Paper Solution
- Paper Attempting Methodology for Best Grades
Join the O level Commerce 7100 Complete Course online / Full-Scale Course Online (O level Commerce 7100 Full Scale Course online / Complete Course online) now and get the best grades in upcoming examination.
What Educate A Change Expects From The Student For This Course?
Full Scale Courses on Educate A Change are designed specifically to study the syllabus in-depth and solve as many past papers as possible. Our expectation with such O Level Commerce 7100 Course are as follows:
- The student may or may not be aware of the basic contents of the syllabus. Thus, these courses suit the students who are studying a syllabus for the first time.
- The student may or may not understand the basic paper solution pattern.
- The student’s expectation regarding O level Commerce 7100 Complete Course online / Full-Scale Course Online (O level Commerce 7100 Full Scale Course online / Complete Course online) is to learn the complete syllabus, learn paper solving techniques and practice as many past papers as possible for the upcoming examination.
- The student needs a complete and in-depth understanding of the entire syllabus content.
- O level Commerce 7100 Complete Course online / Full-Scale Course Online (O level Commerce 7100 Full Scale Course online / Complete Course online) is the student’s preferred method to get the best grade in their exams.
How Will The Course Progress?
The O level Commerce 7100 Complete Course online / Full-Scale Course Online (O level Commerce 7100 Full Scale Course online / Complete Course online) has been designed to provide maximum flexibility to our students. Here is a breakup of how the O Level Commerce 7100 Course will progress in general. This division is subject to change based on the progression of the O Level Commerce 7100 Course:
- Once your O level Commerce 7100 Complete Course online / Full-Scale Course Online (O level Commerce 7100 Full Scale Course online / Complete Course online) has been activated, a timer starts to run on each of the content areas reflected in the curriculum section.
- The timer remains unique to each student. It defines the exact time when you will receive a new content.
- Generally, the Full Scale Courses have a weekly progression. This aspect means you will get new contents at different times during the week. Again, the timer shows you the exact time for the content to arrive in your portal.
- If there are any significant changes, you will be informed in the announcements section. Additionally, you may locate the announcements in your e-mail as well. Do not forget to check the junk/ spam folder regularly.
- The timings for live classes, if any, are also coordinated using the announcements section and emails.
- There are specific classes in the O level Commerce 7100 Complete Course online / Full-Scale Course Online (O level Commerce 7100 Full Scale Course online / Complete Course online) called quizzes. These quizzes can be attempted at any point as you wish. There is no restriction as to when you have to attempt them. However, there is a restriction on the number of times you can access any quiz. Make sure you remain aware of those restrictions. They are mentioned at the start of the quiz.
- Additionally, there are assignments in the O level Commerce 7100 Complete Course online / Full-Scale Course Online (O level Commerce 7100 Full Scale Course online / Complete Course online) as well. These assignments are designed using the past paper contents, mostly. In some assignments, you have more than 1 submission as well. In such cases, you have to make sure that we receive your second submission before marking date passes since your first submission. Also, only one submission is marked by the instructor.
- You may attempt the assignment directly on the portal or you may attempt it on a piece of paper and attach pictures or PDF here on the portal. Both ways are completely acceptable. Emailing the assignment is not allowed. Similarly, you may not use social media to submit an assignment.
- The past paper discussion classes of O level Commerce 7100 Complete Course online / Full-Scale Course Online (O level Commerce 7100 Full Scale Course online / Complete Course online) will focus on providing the detailed solution methods of past papers. Additionally, video discussion using recorded videos will be provided for the most important questions. Detailed points, techniques and information for each question are also included.
- The official O Level Commerce 7100 Course discussion board or FORUM is accessible to all the enrolled students. You may ask any question related to any class, quiz, past paper discussion or assignment etc. both in public and private on this forum. This forum is the official method to ask questions and get answers by your instructor. You can ask using written, audio, video or image questions. Additionally, you can quote different answers on the forum for further clarification as well.
What may NOT be expected from the course?
O level Commerce 7100 Complete Course online / Full-Scale Course Online (O level Commerce 7100 Full Scale Course online / Complete Course online) is a formal course, which makes it impossible for Educate A Change to make any adjustments for any specific students. Students must not expect the O Level Commerce 7100 Course to:
- Give the material before the time on your timer.
- Give all the material at once.
- Give more time for the material to be accessed than the course’s time.
- Give the material in any other form than mentioned in the course
- The O Level Commerce 7100 Course does NOT register or pay your fee for the official Cambridge examination
Additionally, you may NOT except the instructor
- To give you any personal mentoring outside the course in the same price.
- Answer questions and other issues you may have regarding the course on personal social media.
- Collaborate with you in any shape or form outside the mentioned methods of the O level Commerce 7100 Complete Course online / Full-Scale Course Online (O level Commerce 7100 Full Scale Course online / Complete Course online)
A reply or support in any of the above-mentioned issues may NOT be expected.
Curriculum
- 22 Sections
- 824 Lessons
- 32 Weeks
- Sample ContentSample Notes, Videos, Quizzes, Cheat Sheets, Assignments and Much More For Pre-Purchase Consideration.4
- Course Related InformationImportant Information Related To The Courses, Live Classes, Zoom Links, Etc.0
- Notes + Written Material For Contents of The SyllabusNotes for Chapters + Written Resources Regarding The Content129
- 3.1Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Trade: The Meaning Of The Terms Trade And Commerce, Showing The Differences Between The Two Terms
- 3.2Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Trade: The Meaning Of Home Trade (Retail And Wholesale)
- 3.3Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Trade: The Meaning Of International Trade (Exports And Imports)
- 3.4Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Aids To Trade And Logistics: The Meaning Of Aids To Trade
- 3.5Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Aids To Trade And Logistics: The Types Of Aids To Trade: Communications, Transport, Warehousing, Advertising, Banking And Insurance
- 3.6Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Aids To Trade And LogisticsThe Meaning Of Logistics:
- 3.7Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Aids To Trade And Logistics: The Elements Of Logistics In A Supply Chain: Transport, Freight Forwarders And Warehousing
- 3.8Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Types Of Commerce: The Meaning Of Traditional Commerce: Buying And Selling Goods And/or Services At A Physical Location
- 3.9Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Types Of Commerce: The Meaning Of Ecommerce (Electronic Commerce): Buying And Selling Goods And/or Services Via The Internet/websites
- 3.10Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Types Of Commerce: The Meaning Of Mcommerce (Mobile Commerce): Buying And Selling Goods And/or Services Via A Mobile Device, Such As A Smartphone Or Tablet
- 3.11Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Types Of Commerce: The Meaning Of Scommerce (Social Commerce): Buying And Selling Goods And/or Services Via Social Media Channels
- 3.12Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: The Relationship Between Production, Trade And Commerce: Understand How Production, Trade And Commerce Are Interdependent
- 3.13Commerce And Production: Production: Sectors Of Production And Specialisation: The Features Of Primary (Extractive) Industries, Secondary (Manufacturing And Construction) Industries, Tertiary Activities (Commercial Services And Direct Services) And Quaternary Activities (Digital Technology)
- 3.14Commerce And Production: Production: Sectors Of Production And Specialisation: The Meaning Of Specialisation
- 3.15Commerce And Production: Production: Sectors Of Production And Specialisation: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Specialisation For An Individual, Factory And Country
- 3.16Commerce And Production: Production: In-house Production And Outsourced Production: The Meaning Of In-house Production And Outsourced Production
- 3.17Commerce And Production: Production: In-house Production And Outsourced Production: The Benefits Of In-house Production Over Outsourced Production, Including Control On Quality And Information
- 3.18Commerce And Production: Production: In-house Production And Outsourced Production: The Benefits Of Outsourced Production Over In-house Production, Including Accessing Expertise And Cost Savings
- 3.19Commerce And Production: Production: Global Supply Chains: The Meaning Of A Global Supply Chain And A Domestic Supply Chain
- 3.20Commerce And Production: Production: Intermediaries In A Supply Chain: The Role Of Home Trade Intermediaries In A Supply Chain: Wholesaler And Retailer
- 3.21Commerce And Production: Production: Intermediaries In A Supply Chain: The Role Of International Trade Intermediaries In A Supply Chain: Agent And Factor
- 3.22Commerce And Production: Production: Effects Of Digital Technology On Production: The Impact Of Automation, E.g. Using Robotics In Production
- 3.23Commerce And Production: Production: Effects Of Digital Technology On Production: The Impact On Production Of Digital Communication With Suppliers, E.g. Using Electronic Data Interchange (Edi)
- 3.24Commerce And Production: Production: Costs Involved In Trade, Commerce And Production: Identifying The Different Types Of Costs Used In Trade, Commerce And Production: Advertising, Bank Charges, Commission, Customs Duties, Inventory, Labour, Packaging, Transport, Utilities And Warehousing
- 3.25Commerce And Production: Production: Costs Involved In Trade, Commerce And Production: Complete Simple Calculations Of Costs In Given Situations
- 3.26Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Private And Public Sector Enterprises: The Difference Between Private And Public Sector Enterprises
- 3.27Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Types Of Private And Public Sector Enterprises: The Features Of Private Sector Enterprises: Sole Trader, Cooperative, Partnership, Private Limited Company And Public Limited Company
- 3.28Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Types Of Private And Public Sector Enterprises: The Features Of Public Corporations
- 3.29Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Types Of Private And Public Sector Enterprises: The Reasons For Public Corporations
- 3.30Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Types Of Private And Public Sector Enterprises: The Appropriateness Of Different Types Of Ownership In Given Situations
- 3.31Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Multinational Companies (Mncs) In The Global Economy: The Features Of Multinational Companies
- 3.32Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Multinational Companies (Mncs) In The Global Economy: The Reasons For The Existence Of Multinational Companies In The Global Economy
- 3.33Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Multinational Companies (Mncs) In The Global Economy: The Positive And Negative Impacts On A Country Of Multinational Companies Locating In The Country
- 3.34Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Franchises: The Features Of Franchises
- 3.35Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Franchises: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Franchises
- 3.36Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Physical And Ecommerce Location Factors: The Physical Location Factors: Labour, Markets, Transport, Power, Raw Materials, Competition, Suppliers, Communication And Government Influence
- 3.37Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Physical And Ecommerce Location Factors: The Ecommerce Location Factors: Wi-fi, Warehousing, Technology Specialists, And Logistics
- 3.38Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Physical And Ecommerce Location Factors: The Appropriateness Of Physical And Ecommerce Location Factors In Given Situations
- 3.39Commercial Operations: Outsourcing: Growth Of Outsourcing: The Growth Of Outsourcing: Contract Manufacturing And Logistics
- 3.40Commercial Operations: Retailing: Types Of Retailers: The Different Types Of Small-scale And Large-scale Retailers: Itinerant Retailers, Vending Machines, Independent Retailers, Street Markets, Speciality Shops, Online Retailers, Multiple Chain Stores, Supermarkets, Hypermarkets And Department Stores
- 3.41Commercial Operations: Retailing: Types Of Retailers: The Features Of Each Type Of Retailer
- 3.42Commercial Operations: Retailing: Types Of Retailers: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Each Type Of Retailer
- 3.43Commercial Operations: Retailing: Types Of Retailers: Reasons Why The Small-scale Retailer Often Survives, E.g. Personal Service, Flexible Opening Hours And Additional Services Provided
- 3.44Commercial Operations: Retailing: Retail Selling Techniques: The Different Types Of Retail Selling Techniques: Branding, Own Brands, Logos, Packaging, Self Service, After‑sales Service, Barcoding, Direct Mail, Loyalty Programmes, Informal Credit And Cash On Delivery
- 3.45Commercial Operations: Retailing: Digital Retail Trends: The Different Types Of Digital Retail Trends: Omnichannel Retailing, Cashless Stores, Electronic Point Of Sale (Epos), Click And Collect, Self-service Checkouts, Subscription Commerce, Qr Codes, Virtual Reality (Vr) Showrooms, Dropshipping, Mobile Phone/smartphone Apps And Multi-channel Retailing
- 3.46Commercial Operations: Retailing: Effects Of Ecommerce On Traditional Commerce: The Positive Impacts Of Ecommerce On Traditional Commerce, E.g. 24/7 Selling Opportunities, More Potential Customers, Increased Revenue, Targeted Marketing And Reduced Operating Store Costs
- 3.47Commercial Operations: Retailing: Effects Of Ecommerce On Traditional Commerce: The Negative Impacts Of Ecommerce On Traditional Commerce, E.g. Increased Costs (Delivery, Staff Training And Larger Warehousing Space) And Website Maintenance
- 3.48Commercial Operations: Wholesaling: Functions And Importance Of The Wholesaler: The Functions And Services Provided By The Wholesaler
- 3.49Commercial Operations: Wholesaling: Functions And Importance Of The Wholesaler: The Importance Of The Wholesaler To The Manufacturer And Retailer
- 3.50Commercial Operations: Wholesaling: Functions And Importance Of The Wholesaler: Reasons Why The Independent Wholesaler Survives: Cash And Carry And Voluntary Chains
- 3.51Commercial Operations: Trading Documents: Documents Of Home Trade: Different Types Of Documents Used In Home Trade: Enquiry, Quotation, Order, Invoice, Delivery Note, Credit Note, Statement Of Account And Receipt
- 3.52Commercial Operations: Trading Documents: Documents Of International Trade: Different Types Of Documents Used In International Trade: Certificate Of Origin, Bill Of Lading, Air Waybill And Documentary Credit (Letters Of Credit)
- 3.53Commercial Operations: Trading Documents: Digital Use Of Trading Documents: The Stages Of The Online Ordering Process: From Buyer Browsing Website To Receiving Order
- 3.54Commercial Operations: Trading Documents: Digital Use Of Trading Documents: Identifying Digital Technology In Trading Documents, E.g. Digital Signatures, Secure Access, Cloud-based Storage, Electronic Receipts And Etickets
- 3.55Commercial Operations: Communication: Types Of Communication: The Distinction Between Different Types Of Communication: Written, Oral, Electronic And Visual Communication
- 3.56Commercial Operations: Communication: Methods Of Communication: The Different Methods Of Communication: Letter, Telephone, Face To Face, Videoconferencing, Email, Web-based Chat (Including Chatbots), Social Media And Posters
- 3.57Commercial Operations: Communication: Factors That Affect Communication: The Appropriateness Of Factors Affecting Choice Of Method Of Communication In Given Situations: Urgency, Cost, Security, Distance, Availability Of Networks And Importance Of The Message
- 3.58Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Benefits Of International Trade To A Country: The Benefits Of International Trade To A Country: Wider Choice Of Goods, Higher Standard Of Living, Lower Cost Of Imports, More Investment And Creation Of Jobs
- 3.59Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Challenges Of International Trade To Exporters And Importers: The Challenges Of International Trade To Exporters And Importers: Distance, Language, Methods Of Payment, Documentation, Transport, Customs Duties, Non-payment, Currencies, Foreign Exchange Rates, Competition And Different Legal Systems
- 3.60Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Balance Of Trade And Balance Of Payments: The Difference Between Balance Of Trade And Balance Of Payments
- 3.61Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Balance Of Trade And Balance Of Payments: Calculation And Interpretation Of Balance Of Trade And Balance Of Payments From Given Figures
- 3.62Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Balance Of Trade And Balance Of Payments: How Commercial Activities Affect The Balance Of Trade And Balance Of Payments
- 3.63Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Free Trade, Trading Blocs, Trade Restrictions And Sources Of Support For Exporters: The Meaning Of Free Trade
- 3.64Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Free Trade, Trading Blocs, Trade Restrictions And Sources Of Support For Exporters: The Features Of A Trading Bloc
- 3.65Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Free Trade, Trading Blocs, Trade Restrictions And Sources Of Support For Exporters: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Joining A Trading Bloc
- 3.66Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Free Trade, Trading Blocs, Trade Restrictions And Sources Of Support For Exporters: The Types Of Trade Restrictions: Tariffs, Quotas And Embargoes
- 3.67Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Free Trade, Trading Blocs, Trade Restrictions And Sources Of Support For Exporters: The Potential Effects Of Trade Restrictions On Commercial Activities
- 3.68Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Free Trade, Trading Blocs, Trade Restrictions And Sources Of Support For Exporters: The Sources Of Support For Exporters: International Trade Fairs, Cheaper Bank Loans And Insurance Guarantees
- 3.69Globalisation Of Trade: Global Supply Chain Management: Global Supply Chains: The Different Types Of Global Supply Chains: Simple Supply Chain (Supplier To Manufacturer To Consumer) And Complex Supply Chains (Supplier To Agent To Wholesaler To Retailer To Consumer)
- 3.70Globalisation Of Trade: Global Supply Chain Management: Global Supply Chains: The Features Of Global Supply Chain Management: Upstream, The Enterprise And Downstream
- 3.71Globalisation Of Trade: Global Supply Chain Management: Global Supply Chains: The Importance Of Suppliers In The Global Supply Chain
- 3.72Globalisation Of Trade: Global Supply Chain Management: Global Supply Chains: The Benefits Of Global Supply Chain Management: Lower Cost Of Production, Lower Labour Costs, Lower Cost Of Purchasing, Advancement In Logistics And Communication
- 3.73Globalisation Of Trade: Global Supply Chain Management: Global Supply Chain Risks: The Risks To Global Supply Chains: Environmental (E.g. Pollution, Deforestation), Natural Disasters, Financial, Ethical, Technological And Political Risks
- 3.74Globalisation Of Trade: Global Supply Chain Management: Global Supply Chain Risks: The Importance Of Risk Assessment In The Global Supply Chain
- 3.75Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Three Functions Of Transport In The Supply Chain: Time, Place And Quantity
- 3.76Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Types And Methods Of Transport: Road: Delivery Vans, Trucks, Couriers
- 3.77Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Types And Methods Of Transport: Rail: Freight Trains
- 3.78Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Types And Methods Of Transport: Air: Freight Planes
- 3.79Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Types And Methods Of Transport: Sea: Ferry, Tanker, Container Ship, Cargo Liner
- 3.80Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Types And Methods Of Transport: Pipeline
- 3.81Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Different Methods Of Transport
- 3.82Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Appropriateness Of Factors Affecting Choice Of Method Of Transport In Given Situations: Nature Of Goods, Urgency, Cost, Security, Distance And Reliability Of Transporter
- 3.83Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Features Of Containerisation, Including Transshipment
- 3.84Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Containerisation
- 3.85Logistics In Commerce: Warehousing: The Functions Of Warehousing In The Supply Chain: Links With Seasonal Production, Demand, Protecting Supply And Price Stability And Logistics Postponement
- 3.86Logistics In Commerce: Warehousing: The Different Types Of Warehouse: Bonded, Cold Storage, Cash And Carry And Regional Distribution Centres (Rdcs)
- 3.87Logistics In Commerce: Warehousing: The Uses Of Automation In Warehousing: Robotics, Automated Sorting And Voice Picking
- 3.88Logistics In Commerce: Warehousing: The Benefits Of Warehouse Automation: Lower Labour Costs, Less Human Error, Improved Picking Accuracy, Improved Inventory Control And Improved Customer Service
- 3.89Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Types Of Advertising: The Purposes Of Advertising
- 3.90Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Types Of Advertising: The Types Of Advertising: Informative, Persuasive, Collective (Generic) And Competitive
- 3.91Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Types Of Advertising: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Different Types Of Advertisin
- 3.92Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Methods Of Traditional And Digital Advertising Media: The Methods Of Traditional Advertising Media: Television, Radio, Cinema, Newspapers (Local And National), Magazines/trade Journals, Leaflets/flyers, Packaging, Direct Mail, Sponsorship, Catalogues/brochures, Posters, Transport Vehicles, Window Displays, Point Of Sale Displays, Signboards And Word Of Mouth
- 3.93Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Methods Of Traditional And Digital Advertising Media: The Methods Of Digital Advertising Media: Social Media Advertising And Other Internet Advertising (Including Websites, Search Engines), Display Advertisements, Video Advertisements, Email Marketing, Digital Billboards And Social Media Influencers
- 3.94Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Methods Of Traditional And Digital Advertising Media: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Different Methods Of Traditional And Digital Media For Advertising Campaigns
- 3.95Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Methods Of Traditional And Digital Advertising Media: The Appropriateness Of The Factors Affecting Choice Of Method Of Advertising In Given Situations: Audience, Cost, Cultural And Legal Considerations, Flexibility To Change, Local And International Market Coverage, Multi-channel Advertising, Timing And Type Of Product
- 3.96Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Methods Of Appeal Used In Advertising: The Different Types Of Methods Of Appeal Used In Advertising: Emotion, Fear, Humour, Rational, Ambition, Social Acceptance, Romantic, Adventure, Music, Endorsement By Celebrities And Social Media Influencers
- 3.97Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Methods Of Appeal Used In Advertising: The Appropriateness Of Methods Of Appeal Used In Advertising In Given Situations
- 3.98Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Sales Promotion: The Meaning Of Sales Promotion
- 3.99Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Sales Promotion: The Methods Of Sales Promotion: Point Of Sale, Special Offers, Sponsorship, Displays, Competitions, Coupons, Sales Periods, Loss Leaders, Free Gifts And Free Samples
- 3.100Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Sales Promotion: The Factors Affecting Choice Of Sales Promotion Methods In Given Situations: Business Type, Competitors, Cost, Nature Of Product, New/old Product And Timing
- 3.101Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Banking Services: The Different Types Of Banking Services: Accounts: Current And Deposit/savings
- 3.102Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Banking Services: The Different Types Of Banking Services: Customer Services: Atm, Night Safe, Foreign Currency, Financial Advice And Telephone Banking
- 3.103Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Banking Services: The Different Types Of Banking Services: Payments: Cash, Cheque, Credit Card, Debit Card, Store Card, Credit Transfer, Standing Order, Direct Debit, Electronic Transfer And Documentary Credit (Letter Of Credit)
- 3.104Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Banking Services: The Different Types Of Banking Services: Sources Of Finance: Loan, Overdraft, Mortgage And Hire Purchase
- 3.105Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Banking Services: The Appropriateness Of Choosing Banking Services In Given Situations
- 3.106Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Digital Technology In Banking: The Different Types Of Digital Banking: Internet Banking And Mobile Banking
- 3.107Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Digital Technology In Banking: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Digital Banking
- 3.108Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Digital Technology In Banking: The Impact Of Digital Banking: Closure Of Bank Branches, More Digital-only Banks And Less Use Of Cash (Cashless Society)
- 3.109Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: Purposes Of Insurance: The Purposes Of Insurance: Risk Reduction, Compensation, Financial Protection, Business Confidence And Investment
- 3.110Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: Types Of Insurance Risk: The Different Types Of Insurance Risk: Consequential Loss, Employer’s Liability, Fire, Motor, Premises, Public Liability And Theft
- 3.111Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: How Enterprises Make Use Of Insurance: The Use Of Pooling Of Insurance Risk
- 3.112Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: How Enterprises Make Use Of Insurance: The Calculation Of Insurance Premiums
- 3.113Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: How Enterprises Make Use Of Insurance: The Use Of Insurance Documents: Proposal Form, Cover Note And Policy
- 3.114Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: How Enterprises Make Use Of Insurance: The Role Of An Insurance Broker
- 3.115Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Ways In Which Entrepreneurs And Commercial Enterprises Raise Finance: The Meaning Of Entrepreneurship
- 3.116Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Ways In Which Entrepreneurs And Commercial Enterprises Raise Finance: The Sources Of Short-term Finance: Trade Credit, Debt Factoring, Hire Purchase, Leasing, Sale And Leaseback, Overdraft, Selling Assets, Owner’s Savings And Retained Profit
- 3.117Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Ways In Which Entrepreneurs And Commercial Enterprises Raise Finance: The Sources Of Long-term Finance: Ordinary And Preference Shares, Loans, Debentures, Venture Capital And Crowdfunding
- 3.118Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Ways In Which Entrepreneurs And Commercial Enterprises Raise Finance: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Each Source Of Finance
- 3.119Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Ways In Which Entrepreneurs And Commercial Enterprises Raise Finance: The Appropriateness Of Choice Of Source Of Finance In Given Situations
- 3.120Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Ways In Which Entrepreneurs And Commercial Enterprises Raise Finance: The Meaning And Use Of Financial Terms: Sales, Revenue, Profit, Working Capital, Assets And Liabilities, Interest, Capital, Cash Discounts And Trade Discounts
- 3.121Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Commercial Calculations: The Calculation Of Revenue, Gross Profit, Gross Profit Margin, Profit For The Year (Net Profit), Working Capital And Mark-up Percentage 1 Revenue (Sales Or Turnover) = Selling Price Per Unit × Number Of Units Sold 2 Gross Profit = Revenue – Cost Of Sales (The Cost Of Purchasing Inventory) 3 Gross Profit Margin (%) = Gross Profit ÷ Revenue × 100 4 Net Profit/net Loss For The Year = Gross Profit – Expenses 5 Working Capital Current Assets – Current Liabilities 6 Mark-up Percentage = (Average Selling Price – Unit Cost) ÷ Unit Cost
- 3.122Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Improving Commercial Performance: The Methods To Improve Sales Turnover, Profit, Mark-up And Working Capital, E.g. Reducing Expenses, Increasing Mark-up, Changing Prices, Improving Advertising, Introducing New Products In Given Situations
- 3.123Sustainability And Ethics: Sustainability: Purpose Of Sustainability In The Supply Chain: The Purpose Of Sustainability In The Supply Chain: Making Commercial Processes Eco-friendly And Environmentally Responsible For Future Generations
- 3.124Sustainability And Ethics: Sustainability: Actions To Inprove Sustainability: Actions To Improve Sustainability: Using Sustainable Materials In The Production Process, Implementing Sustainable Logistics, Reducing Packaging, Selling Eco-friendly Products, Recycling And Reducing Waste, Reducing The Need For Returns And Exchanges, Offering Digital Resale Marketplaces, Offering Free Repair Services And Water Stewardship
- 3.125Sustainability And Ethics: Ethics: Ethics And Ethical Issues In Commerce: The Meaning Of Ethics
- 3.126Sustainability And Ethics: Ethics: Ethics And Ethical Issues In Commerce: The Role Of Fair Trade In Commerce
- 3.127Sustainability And Ethics: Ethics: Ethics And Ethical Issues In Commerce: Ethical Issues In Commerce: Misleading Advertising And Harmful Disposal Of Products
- 3.128Sustainability And Ethics: Consumer Protection: The Reasons For Consumer Protection
- 3.129Sustainability And Ethics: Consumer Protection: The Actions Taken By Buyers And Sellers To Resolve Consumer Protection Complaints
- Video Lectures For The ContentVideo Lectures Covering Course Content In Detail14
- QuizzesShort Quizzes To Auto-Test Your Knowledge of The Syllabus15
- 5.1Production10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.2Retail Trade10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.3Consumer Credit10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.4Wholesale Trade10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.5Documents of Trade10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.6International Trade10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.7Advertising10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.8Communications10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.9Transport10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.10Warehousing10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.11Insurance10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.12Banking10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.13The Business Unit10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.14Finance10 Minutes0 Questions
- 5.15Changing Environment of Commerce10 Minutes0 Questions
- Quizzes For PreparationQuizzes With Detailed Explained Answers And Common Mistakes Discussed In Detail130
- 6.1Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Trade: The Meaning Of The Terms Trade And Commerce, Showing The Differences Between The Two Terms
- 6.2Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Trade: The Meaning Of Home Trade (Retail And Wholesale)
- 6.3Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Trade: The Meaning Of International Trade (Exports And Imports)
- 6.4Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Aids To Trade And Logistics: The Meaning Of Aids To Trade
- 6.5Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Aids To Trade And Logistics: The Types Of Aids To Trade: Communications, Transport, Warehousing, Advertising, Banking And Insurance
- 6.6Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Aids To Trade And LogisticsThe Meaning Of Logistics:
- 6.7Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Aids To Trade And Logistics: The Elements Of Logistics In A Supply Chain: Transport, Freight Forwarders And Warehousing
- 6.8Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Types Of Commerce: The Meaning Of Traditional Commerce: Buying And Selling Goods And/or Services At A Physical Location
- 6.9Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Types Of Commerce: The Meaning Of Ecommerce (Electronic Commerce): Buying And Selling Goods And/or Services Via The Internet/websites
- 6.10Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Types Of Commerce: The Meaning Of Mcommerce (Mobile Commerce): Buying And Selling Goods And/or Services Via A Mobile Device, Such As A Smartphone Or Tablet
- 6.11Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Types Of Commerce: The Meaning Of Scommerce (Social Commerce): Buying And Selling Goods And/or Services Via Social Media Channels
- 6.12Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: The Relationship Between Production, Trade And Commerce: Understand How Production, Trade And Commerce Are Interdependent
- 6.13Commerce And Production: Production: Sectors Of Production And Specialisation: The Features Of Primary (Extractive) Industries, Secondary (Manufacturing And Construction) Industries, Tertiary Activities (Commercial Services And Direct Services) And Quaternary Activities (Digital Technology)
- 6.14Commerce And Production: Production: Sectors Of Production And Specialisation: The Meaning Of Specialisation
- 6.15Commerce And Production: Production: Sectors Of Production And Specialisation: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Specialisation For An Individual, Factory And Country
- 6.16Commerce And Production: Production: In-house Production And Outsourced Production: The Meaning Of In-house Production And Outsourced Production
- 6.17Commerce And Production: Production: In-house Production And Outsourced Production: The Benefits Of In-house Production Over Outsourced Production, Including Control On Quality And Information
- 6.18Commerce And Production: Production: In-house Production And Outsourced Production: The Benefits Of Outsourced Production Over In-house Production, Including Accessing Expertise And Cost Savings
- 6.19Commerce And Production: Production: Global Supply Chains: The Meaning Of A Global Supply Chain And A Domestic Supply Chain
- 6.20Commerce And Production: Production: Intermediaries In A Supply Chain: The Role Of Home Trade Intermediaries In A Supply Chain: Wholesaler And Retailer
- 6.21Commerce And Production: Production: Intermediaries In A Supply Chain: The Role Of International Trade Intermediaries In A Supply Chain: Agent And Factor
- 6.22Commerce And Production: Production: Effects Of Digital Technology On Production: The Impact Of Automation, E.g. Using Robotics In Production
- 6.23Commerce And Production: Production: Effects Of Digital Technology On Production: The Impact On Production Of Digital Communication With Suppliers, E.g. Using Electronic Data Interchange (Edi)
- 6.24Commerce And Production: Production: Costs Involved In Trade, Commerce And Production: Identifying The Different Types Of Costs Used In Trade, Commerce And Production: Advertising, Bank Charges, Commission, Customs Duties, Inventory, Labour, Packaging, Transport, Utilities And Warehousing
- 6.25Commerce And Production: Production: Costs Involved In Trade, Commerce And Production: Complete Simple Calculations Of Costs In Given Situations
- 6.26Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Private And Public Sector Enterprises: The Difference Between Private And Public Sector Enterprises
- 6.27Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Types Of Private And Public Sector Enterprises: The Features Of Private Sector Enterprises: Sole Trader, Cooperative, Partnership, Private Limited Company And Public Limited Company
- 6.28Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Types Of Private And Public Sector Enterprises: The Features Of Public Corporations
- 6.29Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Types Of Private And Public Sector Enterprises: The Reasons For Public Corporations
- 6.30Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Types Of Private And Public Sector Enterprises: The Appropriateness Of Different Types Of Ownership In Given Situations
- 6.31Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Multinational Companies (Mncs) In The Global Economy: The Features Of Multinational Companies
- 6.32Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Multinational Companies (Mncs) In The Global Economy: The Reasons For The Existence Of Multinational Companies In The Global Economy
- 6.33Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Multinational Companies (Mncs) In The Global Economy: The Positive And Negative Impacts On A Country Of Multinational Companies Locating In The Country
- 6.34Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Franchises: The Features Of Franchises
- 6.35Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Franchises: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Franchises
- 6.36Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Physical And Ecommerce Location Factors: The Physical Location Factors: Labour, Markets, Transport, Power, Raw Materials, Competition, Suppliers, Communication And Government Influence
- 6.37Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Physical And Ecommerce Location Factors: The Ecommerce Location Factors: Wi-fi, Warehousing, Technology Specialists, And Logistics
- 6.38Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Physical And Ecommerce Location Factors: The Appropriateness Of Physical And Ecommerce Location Factors In Given Situations
- 6.39Commercial Operations: Outsourcing: Growth Of Outsourcing: The Growth Of Outsourcing: Contract Manufacturing And Logistics
- 6.40Commercial Operations: Retailing: Types Of Retailers: The Different Types Of Small-scale And Large-scale Retailers: Itinerant Retailers, Vending Machines, Independent Retailers, Street Markets, Speciality Shops, Online Retailers, Multiple Chain Stores, Supermarkets, Hypermarkets And Department Stores
- 6.41Commercial Operations: Retailing: Types Of Retailers: The Features Of Each Type Of Retailer
- 6.42Commercial Operations: Retailing: Types Of Retailers: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Each Type Of Retailer
- 6.43Commercial Operations: Retailing: Types Of Retailers: Reasons Why The Small-scale Retailer Often Survives, E.g. Personal Service, Flexible Opening Hours And Additional Services Provided
- 6.44Commercial Operations: Retailing: Retail Selling Techniques: The Different Types Of Retail Selling Techniques: Branding, Own Brands, Logos, Packaging, Self Service, After‑sales Service, Barcoding, Direct Mail, Loyalty Programmes, Informal Credit And Cash On Delivery
- 6.45Commercial Operations: Retailing: Digital Retail Trends: The Different Types Of Digital Retail Trends: Omnichannel Retailing, Cashless Stores, Electronic Point Of Sale (Epos), Click And Collect, Self-service Checkouts, Subscription Commerce, Qr Codes, Virtual Reality (Vr) Showrooms, Dropshipping, Mobile Phone/smartphone Apps And Multi-channel Retailing
- 6.46Commercial Operations: Retailing: Effects Of Ecommerce On Traditional Commerce: The Positive Impacts Of Ecommerce On Traditional Commerce, E.g. 24/7 Selling Opportunities, More Potential Customers, Increased Revenue, Targeted Marketing And Reduced Operating Store Costs
- 6.47Commercial Operations: Retailing: Effects Of Ecommerce On Traditional Commerce: The Negative Impacts Of Ecommerce On Traditional Commerce, E.g. Increased Costs (Delivery, Staff Training And Larger Warehousing Space) And Website Maintenance
- 6.48Commercial Operations: Wholesaling: Functions And Importance Of The Wholesaler: The Functions And Services Provided By The Wholesaler
- 6.49Commercial Operations: Wholesaling: Functions And Importance Of The Wholesaler: The Importance Of The Wholesaler To The Manufacturer And Retailer
- 6.50Commercial Operations: Wholesaling: Functions And Importance Of The Wholesaler: Reasons Why The Independent Wholesaler Survives: Cash And Carry And Voluntary Chains
- 6.51Commercial Operations: Trading Documents: Documents Of Home Trade: Different Types Of Documents Used In Home Trade: Enquiry, Quotation, Order, Invoice, Delivery Note, Credit Note, Statement Of Account And Receipt
- 6.52Commercial Operations: Trading Documents: Documents Of International Trade: Different Types Of Documents Used In International Trade: Certificate Of Origin, Bill Of Lading, Air Waybill And Documentary Credit (Letters Of Credit)
- 6.53Commercial Operations: Trading Documents: Digital Use Of Trading Documents: The Stages Of The Online Ordering Process: From Buyer Browsing Website To Receiving Order
- 6.54Commercial Operations: Trading Documents: Digital Use Of Trading Documents: Identifying Digital Technology In Trading Documents, E.g. Digital Signatures, Secure Access, Cloud-based Storage, Electronic Receipts And Etickets
- 6.55Commercial Operations: Communication: Types Of Communication: The Distinction Between Different Types Of Communication: Written, Oral, Electronic And Visual Communication
- 6.56Commercial Operations: Communication: Methods Of Communication: The Different Methods Of Communication: Letter, Telephone, Face To Face, Videoconferencing, Email, Web-based Chat (Including Chatbots), Social Media And Posters
- 6.57Commercial Operations: Communication: Factors That Affect Communication: The Appropriateness Of Factors Affecting Choice Of Method Of Communication In Given Situations: Urgency, Cost, Security, Distance, Availability Of Networks And Importance Of The Message
- 6.58Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Benefits Of International Trade To A Country: The Benefits Of International Trade To A Country: Wider Choice Of Goods, Higher Standard Of Living, Lower Cost Of Imports, More Investment And Creation Of Jobs
- 6.59Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Challenges Of International Trade To Exporters And Importers: The Challenges Of International Trade To Exporters And Importers: Distance, Language, Methods Of Payment, Documentation, Transport, Customs Duties, Non-payment, Currencies, Foreign Exchange Rates, Competition And Different Legal Systems
- 6.60Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Balance Of Trade And Balance Of Payments: The Difference Between Balance Of Trade And Balance Of Payments
- 6.61Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Balance Of Trade And Balance Of Payments: Calculation And Interpretation Of Balance Of Trade And Balance Of Payments From Given Figures
- 6.62Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Balance Of Trade And Balance Of Payments: How Commercial Activities Affect The Balance Of Trade And Balance Of Payments
- 6.63Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Free Trade, Trading Blocs, Trade Restrictions And Sources Of Support For Exporters: The Meaning Of Free Trade
- 6.64Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Free Trade, Trading Blocs, Trade Restrictions And Sources Of Support For Exporters: The Features Of A Trading Bloc
- 6.65Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Free Trade, Trading Blocs, Trade Restrictions And Sources Of Support For Exporters: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Joining A Trading Bloc
- 6.66Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Free Trade, Trading Blocs, Trade Restrictions And Sources Of Support For Exporters: The Types Of Trade Restrictions: Tariffs, Quotas And Embargoes
- 6.67Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Free Trade, Trading Blocs, Trade Restrictions And Sources Of Support For Exporters: The Potential Effects Of Trade Restrictions On Commercial Activities
- 6.68Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Free Trade, Trading Blocs, Trade Restrictions And Sources Of Support For Exporters: The Sources Of Support For Exporters: International Trade Fairs, Cheaper Bank Loans And Insurance Guarantees
- 6.69Globalisation Of Trade: Global Supply Chain Management: Global Supply Chains: The Different Types Of Global Supply Chains: Simple Supply Chain (Supplier To Manufacturer To Consumer) And Complex Supply Chains (Supplier To Agent To Wholesaler To Retailer To Consumer)
- 6.70Globalisation Of Trade: Global Supply Chain Management: Global Supply Chains: The Features Of Global Supply Chain Management: Upstream, The Enterprise And Downstream
- 6.71Globalisation Of Trade: Global Supply Chain Management: Global Supply Chains: The Importance Of Suppliers In The Global Supply Chain
- 6.72Globalisation Of Trade: Global Supply Chain Management: Global Supply Chains: The Benefits Of Global Supply Chain Management: Lower Cost Of Production, Lower Labour Costs, Lower Cost Of Purchasing, Advancement In Logistics And Communication
- 6.73Globalisation Of Trade: Global Supply Chain Management: Global Supply Chain Risks: The Risks To Global Supply Chains: Environmental (E.g. Pollution, Deforestation), Natural Disasters, Financial, Ethical, Technological And Political Risks
- 6.74Globalisation Of Trade: Global Supply Chain Management: Global Supply Chain Risks: The Importance Of Risk Assessment In The Global Supply Chain
- 6.75Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Three Functions Of Transport In The Supply Chain: Time, Place And Quantity
- 6.76Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Types And Methods Of Transport: Road: Delivery Vans, Trucks, Couriers
- 6.77Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Types And Methods Of Transport: Rail: Freight Trains
- 6.78Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Types And Methods Of Transport: Air: Freight Planes
- 6.79Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Types And Methods Of Transport: Sea: Ferry, Tanker, Container Ship, Cargo Liner
- 6.80Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Types And Methods Of Transport: Pipeline
- 6.81Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Different Methods Of Transport
- 6.82Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Appropriateness Of Factors Affecting Choice Of Method Of Transport In Given Situations: Nature Of Goods, Urgency, Cost, Security, Distance And Reliability Of Transporter
- 6.83Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Features Of Containerisation, Including Transshipment
- 6.84Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Containerisation
- 6.85Logistics In Commerce: Warehousing: The Functions Of Warehousing In The Supply Chain: Links With Seasonal Production, Demand, Protecting Supply And Price Stability And Logistics Postponement
- 6.86Logistics In Commerce: Warehousing: The Different Types Of Warehouse: Bonded, Cold Storage, Cash And Carry And Regional Distribution Centres (Rdcs)
- 6.87Logistics In Commerce: Warehousing: The Uses Of Automation In Warehousing: Robotics, Automated Sorting And Voice Picking
- 6.88Logistics In Commerce: Warehousing: The Benefits Of Warehouse Automation: Lower Labour Costs, Less Human Error, Improved Picking Accuracy, Improved Inventory Control And Improved Customer Service
- 6.89Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Types Of Advertising: The Purposes Of Advertising
- 6.90Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Types Of Advertising: The Types Of Advertising: Informative, Persuasive, Collective (Generic) And Competitive
- 6.91Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Types Of Advertising: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Different Types Of Advertisin
- 6.92Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Methods Of Traditional And Digital Advertising Media: The Methods Of Traditional Advertising Media: Television, Radio, Cinema, Newspapers (Local And National), Magazines/trade Journals, Leaflets/flyers, Packaging, Direct Mail, Sponsorship, Catalogues/brochures, Posters, Transport Vehicles, Window Displays, Point Of Sale Displays, Signboards And Word Of Mouth
- 6.93Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Methods Of Traditional And Digital Advertising Media: The Methods Of Digital Advertising Media: Social Media Advertising And Other Internet Advertising (Including Websites, Search Engines), Display Advertisements, Video Advertisements, Email Marketing, Digital Billboards And Social Media Influencers
- 6.94Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Methods Of Traditional And Digital Advertising Media: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Different Methods Of Traditional And Digital Media For Advertising Campaigns
- 6.95Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Methods Of Traditional And Digital Advertising Media: The Appropriateness Of The Factors Affecting Choice Of Method Of Advertising In Given Situations: Audience, Cost, Cultural And Legal Considerations, Flexibility To Change, Local And International Market Coverage, Multi-channel Advertising, Timing And Type Of Product
- 6.96Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Methods Of Appeal Used In Advertising: The Different Types Of Methods Of Appeal Used In Advertising: Emotion, Fear, Humour, Rational, Ambition, Social Acceptance, Romantic, Adventure, Music, Endorsement By Celebrities And Social Media Influencers
- 6.97Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Methods Of Appeal Used In Advertising: The Appropriateness Of Methods Of Appeal Used In Advertising In Given Situations
- 6.98Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Sales Promotion: The Meaning Of Sales Promotion
- 6.99Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Sales Promotion: The Methods Of Sales Promotion: Point Of Sale, Special Offers, Sponsorship, Displays, Competitions, Coupons, Sales Periods, Loss Leaders, Free Gifts And Free Samples
- 6.100Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Sales Promotion: The Factors Affecting Choice Of Sales Promotion Methods In Given Situations: Business Type, Competitors, Cost, Nature Of Product, New/old Product And Timing
- 6.101Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Banking Services: The Different Types Of Banking Services: Accounts: Current And Deposit/savings
- 6.102Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Banking Services: The Different Types Of Banking Services: Customer Services: Atm, Night Safe, Foreign Currency, Financial Advice And Telephone Banking
- 6.103Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Banking Services: The Different Types Of Banking Services: Payments: Cash, Cheque, Credit Card, Debit Card, Store Card, Credit Transfer, Standing Order, Direct Debit, Electronic Transfer And Documentary Credit (Letter Of Credit)
- 6.104Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Banking Services: The Different Types Of Banking Services: Sources Of Finance: Loan, Overdraft, Mortgage And Hire Purchase
- 6.105Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Banking Services: The Appropriateness Of Choosing Banking Services In Given Situations
- 6.106Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Digital Technology In Banking: The Different Types Of Digital Banking: Internet Banking And Mobile Banking
- 6.107Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Digital Technology In Banking: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Digital Banking
- 6.108Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Digital Technology In Banking: The Impact Of Digital Banking: Closure Of Bank Branches, More Digital-only Banks And Less Use Of Cash (Cashless Society)
- 6.109Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: Purposes Of Insurance: The Purposes Of Insurance: Risk Reduction, Compensation, Financial Protection, Business Confidence And Investment
- 6.110Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: Types Of Insurance Risk: The Different Types Of Insurance Risk: Consequential Loss, Employer’s Liability, Fire, Motor, Premises, Public Liability And Theft
- 6.111Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: How Enterprises Make Use Of Insurance: The Use Of Pooling Of Insurance Risk
- 6.112Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: How Enterprises Make Use Of Insurance: The Calculation Of Insurance Premiums
- 6.113Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: How Enterprises Make Use Of Insurance: The Use Of Insurance Documents: Proposal Form, Cover Note And Policy
- 6.114Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: How Enterprises Make Use Of Insurance: The Role Of An Insurance Broker
- 6.115Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Ways In Which Entrepreneurs And Commercial Enterprises Raise Finance: The Meaning Of Entrepreneurship
- 6.116Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Ways In Which Entrepreneurs And Commercial Enterprises Raise Finance: The Meaning Of Entrepreneurship
- 6.117Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Ways In Which Entrepreneurs And Commercial Enterprises Raise Finance: The Sources Of Short-term Finance: Trade Credit, Debt Factoring, Hire Purchase, Leasing, Sale And Leaseback, Overdraft, Selling Assets, Owner’s Savings And Retained Profit
- 6.118Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Ways In Which Entrepreneurs And Commercial Enterprises Raise Finance: The Sources Of Long-term Finance: Ordinary And Preference Shares, Loans, Debentures, Venture Capital And Crowdfunding
- 6.119Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Ways In Which Entrepreneurs And Commercial Enterprises Raise Finance: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Each Source Of Finance
- 6.120Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Ways In Which Entrepreneurs And Commercial Enterprises Raise Finance: The Appropriateness Of Choice Of Source Of Finance In Given Situations
- 6.121Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Ways In Which Entrepreneurs And Commercial Enterprises Raise Finance: The Meaning And Use Of Financial Terms: Sales, Revenue, Profit, Working Capital, Assets And Liabilities, Interest, Capital, Cash Discounts And Trade Discounts
- 6.122Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Commercial Calculations: The Calculation Of Revenue, Gross Profit, Gross Profit Margin, Profit For The Year (Net Profit), Working Capital And Mark-up Percentage 1 Revenue (Sales Or Turnover) = Selling Price Per Unit × Number Of Units Sold 2 Gross Profit = Revenue – Cost Of Sales (The Cost Of Purchasing Inventory) 3 Gross Profit Margin (%) = Gross Profit ÷ Revenue × 100 4 Net Profit/net Loss For The Year = Gross Profit – Expenses 5 Working Capital Current Assets – Current Liabilities 6 Mark-up Percentage = (Average Selling Price – Unit Cost) ÷ Unit Cost
- 6.123Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Improving Commercial Performance: The Methods To Improve Sales Turnover, Profit, Mark-up And Working Capital, E.g. Reducing Expenses, Increasing Mark-up, Changing Prices, Improving Advertising, Introducing New Products In Given Situations
- 6.124Sustainability And Ethics: Sustainability: Purpose Of Sustainability In The Supply Chain: The Purpose Of Sustainability In The Supply Chain: Making Commercial Processes Eco-friendly And Environmentally Responsible For Future Generations
- 6.125Sustainability And Ethics: Sustainability: Actions To Inprove Sustainability: Actions To Improve Sustainability: Using Sustainable Materials In The Production Process, Implementing Sustainable Logistics, Reducing Packaging, Selling Eco-friendly Products, Recycling And Reducing Waste, Reducing The Need For Returns And Exchanges, Offering Digital Resale Marketplaces, Offering Free Repair Services And Water Stewardship
- 6.126Sustainability And Ethics: Ethics: Ethics And Ethical Issues In Commerce: The Meaning Of Ethics
- 6.127Sustainability And Ethics: Ethics: Ethics And Ethical Issues In Commerce: The Role Of Fair Trade In Commerce
- 6.128Sustainability And Ethics: Ethics: Ethics And Ethical Issues In Commerce: Ethical Issues In Commerce: Misleading Advertising And Harmful Disposal Of Products
- 6.129Sustainability And Ethics: Consumer Protection: The Reasons For Consumer Protection
- 6.130Sustainability And Ethics: Consumer Protection: The Actions Taken By Buyers And Sellers To Resolve Consumer Protection Complaints
- AssignmentsDetailed Assignments For Syllabus Preparation (Including Past Paper Questions)15
- 7.1Production3 Days
- 7.2Retail Trade3 Days
- 7.3Consumer Credit3 Days
- 7.4Wholesale Trade3 Days
- 7.5Documents of Trade3 Days
- 7.6International Trade3 Days
- 7.7Advertising3 Days
- 7.8Communications3 Days
- 7.9Transport3 Days
- 7.10Warehousing3 Days
- 7.11Insurance3 Days
- 7.12Banking3 Days
- 7.13The Business Unit3 Days
- 7.14Finance3 Days
- 7.15Changing Environment of Commerce3 Days
- Paper Pattern/ Paper Preparation/ Techniques To Attempt The Paper/ Common Mistakes To AvoidDetailed Information Including Written + Video Material Regarding Paper Attempt / Preparation/ Techniques/ Common Mistakes To Avoid53
- 8.1Understanding the Exam Structure & Marking (Foundational): Complete Structure Of Paper 1 (MCQ): Question Types, Diagrams, Calculations, Negative Questions
- 8.2Understanding the Exam Structure & Marking (Foundational): Complete Structure Of Paper 2 (Written): 6 Mark Vs 8 Mark Questions Explained
- 8.3Understanding the Exam Structure & Marking (Foundational): Assessment Objectives AO1 To AO4 And How Marks Progress
- 8.4Understanding the Exam Structure & Marking (Foundational): Why Quality Matters More Than Quantity In Written Answers
- 8.5Understanding the Exam Structure & Marking (Foundational): Time Management Strategy For Paper 1 And Paper 2
- 8.6Understanding the Exam Structure & Marking (Foundational): How Marks Are Lost Despite Correct Content
- 8.7Understanding the Exam Structure & Marking (Foundational): Importance Of Command Words: Define, Explain, Discuss, Evaluate
- 8.8Understanding the Exam Structure & Marking (Foundational): Difference Between Explain And Discuss In Examiner Marking
- 8.9Understanding the Exam Structure & Marking (Foundational): How Evaluation Marks Are Actually Awarded
- 8.10Understanding the Exam Structure & Marking (Foundational): How Context Influences Application And Evaluation Marks
- 8.11Paper 1 (MCQ) – Techniques To Score High: Identifying Calculation Based Vs Logic Based MCQs
- 8.12Paper 1 (MCQ) – Techniques To Score High: Handling Diagram Based MCQs Efficiently
- 8.13Paper 1 (MCQ) – Techniques To Score High: Interpreting Data Tables And Graph Based MCQs
- 8.14Paper 1 (MCQ) – Techniques To Score High: Safe Techniques For Attempting Negative (NOT) Questions
- 8.15Paper 1 (MCQ) – Techniques To Score High: Why Candidates Fall For The Most Attractive Wrong Option
- 8.16Paper 1 (MCQ) – Techniques To Score High: Eliminating Distractors Using Examiner Logic
- 8.17Paper 1 (MCQ) – Techniques To Score High: Common MCQ Traps In Trade, Transport And Warehousing
- 8.18Paper 1 (MCQ) – Techniques To Score High: Frequent Errors In Discounts, Documents And Payment MCQs
- 8.19Paper 1 (MCQ) – Techniques To Score High: Frequent Errors In Discounts, Documents And Payment MCQs
- 8.20Paper 1 (MCQ) – Techniques To Score High: Confusion Between Similar Commerce Terms In MCQs
- 8.21Paper 1 (MCQ) – Techniques To Score High: Smart Guessing Strategy When Unsure
- 8.22Paper 2 – Mastering 6 Mark Questions: Ideal Structure Of A Full Mark 6 Mark Answer
- 8.23Paper 2 – Mastering 6 Mark Questions: Balancing Number Of Points And Depth Of Explanation
- 8.24Paper 2 – Mastering 6 Mark Questions: Correct Use Of Examples In 6 Mark Answers
- 8.25Paper 2 – Mastering 6 Mark Questions: Reasons Why 6 Mark Answers Get Stuck At 3–4 Marks
- 8.26Paper 2 – Mastering 6 Mark Questions: Linking Answers Clearly To The Given Case Study
- 8.27Paper 2 – Mastering 6 Mark Questions: Avoiding Generic Textbook Dumping
- 8.28Paper 2 – Mastering 6 Mark Questions: Writing Advantage And Disadvantage Questions Properly
- 8.29Paper 2 – MasterinPaper 2 – Mastering 6 Mark Questions: g 6 Mark Questions: Balanced Answers Without Evaluation In 6 Mark Questions
- 8.30Paper 2 – Mastering 6 Mark Questions: Handling Calculation Based Written Questions
- 8.31Paper 2 – Mastering 6 Mark Questions: Presentation, Clarity And Examiner Expectations
- 8.32Paper 2 – 8 Mark Evaluation Question Techniques: Building Analysis Before Making A Judgement
- 8.33Paper 2 – 8 Mark Evaluation Question Techniques: Correct Structure Of An 8 Mark Evaluation Answer
- 8.34Paper 2 – 8 Mark Evaluation Question Techniques: Comparing Two Options Effectively
- 8.35Paper 2 – 8 Mark Evaluation Question Techniques: Writing A Justified Recommendation
- 8.36Paper 2 – 8 Mark Evaluation Question Techniques: Why Conclusions Alone Do Not Score Evaluation Marks
- 8.37Paper 2 – 8 Mark Evaluation Question Techniques: Common Evaluation Errors In Finance Choice Questions
- 8.38Paper 2 – 8 Mark Evaluation Question Techniques: Evaluation Mistakes In Transport And Communication Questions
- 8.39Paper 2 – 8 Mark Evaluation Question Techniques: How Context Determines The Best Option
- 8.40Paper 2 – 8 Mark Evaluation Question Techniques: How Context Determines The Best Option
- 8.41Paper 2 – 8 Mark Evaluation Question Techniques: Answering “Do You Agree” And “Should” Questions Correctly
- 8.42Paper 2 – 8 Mark Evaluation Question Techniques: Answering “Do You Agree” And “Should” Questions Correctly
- 8.43Paper 2 – 8 Mark Evaluation Question Techniques: How Examiners Penalise One Sided Answers
- 8.44Examiner Report Based Common Mistakes: Common Errors In Documents Of Trade Questions
- 8.45Examiner Report Based Common Mistakes: Misunderstandings In Warehousing And Containerisation
- 8.46Examiner Report Based Common Mistakes: Confusion Between Different Types Of Insurance
- 8.47Examiner Report Based Common Mistakes: Errors In Banking And Payment Method Questions
- 8.48Examiner Report Based Common Mistakes: Advertising And Communication Question Pitfalls
- 8.49Examiner Report Based Common Mistakes: International Trade And Balance Of Payments Mistakes
- 8.50Examiner Report Based Common Mistakes: Business Organisation Questions: Why Easy Marks Are Lost
- 8.51Examiner Report Based Common Mistakes: Ecommerce Questions And Context Misreading
- 8.52Examiner Report Based Common Mistakes: Calculation Errors In Profit, Discount And Accounts
- 8.53Examiner Report Based Common Mistakes: How To Avoid Repeating Examiner Highlighted Mistakes
- Solved Past PapersDetailed Written Explanations And Solutions of Past Papers, Including Model Answers and Explanations For Past Paper Questions0
- Past Paper SessionsVideo Content Regarding Past Paper Solutions8
- 10.1Model Answers and Explanations: October November 2024 Paper 11
- 10.2Model Answers and Explanations: October November 2024 Paper 12
- 10.3Model Answers and Explanations: May June 2024 Paper 12
- 10.4Model Answers and Explanations: May June 2024 Paper 13
- 10.5Model Answers and Explanations: October November 2023 Paper 11
- 10.6Model Answers and Explanations: October November 2024 Paper 12
- 10.7Model Answers and Explanations: May June 2023 Paper 12
- 10.8Model Answers and Explanations: May June 2023 Paper 13
- Notes (Rearranged Version)Notes Arranged In A Different Style For Preparation Ease15
- 11.1Production13 Minutes
- 11.2Retail Trade12 Minutes
- 11.3Consumer Credit11 Minutes
- 11.4Wholesale Trade13 Minutes
- 11.5Documents of Trade8 Minutes
- 11.6International Trade
- 11.7Advertising
- 11.8Communications
- 11.9Transport
- 11.10Warehousing
- 11.11Insurance
- 11.12Banking
- 11.13The Business Unit
- 11.14Finance
- 11.15Changing Environment of Commerce
- Videos Lectures (Pre-Recorded)Videos Recorded In A Different Style For Preparation Ease0
- Terms & Definitions0
- Cheat SheetsShort, Quick Revision Cheat Sheets130
- 14.1Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Trade: The Meaning Of The Terms Trade And Commerce, Showing The Differences Between The Two Terms
- 14.2Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Trade: The Meaning Of Home Trade (Retail And Wholesale)
- 14.3Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Trade: The Meaning Of International Trade (Exports And Imports)
- 14.4Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Aids To Trade And Logistics: The Meaning Of Aids To Trade
- 14.5Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Aids To Trade And Logistics: The Types Of Aids To Trade: Communications, Transport, Warehousing, Advertising, Banking And Insurance
- 14.6Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Aids To Trade And LogisticsThe Meaning Of Logistics:
- 14.7Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Aids To Trade And Logistics: The Elements Of Logistics In A Supply Chain: Transport, Freight Forwarders And Warehousing
- 14.8Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Types Of Commerce: The Meaning Of Traditional Commerce: Buying And Selling Goods And/or Services At A Physical Location
- 14.9Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Types Of Commerce: The Meaning Of Ecommerce (Electronic Commerce): Buying And Selling Goods And/or Services Via The Internet/websites
- 14.10Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Types Of Commerce: The Meaning Of Mcommerce (Mobile Commerce): Buying And Selling Goods And/or Services Via A Mobile Device, Such As A Smartphone Or Tablet
- 14.11Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Types Of Commerce: The Meaning Of Scommerce (Social Commerce): Buying And Selling Goods And/or Services Via Social Media Channels
- 14.12Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: The Relationship Between Production, Trade And Commerce: Understand How Production, Trade And Commerce Are Interdependent
- 14.13Commerce And Production: Production: Sectors Of Production And Specialisation: The Features Of Primary (Extractive) Industries, Secondary (Manufacturing And Construction) Industries, Tertiary Activities (Commercial Services And Direct Services) And Quaternary Activities (Digital Technology)
- 14.14Commerce And Production: Production: Sectors Of Production And Specialisation: The Meaning Of Specialisation
- 14.15Commerce And Production: Production: Sectors Of Production And Specialisation: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Specialisation For An Individual, Factory And Country
- 14.16Commerce And Production: Production: In-house Production And Outsourced Production: The Meaning Of In-house Production And Outsourced Production
- 14.17Commerce And Production: Production: In-house Production And Outsourced Production: The Benefits Of In-house Production Over Outsourced Production, Including Control On Quality And Information
- 14.18Commerce And Production: Production: In-house Production And Outsourced Production: The Benefits Of Outsourced Production Over In-house Production, Including Accessing Expertise And Cost Savings
- 14.19Commerce And Production: Production: Global Supply Chains: The Meaning Of A Global Supply Chain And A Domestic Supply Chain
- 14.20Commerce And Production: Production: Intermediaries In A Supply Chain: The Role Of Home Trade Intermediaries In A Supply Chain: Wholesaler And Retailer
- 14.21Commerce And Production: Production: Intermediaries In A Supply Chain: The Role Of International Trade Intermediaries In A Supply Chain: Agent And Factor
- 14.22Commerce And Production: Production: Effects Of Digital Technology On Production: The Impact Of Automation, E.g. Using Robotics In Production
- 14.23Commerce And Production: Production: Effects Of Digital Technology On Production: The Impact On Production Of Digital Communication With Suppliers, E.g. Using Electronic Data Interchange (Edi)
- 14.24Commerce And Production: Production: Costs Involved In Trade, Commerce And Production: Identifying The Different Types Of Costs Used In Trade, Commerce And Production: Advertising, Bank Charges, Commission, Customs Duties, Inventory, Labour, Packaging, Transport, Utilities And Warehousing
- 14.25Commerce And Production: Production: Costs Involved In Trade, Commerce And Production: Complete Simple Calculations Of Costs In Given Situations
- 14.26Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Private And Public Sector Enterprises: The Difference Between Private And Public Sector Enterprises
- 14.27Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Types Of Private And Public Sector Enterprises: The Features Of Private Sector Enterprises: Sole Trader, Cooperative, Partnership, Private Limited Company And Public Limited Company
- 14.28Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Types Of Private And Public Sector Enterprises: The Features Of Public Corporations
- 14.29Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Types Of Private And Public Sector Enterprises: The Reasons For Public Corporations
- 14.30Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Types Of Private And Public Sector Enterprises: The Reasons For Public Corporations
- 14.31Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Types Of Private And Public Sector Enterprises: The Appropriateness Of Different Types Of Ownership In Given Situations
- 14.32Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Multinational Companies (Mncs) In The Global Economy: The Features Of Multinational Companies
- 14.33Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Multinational Companies (Mncs) In The Global Economy: The Reasons For The Existence Of Multinational Companies In The Global Economy
- 14.34Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Multinational Companies (Mncs) In The Global Economy: The Positive And Negative Impacts On A Country Of Multinational Companies Locating In The Country
- 14.35Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Franchises: The Features Of Franchises
- 14.36Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Franchises: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Franchises
- 14.37Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Physical And Ecommerce Location Factors: The Physical Location Factors: Labour, Markets, Transport, Power, Raw Materials, Competition, Suppliers, Communication And Government Influence
- 14.38Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Physical And Ecommerce Location Factors: The Ecommerce Location Factors: Wi-fi, Warehousing, Technology Specialists, And Logistics
- 14.39Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Physical And Ecommerce Location Factors: The Appropriateness Of Physical And Ecommerce Location Factors In Given Situations
- 14.40Commercial Operations: Outsourcing: Growth Of Outsourcing: The Growth Of Outsourcing: Contract Manufacturing And Logistics
- 14.41Commercial Operations: Retailing: Types Of Retailers: The Different Types Of Small-scale And Large-scale Retailers: Itinerant Retailers, Vending Machines, Independent Retailers, Street Markets, Speciality Shops, Online Retailers, Multiple Chain Stores, Supermarkets, Hypermarkets And Department Stores
- 14.42Commercial Operations: Retailing: Types Of Retailers: The Features Of Each Type Of Retailer
- 14.43Commercial Operations: Retailing: Types Of Retailers: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Each Type Of Retailer
- 14.44Commercial Operations: Retailing: Types Of Retailers: Reasons Why The Small-scale Retailer Often Survives, E.g. Personal Service, Flexible Opening Hours And Additional Services Provided
- 14.45Commercial Operations: Retailing: Retail Selling Techniques: The Different Types Of Retail Selling Techniques: Branding, Own Brands, Logos, Packaging, Self Service, After‑sales Service, Barcoding, Direct Mail, Loyalty Programmes, Informal Credit And Cash On Delivery
- 14.46Commercial Operations: Retailing: Digital Retail Trends: The Different Types Of Digital Retail Trends: Omnichannel Retailing, Cashless Stores, Electronic Point Of Sale (Epos), Click And Collect, Self-service Checkouts, Subscription Commerce, Qr Codes, Virtual Reality (Vr) Showrooms, Dropshipping, Mobile Phone/smartphone Apps And Multi-channel Retailing
- 14.47Commercial Operations: Retailing: Effects Of Ecommerce On Traditional Commerce: The Positive Impacts Of Ecommerce On Traditional Commerce, E.g. 24/7 Selling Opportunities, More Potential Customers, Increased Revenue, Targeted Marketing And Reduced Operating Store Costs
- 14.48Commercial Operations: Retailing: Effects Of Ecommerce On Traditional Commerce: The Negative Impacts Of Ecommerce On Traditional Commerce, E.g. Increased Costs (Delivery, Staff Training And Larger Warehousing Space) And Website Maintenance
- 14.49Commercial Operations: Wholesaling: Functions And Importance Of The Wholesaler: The Functions And Services Provided By The Wholesaler
- 14.50Commercial Operations: Wholesaling: Functions And Importance Of The Wholesaler: The Importance Of The Wholesaler To The Manufacturer And Retailer
- 14.51Commercial Operations: Wholesaling: Functions And Importance Of The Wholesaler: Reasons Why The Independent Wholesaler Survives: Cash And Carry And Voluntary Chains
- 14.52Commercial Operations: Trading Documents: Documents Of Home Trade: Different Types Of Documents Used In Home Trade: Enquiry, Quotation, Order, Invoice, Delivery Note, Credit Note, Statement Of Account And Receipt
- 14.53Commercial Operations: Trading Documents: Documents Of International Trade: Different Types Of Documents Used In International Trade: Certificate Of Origin, Bill Of Lading, Air Waybill And Documentary Credit (Letters Of Credit)
- 14.54Commercial Operations: Trading Documents: Digital Use Of Trading Documents: The Stages Of The Online Ordering Process: From Buyer Browsing Website To Receiving Order
- 14.55Commercial Operations: Trading Documents: Digital Use Of Trading Documents: Identifying Digital Technology In Trading Documents, E.g. Digital Signatures, Secure Access, Cloud-based Storage, Electronic Receipts And Etickets
- 14.56Commercial Operations: Communication: Types Of Communication: The Distinction Between Different Types Of Communication: Written, Oral, Electronic And Visual Communication
- 14.57Commercial Operations: Communication: Methods Of Communication: The Different Methods Of Communication: Letter, Telephone, Face To Face, Videoconferencing, Email, Web-based Chat (Including Chatbots), Social Media And Posters
- 14.58Commercial Operations: Communication: Factors That Affect Communication: The Appropriateness Of Factors Affecting Choice Of Method Of Communication In Given Situations: Urgency, Cost, Security, Distance, Availability Of Networks And Importance Of The Message
- 14.59Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Benefits Of International Trade To A Country: The Benefits Of International Trade To A Country: Wider Choice Of Goods, Higher Standard Of Living, Lower Cost Of Imports, More Investment And Creation Of Jobs
- 14.60Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Challenges Of International Trade To Exporters And Importers: The Challenges Of International Trade To Exporters And Importers: Distance, Language, Methods Of Payment, Documentation, Transport, Customs Duties, Non-payment, Currencies, Foreign Exchange Rates, Competition And Different Legal Systems
- 14.61Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Balance Of Trade And Balance Of Payments: The Difference Between Balance Of Trade And Balance Of Payments
- 14.62Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Balance Of Trade And Balance Of Payments: Calculation And Interpretation Of Balance Of Trade And Balance Of Payments From Given Figures
- 14.63Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Balance Of Trade And Balance Of Payments: How Commercial Activities Affect The Balance Of Trade And Balance Of Payments
- 14.64Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Free Trade, Trading Blocs, Trade Restrictions And Sources Of Support For Exporters: The Meaning Of Free Trade
- 14.65Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Free Trade, Trading Blocs, Trade Restrictions And Sources Of Support For Exporters: The Features Of A Trading Bloc
- 14.66Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Free Trade, Trading Blocs, Trade Restrictions And Sources Of Support For Exporters: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Joining A Trading Bloc
- 14.67Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Free Trade, Trading Blocs, Trade Restrictions And Sources Of Support For Exporters: The Types Of Trade Restrictions: Tariffs, Quotas And Embargoes
- 14.68Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Free Trade, Trading Blocs, Trade Restrictions And Sources Of Support For Exporters: The Potential Effects Of Trade Restrictions On Commercial Activities
- 14.69Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Free Trade, Trading Blocs, Trade Restrictions And Sources Of Support For Exporters: The Sources Of Support For Exporters: International Trade Fairs, Cheaper Bank Loans And Insurance Guarantees
- 14.70Globalisation Of Trade: Global Supply Chain Management: Global Supply Chains: The Different Types Of Global Supply Chains: Simple Supply Chain (Supplier To Manufacturer To Consumer) And Complex Supply Chains (Supplier To Agent To Wholesaler To Retailer To Consumer)
- 14.71Globalisation Of Trade: Global Supply Chain Management: Global Supply Chains: The Features Of Global Supply Chain Management: Upstream, The Enterprise And Downstream
- 14.72Globalisation Of Trade: Global Supply Chain Management: Global Supply Chains: The Importance Of Suppliers In The Global Supply Chain
- 14.73Globalisation Of Trade: Global Supply Chain Management: Global Supply Chain Risks: The Risks To Global Supply Chains: Environmental (E.g. Pollution, Deforestation), Natural Disasters, Financial, Ethical, Technological And Political Risks
- 14.74Globalisation Of Trade: Global Supply Chain Management: Global Supply Chains: The Benefits Of Global Supply Chain Management: Lower Cost Of Production, Lower Labour Costs, Lower Cost Of Purchasing, Advancement In Logistics And Communication
- 14.75Globalisation Of Trade: Global Supply Chain Management: Global Supply Chain Risks: The Importance Of Risk Assessment In The Global Supply Chain
- 14.76Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Three Functions Of Transport In The Supply Chain: Time, Place And Quantity
- 14.77Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Types And Methods Of Transport: Road: Delivery Vans, Trucks, Couriers
- 14.78Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Types And Methods Of Transport: Rail: Freight Trains
- 14.79Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Types And Methods Of Transport: Air: Freight Planes
- 14.80Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Types And Methods Of Transport: Sea: Ferry, Tanker, Container Ship, Cargo Liner
- 14.81Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Types And Methods Of Transport: Pipeline
- 14.82Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Different Methods Of Transport
- 14.83Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Appropriateness Of Factors Affecting Choice Of Method Of Transport In Given Situations: Nature Of Goods, Urgency, Cost, Security, Distance And Reliability Of Transporter
- 14.84Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Features Of Containerisation, Including Transshipment
- 14.85Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Containerisation
- 14.86Logistics In Commerce: Warehousing: The Functions Of Warehousing In The Supply Chain: Links With Seasonal Production, Demand, Protecting Supply And Price Stability And Logistics Postponement
- 14.87Logistics In Commerce: Warehousing: The Different Types Of Warehouse: Bonded, Cold Storage, Cash And Carry And Regional Distribution Centres (Rdcs)
- 14.88Logistics In Commerce: Warehousing: The Uses Of Automation In Warehousing: Robotics, Automated Sorting And Voice Picking
- 14.89Logistics In Commerce: Warehousing: The Benefits Of Warehouse Automation: Lower Labour Costs, Less Human Error, Improved Picking Accuracy, Improved Inventory Control And Improved Customer Service
- 14.90Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Types Of Advertising: The Purposes Of Advertising
- 14.91Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Types Of Advertising: The Types Of Advertising: Informative, Persuasive, Collective (Generic) And Competitive
- 14.92Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Types Of Advertising: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Different Types Of Advertisin
- 14.93Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Methods Of Traditional And Digital Advertising Media: The Methods Of Traditional Advertising Media: Television, Radio, Cinema, Newspapers (Local And National), Magazines/trade Journals, Leaflets/flyers, Packaging, Direct Mail, Sponsorship, Catalogues/brochures, Posters, Transport Vehicles, Window Displays, Point Of Sale Displays, Signboards And Word Of Mouth
- 14.94Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Methods Of Traditional And Digital Advertising Media: The Methods Of Digital Advertising Media: Social Media Advertising And Other Internet Advertising (Including Websites, Search Engines), Display Advertisements, Video Advertisements, Email Marketing, Digital Billboards And Social Media Influencers
- 14.95Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Methods Of Traditional And Digital Advertising Media: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Different Methods Of Traditional And Digital Media For Advertising Campaigns
- 14.96Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Methods Of Traditional And Digital Advertising Media: The Appropriateness Of The Factors Affecting Choice Of Method Of Advertising In Given Situations: Audience, Cost, Cultural And Legal Considerations, Flexibility To Change, Local And International Market Coverage, Multi-channel Advertising, Timing And Type Of Product
- 14.97Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Methods Of Appeal Used In Advertising: The Different Types Of Methods Of Appeal Used In Advertising: Emotion, Fear, Humour, Rational, Ambition, Social Acceptance, Romantic, Adventure, Music, Endorsement By Celebrities And Social Media Influencers
- 14.98Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Methods Of Appeal Used In Advertising: The Appropriateness Of Methods Of Appeal Used In Advertising In Given Situations
- 14.99Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Sales Promotion: The Meaning Of Sales Promotion
- 14.100Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Sales Promotion: The Methods Of Sales Promotion: Point Of Sale, Special Offers, Sponsorship, Displays, Competitions, Coupons, Sales Periods, Loss Leaders, Free Gifts And Free Samples
- 14.101Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Sales Promotion: The Factors Affecting Choice Of Sales Promotion Methods In Given Situations: Business Type, Competitors, Cost, Nature Of Product, New/old Product And Timing
- 14.102Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Banking Services: The Different Types Of Banking Services: Accounts: Current And Deposit/savings
- 14.103Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Banking Services: The Different Types Of Banking Services: Customer Services: Atm, Night Safe, Foreign Currency, Financial Advice And Telephone Banking
- 14.104Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Banking Services: The Different Types Of Banking Services: Payments: Cash, Cheque, Credit Card, Debit Card, Store Card, Credit Transfer, Standing Order, Direct Debit, Electronic Transfer And Documentary Credit (Letter Of Credit)
- 14.105Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Banking Services: The Different Types Of Banking Services: Sources Of Finance: Loan, Overdraft, Mortgage And Hire Purchase
- 14.106Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Banking Services: The Appropriateness Of Choosing Banking Services In Given Situations
- 14.107Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Digital Technology In Banking: The Different Types Of Digital Banking: Internet Banking And Mobile Banking
- 14.108Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Digital Technology In Banking: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Digital Banking
- 14.109Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Digital Technology In Banking: The Impact Of Digital Banking: Closure Of Bank Branches, More Digital-only Banks And Less Use Of Cash (Cashless Society)
- 14.110Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: Purposes Of Insurance: The Purposes Of Insurance: Risk Reduction, Compensation, Financial Protection, Business Confidence And Investment
- 14.111Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: Types Of Insurance Risk: The Different Types Of Insurance Risk: Consequential Loss, Employer’s Liability, Fire, Motor, Premises, Public Liability And Theft
- 14.112Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: How Enterprises Make Use Of Insurance: The Use Of Pooling Of Insurance Risk
- 14.113Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: How Enterprises Make Use Of Insurance: The Calculation Of Insurance Premiums
- 14.114Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: How Enterprises Make Use Of Insurance: The Use Of Insurance Documents: Proposal Form, Cover Note And Policy
- 14.115Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: How Enterprises Make Use Of Insurance: The Role Of An Insurance Broker
- 14.116Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Ways In Which Entrepreneurs And Commercial Enterprises Raise Finance: The Meaning Of Entrepreneurship
- 14.117Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Ways In Which Entrepreneurs And Commercial Enterprises Raise Finance: The Sources Of Short-term Finance: Trade Credit, Debt Factoring, Hire Purchase, Leasing, Sale And Leaseback, Overdraft, Selling Assets, Owner’s Savings And Retained Profit
- 14.118Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Ways In Which Entrepreneurs And Commercial Enterprises Raise Finance: The Sources Of Long-term Finance: Ordinary And Preference Shares, Loans, Debentures, Venture Capital And Crowdfunding
- 14.119Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Ways In Which Entrepreneurs And Commercial Enterprises Raise Finance: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Each Source Of Finance
- 14.120Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Ways In Which Entrepreneurs And Commercial Enterprises Raise Finance: The Appropriateness Of Choice Of Source Of Finance In Given Situations
- 14.121Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Ways In Which Entrepreneurs And Commercial Enterprises Raise Finance: The Meaning And Use Of Financial Terms: Sales, Revenue, Profit, Working Capital, Assets And Liabilities, Interest, Capital, Cash Discounts And Trade Discounts
- 14.122Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Commercial Calculations: The Calculation Of Revenue, Gross Profit, Gross Profit Margin, Profit For The Year (Net Profit), Working Capital And Mark-up Percentage 1 Revenue (Sales Or Turnover) = Selling Price Per Unit × Number Of Units Sold 2 Gross Profit = Revenue – Cost Of Sales (The Cost Of Purchasing Inventory) 3 Gross Profit Margin (%) = Gross Profit ÷ Revenue × 100 4 Net Profit/net Loss For The Year = Gross Profit – Expenses 5 Working Capital Current Assets – Current Liabilities 6 Mark-up Percentage = (Average Selling Price – Unit Cost) ÷ Unit Cost
- 14.123Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Improving Commercial Performance: The Methods To Improve Sales Turnover, Profit, Mark-up And Working Capital, E.g. Reducing Expenses, Increasing Mark-up, Changing Prices, Improving Advertising, Introducing New Products In Given Situations
- 14.124Sustainability And Ethics: Sustainability: Purpose Of Sustainability In The Supply Chain: The Purpose Of Sustainability In The Supply Chain: Making Commercial Processes Eco-friendly And Environmentally Responsible For Future Generations
- 14.125Sustainability And Ethics: Sustainability: Actions To Inprove Sustainability: Actions To Improve Sustainability: Using Sustainable Materials In The Production Process, Implementing Sustainable Logistics, Reducing Packaging, Selling Eco-friendly Products, Recycling And Reducing Waste, Reducing The Need For Returns And Exchanges, Offering Digital Resale Marketplaces, Offering Free Repair Services And Water Stewardship
- 14.126Sustainability And Ethics: Ethics: Ethics And Ethical Issues In Commerce: The Meaning Of Ethics
- 14.127Sustainability And Ethics: Ethics: Ethics And Ethical Issues In Commerce: The Role Of Fair Trade In Commerce
- 14.128Sustainability And Ethics: Ethics: Ethics And Ethical Issues In Commerce: Ethical Issues In Commerce: Misleading Advertising And Harmful Disposal Of Products
- 14.129Sustainability And Ethics: Consumer Protection: The Reasons For Consumer Protection
- 14.130Sustainability And Ethics: Consumer Protection: The Actions Taken By Buyers And Sellers To Resolve Consumer Protection Complaints
- Practice Questions/ Practice ExamsPractice Questions/ Exams Based Both On Actual Exam Pattern And On Topical Content To Boost Preparation And Improve Performance129
- 15.1Practice Questions: Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Trade: The Meaning Of The Terms Trade And Commerce, Showing The Differences Between The Two Terms
- 15.2Practice Questions: Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Trade: The Meaning Of Home Trade (Retail And Wholesale)
- 15.3Practice Questions: Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Trade: The Meaning Of International Trade (Exports And Imports)
- 15.4Practice Questions: Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Aids To Trade And Logistics: The Meaning Of Aids To Trade
- 15.5Practice Questions: Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Aids To Trade And Logistics: The Types Of Aids To Trade: Communications, Transport, Warehousing, Advertising, Banking And Insurance
- 15.6Practice Questions: Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Aids To Trade And LogisticsThe Meaning Of Logistics:
- 15.7Practice Questions: Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Aids To Trade And Logistics: The Elements Of Logistics In A Supply Chain: Transport, Freight Forwarders And Warehousing
- 15.8Practice Questions: Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Types Of Commerce: The Meaning Of Traditional Commerce: Buying And Selling Goods And/or Services At A Physical Location
- 15.9Practice Questions: Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Types Of Commerce: The Meaning Of Ecommerce (Electronic Commerce): Buying And Selling Goods And/or Services Via The Internet/websites
- 15.10Practice Questions: Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Types Of Commerce: The Meaning Of Mcommerce (Mobile Commerce): Buying And Selling Goods And/or Services Via A Mobile Device, Such As A Smartphone Or Tablet
- 15.11Practice Questions: Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Types Of Commerce: The Meaning Of Scommerce (Social Commerce): Buying And Selling Goods And/or Services Via Social Media Channels
- 15.12Practice Questions: Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: The Relationship Between Production, Trade And Commerce: Understand How Production, Trade And Commerce Are Interdependent
- 15.13Practice Questions: Commerce And Production: Production: Sectors Of Production And Specialisation: The Features Of Primary (Extractive) Industries, Secondary (Manufacturing And Construction) Industries, Tertiary Activities (Commercial Services And Direct Services) And Quaternary Activities (Digital Technology)
- 15.14Practice Questions: Commerce And Production: Production: Sectors Of Production And Specialisation: The Meaning Of Specialisation
- 15.15Practice Questions: Commerce And Production: Production: Sectors Of Production And Specialisation: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Specialisation For An Individual, Factory And Country
- 15.16Practice Questions: Commerce And Production: Production: In-house Production And Outsourced Production: The Meaning Of In-house Production And Outsourced Production
- 15.17Practice Questions: Commerce And Production: Production: In-house Production And Outsourced Production: The Benefits Of In-house Production Over Outsourced Production, Including Control On Quality And Information
- 15.18Practice Questions: Commerce And Production: Production: In-house Production And Outsourced Production: The Benefits Of Outsourced Production Over In-house Production, Including Accessing Expertise And Cost Savings
- 15.19Practice Questions: Commerce And Production: Production: Global Supply Chains: The Meaning Of A Global Supply Chain And A Domestic Supply Chain
- 15.20Practice Questions: Commerce And Production: Production: Intermediaries In A Supply Chain: The Role Of Home Trade Intermediaries In A Supply Chain: Wholesaler And Retailer
- 15.21Practice Questions: Commerce And Production: Production: Intermediaries In A Supply Chain: The Role Of International Trade Intermediaries In A Supply Chain: Agent And Factor
- 15.22Practice Questions: Commerce And Production: Production: Effects Of Digital Technology On Production: The Impact Of Automation, E.g. Using Robotics In Production
- 15.23Practice Questions: Commerce And Production: Production: Effects Of Digital Technology On Production: The Impact On Production Of Digital Communication With Suppliers, E.g. Using Electronic Data Interchange (Edi)
- 15.24Practice Questions: Commerce And Production: Production: Costs Involved In Trade, Commerce And Production: Identifying The Different Types Of Costs Used In Trade, Commerce And Production: Advertising, Bank Charges, Commission, Customs Duties, Inventory, Labour, Packaging, Transport, Utilities And Warehousing
- 15.25Practice Questions: Commerce And Production: Production: Costs Involved In Trade, Commerce And Production: Complete Simple Calculations Of Costs In Given Situations
- 15.26Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Private And Public Sector Enterprises: The Difference Between Private And Public Sector Enterprises
- 15.27Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Types Of Private And Public Sector Enterprises: The Features Of Private Sector Enterprises: Sole Trader, Cooperative, Partnership, Private Limited Company And Public Limited Company
- 15.28Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Types Of Private And Public Sector Enterprises: The Features Of Public Corporations
- 15.29Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Types Of Private And Public Sector Enterprises: The Reasons For Public Corporations
- 15.30Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Types Of Private And Public Sector Enterprises: The Appropriateness Of Different Types Of Ownership In Given Situations
- 15.31Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Multinational Companies (Mncs) In The Global Economy: The Features Of Multinational Companies
- 15.32Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Multinational Companies (Mncs) In The Global Economy: The Reasons For The Existence Of Multinational Companies In The Global Economy
- 15.33Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Multinational Companies (Mncs) In The Global Economy: The Positive And Negative Impacts On A Country Of Multinational Companies Locating In The Country
- 15.34Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Franchises: The Features Of Franchises
- 15.35Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Franchises: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Franchises
- 15.36Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Physical And Ecommerce Location Factors: The Physical Location Factors: Labour, Markets, Transport, Power, Raw Materials, Competition, Suppliers, Communication And Government Influence
- 15.37Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Physical And Ecommerce Location Factors: The Ecommerce Location Factors: Wi-fi, Warehousing, Technology Specialists, And Logistics
- 15.38Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Physical And Ecommerce Location Factors: The Appropriateness Of Physical And Ecommerce Location Factors In Given Situations
- 15.39Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Outsourcing: Growth Of Outsourcing: The Growth Of Outsourcing: Contract Manufacturing And Logistics
- 15.40Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Retailing: Types Of Retailers: The Different Types Of Small-scale And Large-scale Retailers: Itinerant Retailers, Vending Machines, Independent Retailers, Street Markets, Speciality Shops, Online Retailers, Multiple Chain Stores, Supermarkets, Hypermarkets And Department Stores
- 15.41Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Retailing: Types Of Retailers: The Features Of Each Type Of Retailer
- 15.42Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Retailing: Types Of Retailers: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Each Type Of Retailer
- 15.43Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Retailing: Types Of Retailers: Reasons Why The Small-scale Retailer Often Survives, E.g. Personal Service, Flexible Opening Hours And Additional Services Provided
- 15.44Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Retailing: Retail Selling Techniques: The Different Types Of Retail Selling Techniques: Branding, Own Brands, Logos, Packaging, Self Service, After‑sales Service, Barcoding, Direct Mail, Loyalty Programmes, Informal Credit And Cash On Delivery
- 15.45Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Retailing: Digital Retail Trends: The Different Types Of Digital Retail Trends: Omnichannel Retailing, Cashless Stores, Electronic Point Of Sale (Epos), Click And Collect, Self-service Checkouts, Subscription Commerce, Qr Codes, Virtual Reality (Vr) Showrooms, Dropshipping, Mobile Phone/smartphone Apps And Multi-channel Retailing
- 15.46Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Retailing: Effects Of Ecommerce On Traditional Commerce: The Positive Impacts Of Ecommerce On Traditional Commerce, E.g. 24/7 Selling Opportunities, More Potential Customers, Increased Revenue, Targeted Marketing And Reduced Operating Store Costs
- 15.47Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Retailing: Effects Of Ecommerce On Traditional Commerce: The Negative Impacts Of Ecommerce On Traditional Commerce, E.g. Increased Costs (Delivery, Staff Training And Larger Warehousing Space) And Website Maintenance
- 15.48Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Wholesaling: Functions And Importance Of The Wholesaler: The Functions And Services Provided By The Wholesaler
- 15.49Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Wholesaling: Functions And Importance Of The Wholesaler: The Importance Of The Wholesaler To The Manufacturer And Retailer
- 15.50Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Wholesaling: Functions And Importance Of The Wholesaler: Reasons Why The Independent Wholesaler Survives: Cash And Carry And Voluntary Chains
- 15.51Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Trading Documents: Documents Of Home Trade: Different Types Of Documents Used In Home Trade: Enquiry, Quotation, Order, Invoice, Delivery Note, Credit Note, Statement Of Account And Receipt
- 15.52Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Trading Documents: Documents Of International Trade: Different Types Of Documents Used In International Trade: Certificate Of Origin, Bill Of Lading, Air Waybill And Documentary Credit (Letters Of Credit)
- 15.53Practice Questions:Commercial Operations: Trading Documents: Digital Use Of Trading Documents: The Stages Of The Online Ordering Process: From Buyer Browsing Website To Receiving Order
- 15.54Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Trading Documents: Digital Use Of Trading Documents: Identifying Digital Technology In Trading Documents, E.g. Digital Signatures, Secure Access, Cloud-based Storage, Electronic Receipts And Etickets
- 15.55Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Communication: Types Of Communication: The Distinction Between Different Types Of Communication: Written, Oral, Electronic And Visual Communication
- 15.56Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Communication: Methods Of Communication: The Different Methods Of Communication: Letter, Telephone, Face To Face, Videoconferencing, Email, Web-based Chat (Including Chatbots), Social Media And Posters
- 15.57Practice Questions: Commercial Operations: Communication: Factors That Affect Communication: The Appropriateness Of Factors Affecting Choice Of Method Of Communication In Given Situations: Urgency, Cost, Security, Distance, Availability Of Networks And Importance Of The Message
- 15.58Practice Questions: Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Benefits Of International Trade To A Country: The Benefits Of International Trade To A Country: Wider Choice Of Goods, Higher Standard Of Living, Lower Cost Of Imports, More Investment And Creation Of Jobs
- 15.59Practice Questions: Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Challenges Of International Trade To Exporters And Importers: The Challenges Of International Trade To Exporters And Importers: Distance, Language, Methods Of Payment, Documentation, Transport, Customs Duties, Non-payment, Currencies, Foreign Exchange Rates, Competition And Different Legal Systems
- 15.60Practice Questions: Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Balance Of Trade And Balance Of Payments: The Difference Between Balance Of Trade And Balance Of Payments
- 15.61Practice Questions: Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Balance Of Trade And Balance Of Payments: Calculation And Interpretation Of Balance Of Trade And Balance Of Payments From Given Figures
- 15.62Practice Questions: Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Balance Of Trade And Balance Of Payments: How Commercial Activities Affect The Balance Of Trade And Balance Of Payments
- 15.63Practice Questions: Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Free Trade, Trading Blocs, Trade Restrictions And Sources Of Support For Exporters: The Meaning Of Free Trade
- 15.64Practice Questions: Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Free Trade, Trading Blocs, Trade Restrictions And Sources Of Support For Exporters: The Features Of A Trading Bloc
- 15.65Practice Questions: Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Free Trade, Trading Blocs, Trade Restrictions And Sources Of Support For Exporters: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Joining A Trading Bloc
- 15.66Practice Questions: Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Free Trade, Trading Blocs, Trade Restrictions And Sources Of Support For Exporters: The Types Of Trade Restrictions: Tariffs, Quotas And Embargoes
- 15.67Practice Questions: Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Free Trade, Trading Blocs, Trade Restrictions And Sources Of Support For Exporters: The Potential Effects Of Trade Restrictions On Commercial Activities
- 15.68Practice Questions: Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Free Trade, Trading Blocs, Trade Restrictions And Sources Of Support For Exporters: The Sources Of Support For Exporters: International Trade Fairs, Cheaper Bank Loans And Insurance Guarantees
- 15.69Practice Questions: Globalisation Of Trade: Global Supply Chain Management: Global Supply Chains: The Different Types Of Global Supply Chains: Simple Supply Chain (Supplier To Manufacturer To Consumer) And Complex Supply Chains (Supplier To Agent To Wholesaler To Retailer To Consumer)
- 15.70Practice Questions: Globalisation Of Trade: Global Supply Chain Management: Global Supply Chains: The Features Of Global Supply Chain Management: Upstream, The Enterprise And Downstream
- 15.71Practice Questions: Globalisation Of Trade: Global Supply Chain Management: Global Supply Chains: The Importance Of Suppliers In The Global Supply Chain
- 15.72Practice Questions: Globalisation Of Trade: Global Supply Chain Management: Global Supply Chains: The Benefits Of Global Supply Chain Management: Lower Cost Of Production, Lower Labour Costs, Lower Cost Of Purchasing, Advancement In Logistics And Communication
- 15.73Practice Questions: Globalisation Of Trade: Global Supply Chain Management: Global Supply Chain Risks: The Risks To Global Supply Chains: Environmental (E.g. Pollution, Deforestation), Natural Disasters, Financial, Ethical, Technological And Political Risks
- 15.74Practice Questions: Globalisation Of Trade: Global Supply Chain Management: Global Supply Chain Risks: The Importance Of Risk Assessment In The Global Supply Chain
- 15.75Practice Questions: Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Three Functions Of Transport In The Supply Chain: Time, Place And Quantity
- 15.76Practice Questions: Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Types And Methods Of Transport: Road: Delivery Vans, Trucks, Couriers
- 15.77Practice Questions: Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Types And Methods Of Transport: Rail: Freight Trains
- 15.78Practice Questions: Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Types And Methods Of Transport: Air: Freight Planes
- 15.79Practice Questions: Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Types And Methods Of Transport: Sea: Ferry, Tanker, Container Ship, Cargo Liner
- 15.80Practice Questions: Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Types And Methods Of Transport: Pipeline
- 15.81Practice Questions: Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Different Methods Of Transport
- 15.82Practice Questions: Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Appropriateness Of Factors Affecting Choice Of Method Of Transport In Given Situations: Nature Of Goods, Urgency, Cost, Security, Distance And Reliability Of Transporter
- 15.83Practice Questions: Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Features Of Containerisation, Including Transshipment
- 15.84Practice Questions: Logistics In Commerce: Transport: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Containerisation
- 15.85Practice Questions: Logistics In Commerce: Warehousing: The Functions Of Warehousing In The Supply Chain: Links With Seasonal Production, Demand, Protecting Supply And Price Stability And Logistics Postponement
- 15.86Practice Questions: Logistics In Commerce: Warehousing: The Different Types Of Warehouse: Bonded, Cold Storage, Cash And Carry And Regional Distribution Centres (Rdcs)
- 15.87Practice Questions: Logistics In Commerce: Warehousing: The Uses Of Automation In Warehousing: Robotics, Automated Sorting And Voice Picking
- 15.88Practice Questions: Logistics In Commerce: Warehousing: The Benefits Of Warehouse Automation: Lower Labour Costs, Less Human Error, Improved Picking Accuracy, Improved Inventory Control And Improved Customer Service
- 15.89Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Types Of Advertising: The Purposes Of Advertising
- 15.90Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Types Of Advertising: The Types Of Advertising: Informative, Persuasive, Collective (Generic) And Competitive
- 15.91Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Types Of Advertising: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Different Types Of Advertisin
- 15.92Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Methods Of Traditional And Digital Advertising Media: The Methods Of Traditional Advertising Media: Television, Radio, Cinema, Newspapers (Local And National), Magazines/trade Journals, Leaflets/flyers, Packaging, Direct Mail, Sponsorship, Catalogues/brochures, Posters, Transport Vehicles, Window Displays, Point Of Sale Displays, Signboards And Word Of Mouth
- 15.93Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Methods Of Traditional And Digital Advertising Media: The Methods Of Digital Advertising Media: Social Media Advertising And Other Internet Advertising (Including Websites, Search Engines), Display Advertisements, Video Advertisements, Email Marketing, Digital Billboards And Social Media Influencers
- 15.94Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Methods Of Traditional And Digital Advertising Media: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Different Methods Of Traditional And Digital Media For Advertising Campaigns
- 15.95Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Methods Of Traditional And Digital Advertising Media: The Appropriateness Of The Factors Affecting Choice Of Method Of Advertising In Given Situations: Audience, Cost, Cultural And Legal Considerations, Flexibility To Change, Local And International Market Coverage, Multi-channel Advertising, Timing And Type Of Product
- 15.96Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Methods Of Appeal Used In Advertising: The Different Types Of Methods Of Appeal Used In Advertising: Emotion, Fear, Humour, Rational, Ambition, Social Acceptance, Romantic, Adventure, Music, Endorsement By Celebrities And Social Media Influencers
- 15.97Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Methods Of Appeal Used In Advertising: The Appropriateness Of Methods Of Appeal Used In Advertising In Given Situations
- 15.98Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Sales Promotion: The Meaning Of Sales Promotion
- 15.99Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Sales Promotion: The Methods Of Sales Promotion: Point Of Sale, Special Offers, Sponsorship, Displays, Competitions, Coupons, Sales Periods, Loss Leaders, Free Gifts And Free Samples
- 15.100Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Sales Promotion: The Factors Affecting Choice Of Sales Promotion Methods In Given Situations: Business Type, Competitors, Cost, Nature Of Product, New/old Product And Timing
- 15.101Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Banking Services: The Different Types Of Banking Services: Accounts: Current And Deposit/savings
- 15.102Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Banking Services: The Different Types Of Banking Services: Customer Services: Atm, Night Safe, Foreign Currency, Financial Advice And Telephone Banking
- 15.103Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Banking Services: The Different Types Of Banking Services: Payments: Cash, Cheque, Credit Card, Debit Card, Store Card, Credit Transfer, Standing Order, Direct Debit, Electronic Transfer And Documentary Credit (Letter Of Credit)
- 15.104Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Banking Services: The Different Types Of Banking Services: Sources Of Finance: Loan, Overdraft, Mortgage And Hire Purchase
- 15.105Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Banking Services: The Appropriateness Of Choosing Banking Services In Given Situations
- 15.106Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Digital Technology In Banking: The Different Types Of Digital Banking: Internet Banking And Mobile Banking
- 15.107Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Digital Technology In Banking: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Digital Banking
- 15.108Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Digital Technology In Banking: The Impact Of Digital Banking: Closure Of Bank Branches, More Digital-only Banks And Less Use Of Cash (Cashless Society)
- 15.109Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: Purposes Of Insurance: The Purposes Of Insurance: Risk Reduction, Compensation, Financial Protection, Business Confidence And Investment
- 15.110Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: Types Of Insurance Risk: The Different Types Of Insurance Risk: Consequential Loss, Employer’s Liability, Fire, Motor, Premises, Public Liability And Theft
- 15.111Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: How Enterprises Make Use Of Insurance: The Use Of Pooling Of Insurance Risk
- 15.112Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: How Enterprises Make Use Of Insurance: The Calculation Of Insurance Premiums
- 15.113Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: How Enterprises Make Use Of Insurance: The Use Of Insurance Documents: Proposal Form, Cover Note And Policy
- 15.114Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: How Enterprises Make Use Of Insurance: The Role Of An Insurance Broker
- 15.115Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Ways In Which Entrepreneurs And Commercial Enterprises Raise Finance: The Meaning Of Entrepreneurship
- 15.116Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Ways In Which Entrepreneurs And Commercial Enterprises Raise Finance: The Sources Of Short-term Finance: Trade Credit, Debt Factoring, Hire Purchase, Leasing, Sale And Leaseback, Overdraft, Selling Assets, Owner’s Savings And Retained Profit
- 15.117Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Ways In Which Entrepreneurs And Commercial Enterprises Raise Finance: The Sources Of Long-term Finance: Ordinary And Preference Shares, Loans, Debentures, Venture Capital And Crowdfunding
- 15.118Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Ways In Which Entrepreneurs And Commercial Enterprises Raise Finance: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Each Source Of Finance
- 15.119Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Ways In Which Entrepreneurs And Commercial Enterprises Raise Finance: The Appropriateness Of Choice Of Source Of Finance In Given Situations
- 15.120Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Ways In Which Entrepreneurs And Commercial Enterprises Raise Finance: The Meaning And Use Of Financial Terms: Sales, Revenue, Profit, Working Capital, Assets And Liabilities, Interest, Capital, Cash Discounts And Trade Discounts
- 15.121Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Commercial Calculations: The Calculation Of Revenue, Gross Profit, Gross Profit Margin, Profit For The Year (Net Profit), Working Capital And Mark-up Percentage 1 Revenue (Sales Or Turnover) = Selling Price Per Unit × Number Of Units Sold 2 Gross Profit = Revenue – Cost Of Sales (The Cost Of Purchasing Inventory) 3 Gross Profit Margin (%) = Gross Profit ÷ Revenue × 100 4 Net Profit/net Loss For The Year = Gross Profit – Expenses 5 Working Capital Current Assets – Current Liabilities 6 Mark-up Percentage = (Average Selling Price – Unit Cost) ÷ Unit Cost
- 15.122Practice Questions: Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Improving Commercial Performance: The Methods To Improve Sales Turnover, Profit, Mark-up And Working Capital, E.g. Reducing Expenses, Increasing Mark-up, Changing Prices, Improving Advertising, Introducing New Products In Given Situations
- 15.123Practice Questions: Sustainability And Ethics: Sustainability: Purpose Of Sustainability In The Supply Chain: The Purpose Of Sustainability In The Supply Chain: Making Commercial Processes Eco-friendly And Environmentally Responsible For Future Generations
- 15.124Practice Questions: Sustainability And Ethics: Sustainability: Actions To Inprove Sustainability: Actions To Improve Sustainability: Using Sustainable Materials In The Production Process, Implementing Sustainable Logistics, Reducing Packaging, Selling Eco-friendly Products, Recycling And Reducing Waste, Reducing The Need For Returns And Exchanges, Offering Digital Resale Marketplaces, Offering Free Repair Services And Water Stewardship
- 15.125Practice Questions: Sustainability And Ethics: Ethics: Ethics And Ethical Issues In Commerce: The Meaning Of Ethics
- 15.126Practice Questions: Sustainability And Ethics: Ethics: Ethics And Ethical Issues In Commerce: The Role Of Fair Trade In Commerce
- 15.127Practice Questions: Sustainability And Ethics: Ethics: Ethics And Ethical Issues In Commerce: Ethical Issues In Commerce: Misleading Advertising And Harmful Disposal Of Products
- 15.128Practice Questions: Sustainability And Ethics: Consumer Protection: The Reasons For Consumer Protection
- 15.129Practice Questions: Sustainability And Ethics: Consumer Protection: The Actions Taken By Buyers And Sellers To Resolve Consumer Protection Complaints
- Mock Tests/ Mock ExamsMock Exams For Final Preparation0
- Class RecordingsClass Recordings From Previous Sessions/ Current Session For Content0
- Other MaterialOther Useful Material For Exams0
- Notes (Rearranged Version)Notes Arranged In A Different Style For Preparation Ease59
- 19.1Production: The Chain of Production
- 19.2Production: Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Industries
- 19.3Production: Specialization and Division of Labour
- 19.4Production: Commerce
- 19.5Production: The Relationship Between Industry, Commerce and Direct Services
- 19.6Retail Trade: The Role of Retailer In The Chain of Distribution
- 19.7Retail Trade: Types of Retailer
- 19.8Retail Trade: Large-Scale and Small-Scale Retailing
- 19.9Retail Trade: Selling Techniques and Methods and The Implications of E-Commerce
- 19.10Retail Trade: Trends In Retailing
- 19.11Consumer Credit: Use of Credit
- 19.12Consumer Credit: Types of Credit
- 19.13Consumer Credit: Suitability of Different Types of Credit
- 19.14Wholesale Trade: The Role of The Wholesaler In The Chain of Distribution
- 19.15Wholesale Trade: Functions and Services of the Wholesaler
- 19.16Wholesale Trade: Intermediaries
- 19.17Documents of Trade: Documents of Home Trade
- 19.18Documents of Trade: Terms of Payment
- 19.19International Trade: The Importance of International Trade
- 19.20International Trade: Balance of Trade and Balance of Payments
- 19.21International Trade: Customs Authorities
- 19.22International Trade: Free Trade, Trading Blocs and Protectionism
- 19.23International Trade: Difficulties Faced by Exporters and Importers
- 19.24Advertising: The Role of Advertising
- 19.25Advertising: Media
- 19.26Advertising: Methods of Appeal (Devices)
- 19.27Advertising: Sales Promotion
- 19.28Advertising: Trends in Advertising
- 19.29Communications: Importance of Communications in Trade and the Global Market
- 19.30Communications: Methods of Communications. Internal and External
- 19.31Communications: Postal Services
- 19.32Communications: Trends in Communication
- 19.33Transport: Transportation
- 19.34Transport: Containerisation
- 19.35Transport: Ports and Airports
- 19.36Transport: Transport Documents
- 19.37Transport: Developments and Trends in Transportation
- 19.38Warehousing: Role of Warehousing
- 19.39Warehousing: Types of Warehouse
- 19.40Insurance: Purposes of Insurance
- 19.41Insurance: Business and Personal Risks
- 19.42Insurance: Insurance Principles
- 19.43Insurance: Effecting Insurance Cover
- 19.44Insurance: Statistical Basis of Insurance
- 19.45Insurance: Effecting A Claim
- 19.46Banking: Banking Services
- 19.47Banking: Means of Payment For Home and International Trade Activities
- 19.48Banking: Trends in Banking
- 19.49The Business Unit: Location of a Business, Including Retail Units
- 19.50The Business Unit: Public ad Private Sectors
- 19.51The Business Unit: Main forms of Business Organization In The Private Sector
- 19.52The Business Unit: Franchises
- 19.53The Business Unit: Multinationals
- 19.54Finance: Sources of Finance
- 19.55Finance: Finance for Commercial Activity
- 19.56Finance: Improving Commercial Performance
- 19.57Changing Environment of Commerce: Commercial Activity and The External Environment
- 19.58Changing Environment of Commerce: Commercial and Environmental Effects of E-Commerce
- 19.59Changing Environment of Commerce: Commerce and The Environment
- Notes + Written Material For Contents of The Syllabus Version 2Notes for Chapters + Written Resources Regarding The Content Version 251
- 20.1Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Trade
- 20.2Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Aids To Trade And Logistics
- 20.3Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Types Of Commerce
- 20.4Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: The Relationship Between Production, Trade And Commerce
- 20.5Commerce And Production: Production: Sectors Of Production And Specialisation
- 20.6Commerce And Production: Production: In-House Production And Outsourced Production
- 20.7Commerce And Production: Production: Global Supply Chains
- 20.8Commerce And Production: Production: Intermediaries In A Supply Chain
- 20.9Commerce And Production: Production: Effects Of Digital Technology On Production
- 20.10Commerce And Production: Production: Costs Involved In Trade, Commerce And Production
- 20.11Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Private And Public Sector Enterprises
- 20.12Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Types Of Private And Public Sector Enterprises
- 20.13Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Multinational Companies In The Global Economy
- 20.14Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Franchises
- 20.15Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Physical And Ecommerce Location Factors
- 20.16Commercial Operations: Outsourcing: Growth Of Outsourcing
- 20.17Commercial Operations: Retailing: Types Of Retailers
- 20.18Commercial Operations: Retailing: etail Selling Techniques
- 20.19Commercial Operations: Retailing: Digital Retail Trends
- 20.20Commercial Operations: Retailing: Effects Of Ecommerce On Traditional Commerce
- 20.21Commercial Operations: Wholesaling: Functions And Importance Of The Wholesaler
- 20.22Commercial Operations: Trading Documents: Documents Of Home Trade
- 20.23Commercial Operations: Trading Documents: Documents Of International Trade
- 20.24Commercial Operations: Trading Documents: Digital Use Of Trading Documents
- 20.25Commercial Operations: Communication: Types Of Communication
- 20.26Commercial Operations: Communication: Methods Of Communication
- 20.27Commercial Operations: Communication: Factors That Affect Communication
- 20.28Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Benefits Of International Trade To A Country
- 20.29Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Challenges Of International Trade To Exporters And Importers
- 20.30Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Balance Of Trade And Balance Of Payments
- 20.31Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Free Trade, Trading Blocs, Trade Restrictions And Sources Of Support For Exporters
- 20.32Globalisation Of Trade: Global Supply Chain Management: Global Supply Chains
- 20.33Globalisation Of Trade: Global Supply Chain Management: Global Supply Chain Risks
- 20.34Logistics In Commerce: Transport
- 20.35Logistics In Commerce: Warehousing
- 20.36Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Types Of Advertising
- 20.37Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Methods Of Traditional And Digital Advertising Media
- 20.38Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Methods Of Appeal Used In Advertising
- 20.39Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Sales Promotion
- 20.40Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Banking Services
- 20.41Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Digital Technology In Banking
- 20.42Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: Purposes Of Insurance
- 20.43Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: Types Of Insurance Risk
- 20.44Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: How Enterprises Make Use Of Insurance
- 20.45Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Ways In Which Entrepreneurs And Commercial Enterprises Raise Finance
- 20.46Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Commercial Calculations
- 20.47Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Commercial Calculations
- 20.48Sustainability And Ethics: Sustainability: Purpose Of Sustainability In The Supply Chain
- 20.49Sustainability And Ethics: Sustainability: Actions To Improve Sustainability
- 20.50Sustainability And Ethics: Ethics: Ethics And Ethical Issues In Commerce
- 20.51Sustainability And Ethics: Consumer Protection
- Quizzes For Preparation Version 2Quizzes With Detailed Explained Answers And Common Mistakes Discussed In Detail Version 251
- 21.1Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Trade
- 21.2Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Aids To Trade And Logistics
- 21.3Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Types Of Commerce
- 21.4Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: The Relationship Between Production, Trade And Commerce
- 21.5Commerce And Production: Production: Sectors Of Production And Specialisation
- 21.6Commerce And Production: Production: In-House Production And Outsourced Production
- 21.7Commerce And Production: Production: Global Supply Chains
- 21.8Commerce And Production: Production: Intermediaries In A Supply Chain
- 21.9Commerce And Production: Production: Effects Of Digital Technology On Production
- 21.10Commerce And Production: Production: Costs Involved In Trade, Commerce And Production
- 21.11Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Private And Public Sector Enterprises
- 21.12Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Types Of Private And Public Sector Enterprises
- 21.13Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Multinational Companies In The Global Economy
- 21.14Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Franchises
- 21.15Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Physical And Ecommerce Location Factors
- 21.16Commercial Operations: Outsourcing: Growth Of Outsourcing
- 21.17Commercial Operations: Retailing: Types Of Retailers
- 21.18Commercial Operations: Retailing: etail Selling Techniques
- 21.19Commercial Operations: Retailing: Digital Retail Trends
- 21.20Commercial Operations: Retailing: Effects Of Ecommerce On Traditional Commerce
- 21.21Commercial Operations: Wholesaling: Functions And Importance Of The Wholesaler
- 21.22Commercial Operations: Trading Documents: Documents Of Home Trade
- 21.23Commercial Operations: Trading Documents: Documents Of International Trade
- 21.24Commercial Operations: Trading Documents: Digital Use Of Trading Documents
- 21.25Commercial Operations: Communication: Types Of Communication
- 21.26Commercial Operations: Communication: Methods Of Communication
- 21.27Commercial Operations: Communication: Factors That Affect Communication
- 21.28Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Benefits Of International Trade To A Country
- 21.29Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Challenges Of International Trade To Exporters And Importers
- 21.30Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Balance Of Trade And Balance Of Payments
- 21.31Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Free Trade, Trading Blocs, Trade Restrictions And Sources Of Support For Exporters
- 21.32Globalisation Of Trade: Global Supply Chain Management: Global Supply Chains
- 21.33Globalisation Of Trade: Global Supply Chain Management: Global Supply Chain Risks
- 21.34Logistics In Commerce: Transport
- 21.35Logistics In Commerce: Warehousing
- 21.36Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Types Of Advertising
- 21.37Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Methods Of Traditional And Digital Advertising Media
- 21.38Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Methods Of Appeal Used In Advertising
- 21.39Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Sales Promotion
- 21.40Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Banking Services
- 21.41Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Digital Technology In Banking
- 21.42Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: Purposes Of Insurance
- 21.43Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: Types Of Insurance Risk
- 21.44Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: How Enterprises Make Use Of Insurance
- 21.45Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Ways In Which Entrepreneurs And Commercial Enterprises Raise Finance
- 21.46Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Commercial Calculations
- 21.47Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Commercial Calculations
- 21.48Sustainability And Ethics: Sustainability: Purpose Of Sustainability In The Supply Chain
- 21.49Sustainability And Ethics: Sustainability: Actions To Improve Sustainability
- 21.50Sustainability And Ethics: Ethics: Ethics And Ethical Issues In Commerce
- 21.51Sustainability And Ethics: Consumer Protection
- Cheat Sheets Version 2Short, Quick Revision Cheat Sheets Version 251
- 23.1Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Trade
- 23.2Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Aids To Trade And Logistics
- 23.3Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: Types Of Commerce
- 23.4Commerce And Production: Trade And Commerce: The Relationship Between Production, Trade And Commerce
- 23.5Commerce And Production: Production: Sectors Of Production And Specialisation
- 23.6Commerce And Production: Production: In-House Production And Outsourced Production
- 23.7Commerce And Production: Production: Global Supply Chains
- 23.8Commerce And Production: Production: Intermediaries In A Supply Chain
- 23.9Commerce And Production: Production: Effects Of Digital Technology On Production
- 23.10Commerce And Production: Production: Costs Involved In Trade, Commerce And Production
- 23.11Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Private And Public Sector Enterprises
- 23.12Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Types Of Private And Public Sector Enterprises
- 23.13Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Multinational Companies In The Global Economy
- 23.14Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Franchises
- 23.15Commercial Operations: Commercial Enterprises: Physical And Ecommerce Location Factors
- 23.16Commercial Operations: Outsourcing: Growth Of Outsourcing
- 23.17Commercial Operations: Retailing: Types Of Retailers
- 23.18Commercial Operations: Retailing: etail Selling Techniques
- 23.19Commercial Operations: Retailing: Digital Retail Trends
- 23.20Commercial Operations: Retailing: Effects Of Ecommerce On Traditional Commerce
- 23.21Commercial Operations: Wholesaling: Functions And Importance Of The Wholesaler
- 23.22Commercial Operations: Trading Documents: Documents Of Home Trade
- 23.23Commercial Operations: Trading Documents: Documents Of International Trade
- 23.24Commercial Operations: Trading Documents: Digital Use Of Trading Documents
- 23.25Commercial Operations: Communication: Types Of Communication
- 23.26Commercial Operations: Communication: Methods Of Communication
- 23.27Commercial Operations: Communication: Factors That Affect Communication
- 23.28Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Benefits Of International Trade To A Country
- 23.29Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Challenges Of International Trade To Exporters And Importers
- 23.30Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Balance Of Trade And Balance Of Payments
- 23.31Globalisation Of Trade: International Trade: Free Trade, Trading Blocs, Trade Restrictions And Sources Of Support For Exporters
- 23.32Globalisation Of Trade: Global Supply Chain Management: Global Supply Chains
- 23.33Globalisation Of Trade: Global Supply Chain Management: Global Supply Chain Risks
- 23.34Logistics In Commerce: Transport
- 23.35Logistics In Commerce: Warehousing
- 23.36Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Types Of Advertising
- 23.37Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Methods Of Traditional And Digital Advertising Media
- 23.38Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Methods Of Appeal Used In Advertising
- 23.39Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Advertising: Sales Promotion
- 23.40Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Banking Services
- 23.41Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Banking: Digital Technology In Banking
- 23.42Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: Purposes Of Insurance
- 23.43Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: Types Of Insurance Risk
- 23.44Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Insurance: How Enterprises Make Use Of Insurance
- 23.45Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Ways In Which Entrepreneurs And Commercial Enterprises Raise Finance
- 23.46Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Commercial Calculations
- 23.47Aids To Trade That Support Commerce: Sources Of Finance And Commercial Performance: Commercial Calculations
- 23.48Sustainability And Ethics: Sustainability: Purpose Of Sustainability In The Supply Chain
- 23.49Sustainability And Ethics: Sustainability: Actions To Improve Sustainability
- 23.50Sustainability And Ethics: Ethics: Ethics And Ethical Issues In Commerce
- 23.51Sustainability And Ethics: Consumer Protection
Instructor
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1. Section 1 is Sample Content
2. Section 2 is Course Related Information
3. Section 3 is Notes + Written Material For Contents of The Syllabus
And so on.
The items inside each section are numbered with decimals. For example, 3.12 is part of Notes + Written Material For Contents of The Syllabus.
This method makes it easier to find relevant quizzes, cheat sheets and practice questions etc. of each set of notes/ topics."






