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Artificial Intelligence | O Level Computer Science 2210 & IGCSE Computer Science 0478 | Detailed Free Notes To Score An A Star (A*)

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Introduction and Characteristics of AI

  • Artificial Intelligence (AI)
    • Deals with intelligent human behavior by a computer
    • Cognitive functions of human brain
      • Mental processes that acquire knowledge, understand things through thought, experience and five human senses.
      • Can be done by machines
      • Measured against human capability level to determine the benchmark
        • Such as reasoning, speech and sight.
  • Characteristics of AI
    • Collection of rules and data
    • Has the ability to learn, reason and adapt to external stimuli
    • 3 main categories
      • Narrow AI
        • Machine has superior performance to human when doing one specific task
      • General AI
        • Similar but not superior in its performance of a specific task to humans
      • Strong AI
        • Machine is superior in performance of many different tasks compared to humans
    • Reasoning
      • The ability to draw reasoned conclusions from given data/ situations
      • Deductive reasoning
        • Number of correct facts are built up to form a set of rules
        • These rules can be applied to other problems
    • By a sequence of steps
      • AI can learn
      • Know how to do the task more effectively the next time
      • Apply the learning to new and novel situations
    • AI system is capable of learning and adapting to its surroundings
    • AI can quickly discern patterns
      • Sometimes, even humans cannot do this.
      • Make predictions by adapting the new data.
    • Examples of AI
      • New generation of live news feeds
      • Smart home devices
        • Interacts with humans recognizing different verbal commands
        • Learns from the environment and the data it receives
        • Becomes increasingly sophisticated in its responses
        • Automated repetitive learning occurs
      • Use of chatbots that interact through instant messaging
        • Artificially replicating patterns of human interactions suing AI to respond to typed or voice messages.
        • The chatbot responds to using information known at the time
      • Autonomous cars
      • Factual expression recognition
        • Algorithms identify key facial landmarks
        • A combination of these landmarks are used to map emotions

AI Systems

  • Expert system
    • Computer system that mimics the decision making ability of humans
    • Simulate judgement
    • Simulate behavior of organizations or humans with expert knowledge and experience.
    • Solve problems or answer questions that would normally require a human expert
    • For example, an expert system performing a diagnosis
    • Provides a percentage of accuracy of its conclusions
    • Advantages
      • High level of expertise and accuracy
      • Consistent Results and the ability to store vast amounts of ideas and facts
      • Traceable logical solutions and diagnostics
      • Multiple expertise
      • Fast response times, much faster than human experts
      • Unbiased reporting and analysis of facts
      • Probability of suggested solution being correct is provided
    • Disadvantages
  • Machine learning
    • Training computers with sample data
    • Can make predictions about new unseen data
      • Without the need to program them for any new data
    • Machine learning can be supervised or unsupervised
    • Supervised means that user is telling the program what its data means
    • Unsupervised means that data is input and then the program learns from the data
    • For example, clustering
      • Plotted on a graph
      • Program identifies which items of data are close to each other.
      • Image recognition in shape recognition
      • Without human interaction
Hunain Zia

Hunain Zia has previously achieved considerable success in the high-school educational stream, gaining a massive 154 Total A Grades and 7 Major Distinctions, a process in which he broke/ set 11 different world records, including the most A grades ever achieved, most subjects ever appeared in, most distinctions, gaining distinctions across two separate boards (Pearson Edexcel and CAIE) within the same year/ ever, and even 19 hours of constant examination. All records stand intact today. Hunain pursued his Honors Accounting Degree from the prestigious Bentley University, and then completed an LLB (in Honors) from University of London. Currently, he manages multiple social and commercial projects, has founded digital streams and works tirelessly in the education sector.

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