Articles of Faith/ Pillars of Islam | O Level Islamiyat 2058 & IGCSE Islamiyat 0493 | Detailed Free Notes To Score An A Star (A*)

• Unity and Oneness of Allah
  • Tauhid – first principle of Islam
  • Allah is the Supreme Being
    • No one is like Him
    • He is the Creator and Sustainer
  • The first Surah starts with the same information
  • Tauhid requires belief in Allah’s powers and his Knowledge
  • He is eternal
  • He has no parents or son
    • This concept has been repeated multiple times in Islam
  • Great emphasis on Allah’s Unity
  • Oneness of Allah is emphasized
  • Subah Iklas also focuses on the same concept
  • Allah is the Creator not bound by any limitations
  • He has no physical body, form or attributes
  • His characteristics are unique
  • He is beyond anything we believe in.
  • Allah is concerned about his creations
  • He commands the universe to fulfill its function
  • The flawless system is run by Allah
  • Allah himself says that if there were other Gods, there would have been fights in the universe.
  • Tauhid is the basis of Islam
  • Allah is the sole authority and lawgiver in Islam
  • We need to surrender ourselves completely to Allah’s command
  • We should only worship Allah
• Shirk
  • Associating any partners with Allah is Shirk
  • We should only worship Allah
  • All attributes of Allah are completely for Him, no one shares in them
  • Man has been created as a a creation to worship Allah
  • The Quran and the Hadith also focuses on telling people to Worship only Allah
  • Shirk is considered the greatest sin in Hadith
• Angels
  • Believing in angels is an article of Islam
  • Angels were considered by non-Muslims to be dieters or Allah’s daughters
  • Islam purifies this belief by establishing that they are creations of Allah, not his daughters
  • Angels have no share in Divinity
  • We should not ask for their help
  • Angels were asked to prostrate in front of Adam
  • Angels are messengers according to the Quran
  • We need to believe in them as Allah’s creations
  • They are Allah’s agents
  • They serve Allah
  • They are created of light, and do not have free will
  • Absolutely obedient of Allah’s commands
  • They protect men and administer punishments
  • They are heavenly beings
  • Not visible to normal mortals
  • Are part of the unseen unless they appear in Human form
  • They brought messages to Hazrat Zakariya and Hazrat Mariyam in human form
  • They gave tidings of a son to Hazrat Ibrahim as well
  • Hazrat Lut was informed of the impending doom by angels as well.
  • They have the necessary powers and qualities to fulfill their duties.
  • They have various functions as well.
  • They strengthen the hearts of believers in tough times
  • They do ask for forgiveness for the believers
  • They send blessings on Holy Prophet PBUH and the believers
  • They record every action and word of humans
  • They will be attached to recording human actions till their death
  • They are called Kiraman Katibeen or respected recorders
  • The Quran mentions their work as well.
  • Munkar Nakir are the ones that ask people questions in the graves
  • Hazrat Jibrael is the chief amongst the angels and is the messenger between Allah and his Prophets
  • Hazrat Izrael is called Malak Ul Maut or angel of death and takes souls upon death
  • Hazrat Israfil will blow the trumpet at the end of time
  • Hazrat Mikail is in charge of looking over the matters of the universe and provide to people based on Allah’s commands
• Revealed Books
  • Human beings are Allah’s servants
  • We need guidance to carry out our duties and responsibilities
  • All such guidance is contained in the revealed books
  • They are a major article of Islam
  • Allah has created man to be his Khalifa
  • For our spiritual needs, we need guidance directly from Allah
  • Revelation means a communication from Allah to the messengers and Prophets.
  • Revelation is NOT from the thoughts of the prophet or from their intelligence.
  • Instead, it is directly from Allah
  • It can not be gained through any worldly means. It is for the chosen one only.
  • Many different methods were used for revelations
  • The Quran says that a human can not speak directly to Allah, it is only possible from behind a veil (like Musa AS) or through angels as messengers.
  • Different times and needs of people required different revelations.
  • Each apostle or prophet was sent to a particular nation
  • Their revelation was not supposed to be universally applicable.
  • However, the last Propet, Hazrat Muhammad PBUH’s revelation was for all times.
  • By the time of the last Prophet, previous revelations had been lost of no longer in their original form.
  • Therefore, the Quran is the only scripture that is complete to this date.
  • It has been preserved over time and has stood the test of time.
  • The Quran does not mention all the prophets or books.
  • Only a few important ones are mentioned in it.
  • The names include sahifas to Hazrat Adam, Ibrahim and other prophets.
  • Zabur to Hazrat Daud AS
  • Taurat to Hazrat Musa AS
  • The Quran to Holy Prophet PBUH
  • Injeel to Hazrat Isa AS.
  • The last divine revelation is the Quran
  • Religion has been perfected through it.
  • The Quran contains stories of previous nations
  • Allah says in the Quran that a Muslim should believe in all the previous revelations being from Allah as well
  • Quran is for reading, reciting and applying in daily life.
  • Memorizing the Quran is a huge virtue
  • It has the same arrangement as it had in the days of the Prophet PBUH
  • It is valid and binding today, and it is a complete code of life.
  • Therefore, complete success in this world and hereafter is based on following the Quran completely.
• Prophets
  • Nabi
    • Someone who has total surrender of his being to Allah and receives revelations
    • Revelations are a source of guidance
  • Rasul
    • A Nabi who has also received the scriptures
  • All apostles were male, had wives and children
    • They were all mortal
  • All used the language of the people they were sent to
  • Every apostle was truthful and received the maximum favor of Allah
  • They were the guided ones and were chosen to guide other people
  • Divine code of rules to spend life were given to them.
  • Most of the messengers had faced persecution from the unbelievers
  • All messengers were sent by Allah for guidance
  • Allah helped the messengers and prophets
  • All apostles were human
    • Humans best learn from the example of those who are from amongst them
    • Quran says that people would have said that if an angel was sent as Prophet that angels can’t understand the issues of humans
  • Every prophet before Holy Prophet PBUH was for a certain time and was not the last messenger
  • Their guidance was for a limited time
  • 124,000 approximate total prophets
  • Prophets were sent to every nation and every people.
  • Hazrat Adam was the first Prophet
  • Hazrat Nuh wass the second Prophet.
  • Then, Hazrat Ibrahim and his son Hazrat Ishaq had a line of prophets in their progeny
  • From Hazrat Ismail, Holy Prophet PBUH descended
  • His appearance was foretold by previous prophets
  • He conveyed the message for all times to come.
  • Holy Prophet PBUH’s distinguishing qualities as a prophet
    • For all times to come
    • Not for any particular country but entire mankind
    • The revelation completed with  him
    • The divine law he brought was was perfect and religion has perfected
  • Holy Quran is free from all corruptions
    • It will stay the same till the end of time.
  • Holy Quran is for all times to come and will not be replaced by another scripture.
• Life After Death
  • Day of Judgement and life after death are a major part of our belief
  • Al-Akhirah has been mentioned in the Quran
  • It is placed next to belief in Allah in the Holy Quran due to its importance.
  • After death, souls are in Barzakh
  • It is the state that will continue till the end of times.
  • Lesser judgement or Qiyamat-e-Sughra will occur right after death
  • These are called the questions in the graves by Munkar Nakir
  • When a man dies, his abode from next life is brought to him day and night, depending on his future abode.
  • Last days events are detailed in the Quran
  • The time of it is only known to Holy Prophet PBUH
  • A deafening noise will end the world
  • Everything will crumble, even the mountains
  • Oceans will boil over as well
  • All life will cease to exist as we know it
  • Every dead will be raised from their graves
  • Their souls will be rejoined
  • Book of deeds will be presented
  • In right hand, then the person has more good deeds than bad deeds
  • Each small deed will be determined and the person will receive their compensation for it.
  • All knowledge and facts will be present.
  • Body parts will bear witness as well
  • There is no ability or power except  Allah.
  • Heaven and hell are not spiritual, they will be felt physically
  • Islam has laid stress on accountability
  • Reward and punishment are important concepts
  • Straight path and do good deeds
  • This life is just a test.
• Allah’s Predestination and Decree
  • Destiny, the belief in goods and evil
  • It generates from the Arabic word Qadr which means fixing a limit to something.
  • It has the same root word as Qadir, which is one of Allah’s names, meaning all-powerful.
  • It is a universal law that explains that Allah is the most supreme.
  • 4 things must be remembered
    • Every object is a creation of Allah.
    • Its growth, creation, completion, measure and guidance is through divine guidance
    • We must have faith in Qadr
  • The basic concept here is that everything is contained within Allah’s plan
  • He has supreme power over everything
  • The knowledge about what is going to happen and has already happened is with Allah as well.
  • Freedom of choice is given to humans for their actions
  •  We are responsible for what we do.
  • We have been told the difference between right and wrong, and it is up to us to ensure that we can maintain that difference.
  • We have to ensure that the deeds we perform are the ones that Allah has allowed us.
  • There is no ability or power except through Allah – treasure of paradise.
  • It has the complete meaning of Qadr in detail.

Pillars of Islam

• Shahadat
  • I bear witness that there is no God but Allah, and he has no partners, and I bear witness that Muhammad SAW is his servant and apostle.
  • It is the declaration of Muslim faith and the basis of Islam
  • The expression differentiates a believer from a non-believer.
  • At the same time, it is the basic principle of Islam
  • Oneness and Uniqueness of Allah has to be accepted, and that he is the only God.
  • He is the Supreme ruler and the ultimate law giver in this universe.
  • Quran focuses on the idea of Tauhid in numerous verses
  • Surah Ikhlas
  • Thee do we worship and Thy aid we seek.
  • Allah is
    • Unique in Attributes
    • Unique in Action
    • Unique in Person
  • All messengers conveyed this message
  • Second part of the declaration means that Muhammad SAW is his servant and apostle
  • Khatam un Nabiyyin
  • He was a human.
  • We need to acknowledge that all information that the Holy Prophet PBUH mentioned was from Allah.
  • He was a role model for everyone and we need to follow his example
  • All the things he mentioned were the Truth and it is from Allah
  • The declaration also means that the final message has been brought by Prophet PBUH
  • All previous revelations were summated and a perfect code of conduct was provided to human beings.
  • Holy Prophet PBUH was from amongst humans so that people will find it easy to follow his example
• Salat- Prayer
  • Importance
    • It is the foremost duty of every Muslim
    • Chief pillars of Islam
    • It stands between a man and disbelief according to Hadith
    • The first thing a person shall be asked on the day of judgement is salat
    • The revelations were also regarding prayers
    • Quran clearly establishes prayers and its timings
    • Holy Prophet PBUH says that prayer has been made a coolness for his eyes.
    • It has been compared to disbelief if someone gives up prayers
    • Praying 5 times a day is compulsory
    • Every posture shows complete submission to Allah
    • Praying and performing ablution etc. are all a way of showing devotion towards Allah
    • For example, early morning when sleep is so adamant
    • It is also a way of removing evil.
    • Prayer is also called a sustenance for human soul in the Quran
    • Also, it has a continuous reminder that we worship Allah
    • Daily 5 prayers maintain that connection with Allah
    • All the beliefs are translated into a physical practice through prayer
    • A stream that washes a person five times a day
    • It is preferable to pray in congregation
    • It also becomes important to offer Friday prayers together as it brings the community together
    • Also, Salat is the principal means of ensuring that a Muslim can focus on the temporary nature of this life.
  • Cleanliness
    • It is important to be completely clean before Salat
    • Purification is considered half faith in Islam
    • Inward purification is to ensure that our mind if free from all negative thoughts
    • Outward purification is through ghusal and wuzu
    • Sahih Muslim says Allah does not accept salat without ablution
  • Filth
    • Waste products from body, flowing blood, urine, pus, swine, semen and alcohol are all considered Najasat Ghaleezah
    • Even their smallest quantity falling in a food or drink can make it polluted.
    • Clothes with them must be washed thrice with complete squeezing each time.
  • Wuzu Ablution
    • Wuzi has a specific method which has been mentioned in the Quran as well
    • It is based on both Farz, Sunnat and Mustahab practices.
    • Quranic verses mention the farz.
    • The sunnat was other than them that the Holy Prophet PBUH did.
    • Mustahab allow for spiritual recompense.
    • The approved method of Wuzu is as follows
    • Niyat is the first step
    • Then we recite Bismillah and Astaghfar
    • After that, we should sit facing the Qiblah
    • Water must be absolutely clean as well
    • First the right and then the left hand is washed up to the wrist thrice
    • Fingers are passed between each other, any bangles etc are removed
    • Mouth has to be rinsed thrice and then water must be put in the nostrils
    • Face is washed through both hands and right hand’s wet fingers must be passed through the beard.
    • Right arm and then the left arm is washed up to the elbows.
    • Then, wet hands are used to wipe the head from front to back, then the ear are rinsed and the nape of the neck is passed over with wet hands.
    • Then, the right and left feet are washed upto the ankles in the same order.
    • It is a continuous process.
    • No part must dry up before the next is washed.
    • No breaks or intervals in the process
    • Kalima Shahadat must be recited after it.
    • Wuzu must be performed before every prayer
    • It is necessary once a person passes urine, wind or stool or has been fast asleep.
    • Farz – e Wuzu
      • Mentioned in the Quran
      • Washing face from top of forehead to chin and from one ear to the other
      • Washing hands and arms up to the elbow
      • Wiping head with wet hands
      • Washing feet up to ankles
    • 14 Sunnat of Wuzu
      • Intention
      • Hands up to wrists
      • Say the name of Allah on commencement
      • Brush teeth
      • Rinse mouth thrice
      • Put water in nostrils thrice
      • All above items in proper order
      • Items without delay
      • Each part washed thrice
      • Space between fingers must be rubbed
      • Beard must be combed with fingers
      • Head must be wiped once
      • Ears must be washed from the water remaining from the fingers from head wiping.
      • Rub the toes with little finger of the left hand starting with the little toe of right foot.
    • Mustahab
      • Five desirable acts
      • Begin from right to left
      • Rub the neck
      • Without the help of another person
      • Qiblah while performing Wuzu
      • Sit high and clean place while performing wuzu.
    • Makhruat
      • Impure place
      • Clean nose with right hand
      • Talk about worldly affairs
      • Go against the rules and regulations laid down by the Holy Prophet PBUH
  • Wuzu becomes ineffective if Hads e Asghar crossed – answering call of nature
  • Hads e Akbarwill require bath, which is impurity caused by marital relations, child birth period and menstruation
  • Other acts that discharge wuzu are as follows
    • Intestinal worms or stone discharge
    • Impurity flowing from any body part
    • Nap or sleep with resting against an object
    • Laughing loudly during prayers
    • Losing consciousness or fainting due to illness
    • Becoming insane or mad.
  • Tayammum
    • Dry ablution
    • Quran mentions it during illness, journey or lack of ability of water
    • Here, sand or earth is used to rub on face and hands, and it becomes equal to wuzu
    • It can be done in place of wuzu or ghusl
    • Disease which would aggravate with water interaction than tayammum can be used
    • No water can be found then we use it too.
    • First recite bismillah
    • Then, both hands are struck on a clean object and excessive dust is blown off, then it is touched on the hands, and face. No part of face is left untouched.
    • Fingers passed through fingers.
    • Again hands are struck on clean earth or sand, then dust blown off and right arm and left arm is rubbed up to elbows.
    • A dry stone free of dust or brick, earthen pot can be used for this purpose.
    • Several prayers can be done with on e tayammum
    • Acts that nullify wuzu nullify tayammum as well.
    • As soon as water becomes available, Tayammum becomes nullified.
    • Or when illness is over.
  • Bath
    • It has been mentioned in the Quran
    • Ghusal comes from Ghasl which means to wash.
    • It means washing the entire body after a had-e-akbar has happened.
    • A new convert to Islam must also perform the bath
    • The traditional method is as follows
      • Make Niyat
      • Wash both hands to wrists
      • Any impurity on any part of the body is removed
      • Wuzu is performed, but gargling is done instead of rinsing
      • If fasting, the water must not enter the throat
      • Water should be poured thrice on the entire body from head to feet, first right side then left side and rubbing the body
      • No portion of the body should remain dry and water should reach the roots of the hair
      • Take care if bangles and rings blocking water.
    • 3 Faraiz
      • Garglng
      • Putting water in nostrils
      • Pouring water over entire body, at least once that no place is left dry.
    • Sunnats
      • Washing both hands to wrists
      • Impurity parts washed
      • Make intention of removing impurity
      • Perform Wuzu
      • Wash entire body thrice
    • Wuzu during bath can be used to pray.
  • Azan
    • Every prayer except EID and funereal prayers have an Azan before them.
    • The Muezzin calls the Azan
    • Must be an adult Muslimmale
    • It is preferable to perform Wuzu before the Azan and stand on a raised platform
    • The face should be towards the Qiblah
    • Tips of the forefingers must be inserted in the ears
    • Azan should be given in loud and clear voice, with correct and distinct pronouncing of the words
    • 4 times – Allah is Great
    • 2 Times – I bear witness that there is no God except Allah
    • 2 times – I bear witness that Muhammad is the apostle of Allah
    • 2 Times – Come to prayer
    • 2 Times – Come to success
    • 2 Times – Allah is Great
    • 1 Time – There is no God except Allah
    • In Fajr prayer, we add an additional word that prayer is better than sleep twice.
    • A person must repeat the words of the Muezzin or give the appropriate replies except when they are praying, imam is delivering Khutba and a person is answering a call of nature
    • When the come to success and come to prayer part comes, we say there is no power to do good or protect from evil
    • And then we say that true words are spoken
    • After the Azan, there is a proper dua as well
    •  The words of the Azan are in the same order as they were at the time of the prophet PBUH.
    • It was first called in 1 AH.
    • Azan is important because it announces the time of prayer and is a part of Islamic faith
    • Praying 5 times daily is a part of faith, and the azan is the first step for it.
    • It also shows great submission towards Allah
    • It also signifies that praying is the same thing as gaining success.
  • Iqamat
    • Before congregational prayers when the prayer is about to start, the Muezzin calls the Iqamat where the words are the same as Azan, but no tips of the forefingers are inserted in the ears.
    • The face is not turned right or left at come to prayer, come to success.
    • After these words, he says Prayer has indeed begun twice.
  • Names and Times of Prayers
    • Fajr
      • Early morning prayer
      • After the break of dawn, ends before sunrise.
      • Makruh or undesirable when sun is rising
      • No nafl prayer allowed until sun has risen well
    • Zuhr
      • Early afternoon
      • Once the sun starts to decline and the shadow of things start to decrease
      • Shadow becomes equal to the shadow at noon or mid-day is the ending time
    • Asr
      • Late afternoon prayer
      • Time starts after Zuhr time ends and ends before sunset
    • Maghrib
      • Evening prayer
      • It’s time starts as soon as sunset occurs and ends at the fading of twilight
      • No prayer is to be said at the time of the setting of the sun
    • Isha
      • Early Night
      • It starts right after the fading of twilight and ends before dawn
      • Desirable to say before midnight
  • Raka’at
    • Different number of Farz, Sunnat, Wajib and Nafl
    • Sunnat can be divided into Sunnat e Muakkadah and Sunnat Ghair Muakkadah
    • Sunnat Muakaddah is an act that Holy Prophet PBUH always did and is considered mandatory
    • Sunnat Ghair Muakaddah is something that the Prophet PBUH sometimes did and sometimes did not, and is considered voluntary
  • Components of Prayer
    • Each Rakat has 6 Farz items
      • Takbir Tahrima
      • Qiyam
      • Qirat
      • Ruku
      • Sajdah
      • Qa’adah Akhira
    • If any Farz is left out, it has to be repeated
    • Thirteen Wajib items are there
      • If any item if left out, Sajdah Sahav or prostration due to forgetfulness is necessary
    • Twenty Sunnat Items
      • If these are left out due to mistake, no Sajdah Sahav or repetition required.
    • Mustahab
  • Conditions of Prayer
    • Before a person can say his regular prayers, the following conditions must be fulfilled
      • Body must be clean
      • Clothes must be clean
      • Place of the prayer must be clean
      • Sattar must be covered
        • Males include the part from navel to knees
        • For females it is their entire body except face, hands and feet
      • It must be the time of the prayer you are offering
      • Qiblah must be faced
      • Intention or niyat of the prayer must be declared
  • Method of Prayer
    • Stand straight and face towards the Ka’abaha and with hands hanging straight down the sides of the body – we make Niyat
    • Then, hands are raised to ears and Takbir e Tahrima is recited
    • Then, the hands are folded on the navel
    • Qiyam is the standing position where Sana is said, then Ta’awwaz and Tasmiyah are recited
    • After Tasmiyah, Surah Fatiha is recited and then then another Surah is recited which is called Qirat
    • After Qiyam, we go towards Ruku, where the person bows down. Here, the person must repeat the Tassbih Ruku thrice.
    • After the Tasbih Ruku, we stand straight and recite the Tasmi and the Tahmid
    • After them, the person stands erect for a small while called Qaumah. Once the Qaumah is done, the Sajdah or Prostration is offered while reciting the Takbir.
    • Both hands, both knees and both feet and forehead is touched to the ground called Sajdah
    • Here, the Tasbih Sajdah is recited.
    • After the Tasbih Sajdah the worshipper raises first their forehead, then their nose and finally both hands and recite Takbir
    • After the Takbir they sit for a short while called Jalsa
    • After the Jalsa, the second sajdah is performed and then the person stands and performs the second Raqat
    • After the second rakat, the sitting position is continued after the second Sajdah and its called Qa’adah.
    • here, the Qa’adah at the end of the last verse is called Qaadah al Akhira, while the one between the every other 2 rakats is called Qaadah Ula.
    • In Ula, the person first recites Tahiyya and then the Tashhaud
    • In Qaadah Akhira, After the Tashhaud, we recite the Duru and then the Dua.
    • Finally, Taslim occurs to end the prayer with first turning to right and saying Peace be upon you and the mercy of Allah, and then left and saying the same thing.
  • Qaza- Delayed Prayer
    • Prayer must be said at the right time
    • Any prayer missed due to childbirth or menstruation, or insaneness or unconsciousness, does not need to be offered later
    • Any prayer left other than these categories has to be offered later.
    • They have to be offered as soon as possible, except when prostration is forbidden
    • Qaza should be added in the Niyat of the prayer
    • If several prayers are missed in a day, then Qaza must be offered in the same order. Qaza can only be offered for Farz and Witr. Pre-farz sunnats of fajr can be offered in Qaza as well.
    • No Qaza of any other Sunnat
    • Qasr if allowed for prayers that were Qaza during journey
    • If Qaza happens before journey, then Qaza during journey won’t be Qasr
    • A person should pay a compensation of 1.75 kilo of wheat per prayer missed from his property at the time of his death if he can’t offer compensation
  • Combining Prayers
    • Jama’ah
    • The two after noon prayers Zuhr and Asr, and the two night prayers Maghrib and Isha can be combined
    • The Co bination is allowed in a journey or bad weather
    • The combination can even be done if there is no other issue.
    • It is to reduce difficulty according to hadith.
    • Jama’ah Bain as-Salatain is the combination’s official name
    • Jama’ah Taqdim is the earlier combination on the time of the first prayer
    • Jama’ah Takhir is on the time of the second prayer, called the late prayer
  • Shortened Prayer
    • Qsar
    • It is allowed when a person is travelling
    • The Quran lays its foundation
    • Sunnahs are dropped except for Fajr and the number of Farz are halved in Zuhr Asr and Isha
    • Witr of Isha will be done still
    • Conbinatio is also allowed
    • Imam who is traveler can shorten while followers who are not travelers can not shorten
    • If a person stays in a place, he can shorten as long as he is there
    • A certain period of time initially but keeps delaying his stay for some reason, then he can still shorten the prayer for years
    • Otherwise it can be shortened for 15 days or 19 days.
    • Complete salat offered after it
    • Difference of opinion regarding the distance that makes you a traveler.
    • According to some scholars it is 48 miles.
  • Friday Prayer
    • Special Importance
    • Congregational prayer
    • In place of Zuhr prayers
    • Can not be offered Qaza
    • Has to offer Zuhr has Qaza instead
    • It is obligatory on all adult male Muslims
    • Slaves, minors, sick, women and travelers are exempt from attending it
    • After Friday azan, all activities regarding business must cease
    • Traditional to wear clean clothes and take a bath
    • One should first offer Tahayyat ul Masjid prayer and the four pre-Farz of Friday prayer.
    • The Khutba must be listened as a Wajib
    • Giving the Khutba is Farz
    • It is not allowed to pray, read the Quran, converse or even read Darud sharif during the Khutba
    • It must be heard silently till the end
    • Both parts of the Khutba glorify Allah and send blessings on Holy Prophet PBUH.
    • The first part has Quran verses read and explained
    • After that, the Imam sits down and rests, then stands up to deliver the second part.
    • In the second part, prayer for the general welfare of Muslims occur.
    • Iqamat is called after Khutba
    • Two obligatory raka’at are offered under the leadership of the Imam
    • Amen is to be said in a low voice after Surah Fatiha
    • The muqtadis now offer 4 sunnat, 2 sunat and then 2 nafl
  • Eid Prayer
    • Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Azha are the two main Eid of Muslims
    • Recurring happiness
    • Eid ul Fitr is on 1st of Shawal which follows Ramzan after the fasting month
    • Eid-ul-Azha is on the tenth of Zil Hajj and follows completion of Hajj
    • Here, a joyful atmosphere is present where people offer thanks to Allah for fulfilling a spiritual obligation
    • Allah’s name is glorified
    • Method for both prayers is the same
    • For all those who have Friday prayer as Farz, eid prayers are wajib
    • Congregational prayers and can’t be offered individually
    • Not a sibstiture for Fajr
    • They have no Qaza
    • Anytime after sunrise but before noon
    • Eid ul Azha prayers are held a little earlier than Eid ul Fitr ones.
    • No Azaan or Iqamat involved
    • 2 raka’at
    • There are 6 additional Takbirs
    • 3 are done after the first verse Sana
    • The hands are raised and kept hanging on the side.
    • Nothing is to be recited by the Muqtadis
    • In the second Rakat after the recitation of the other Surah, 3 additional Takbirs are done with the same method of raising and hanging hands.
    • In Eid ul Fitr sermon, the Imam must draw attention towards Sadaqah ul Fitr
    • A charity that is obligatory on every Muslim who affords it.
    • It is rewarding and preferable if done before Eid prayer so that the poor can also celebrate the Eid happoly
    • In Eid Ul Azha prayer, the focus is on sacrifice that must be done. It can be done on the first, second or third day of Eid.
  • Dua/ Private Prayer
    • Allah provides relief with every opportunity
    • We can ask for Allah’s support and supplication through Dua.
    • Dua can change Allah’s decree
    • Raising up the hands during dua is said to never be returned empty by the Holy Prophet PBUH
    • Humans have been taught how to pray and ask for Allah’s help
    • Prayer is the highest medium to gain support from Allah
    • Allah is close to us and listens to all our prayers.
    • We should not pray to angels or any other being.
    • Instead, the main focus should be only to pray from Allah.
    • We should offer praise to Allah, recite darud sharif and then make our prayer.
  • Mosque
    • Establishing prayer is an important objective for Muslims.
    • At the same time, Mosque helps to create brotherhood, unity and equality amongst the Muslims.
    • Quranic injunctions directly tell us about creating Masjids as well.
    • These are for congregational prayers.
    • It is both a religious and cultural center for the Muslims
    • At the same tine, it was used for administration in the early days of Islam as well.
    • Initially, the people trained at Suffah in the mosques become Islamic missionaries and helped in the spread of Islam as well.
    • Mosques also acted as libraries in early Islam, with some having over 100,000 books.
    • A mosque can be considered a council hall for the Muslims as well, where it would become the best place for ruling the region
    • Khalifas used to gather people in the mosque for advice as well.
    • Deputations were received in the mosque as well, so it was a political center as well
    • House of Allah, therefore it must be offered respect
    • Clothes should be clean and footwear must be removed.
    • Gossiping, reading loudly or reading worldly books are not allowed in the mosquue.
    • Buying and selling is also not allowed.
  • Congregational Prayers
    • Quranic Injunction to establish prayer in mosque
    • These are prayers in congregation
    • Five times a day
    • Congregational prayer ensures unity amongst the Muslims
    • Larger gathering on Friday prayers and Eid prayers
    • Muslims from all parts of the world gather in Makkah for pilgrimage as well
    • Social differences are set aside and an atmosphere of equality and brotherhood is promoted
    • A king may be standing next to his poorest subjects.
    • Equality, fraternity and brotherhood is promoted.
• Saum
  • Fasting is one of the five pillars of Islam
  • It was prescribed in 2 AH
  • Month long abstinence from food or drink from dawn to sunset.
  • Intense devotion required
  • Ramzan is the month of fasting
    • 9th month of lunar calender
  • Ramzan was the month in which the Quran starting being revealed
  • Anyone who is preset at home, not in a journey and is not ill, has to fast in this month according to the Quran
  • According to Hadith, devils are closed in Ramzan
  • It is not just necessary to stop eating, but also not tell lies or do any negative activity in Ramzan.
  • Fasting, is a universal institution has been part of the previous religions as well.
  • Muslim fast is different from all previous fasts.
  • The instincts of hunger and sex are set aside so a person can focus on bigger things in life.
  • Self-discipline and self-control is required.
  • It requires compassion and humanism
  • Removes the barrier between the rich and the poor and rich can experience what poor exprience.
  • People learn to thank Allah for his blessings.
  • Method and Conditions
    • Saum means abstinence from food, drink and marital relations with the niyat or intention of worship from dawn till sunset.
    • Without niyat, a fast does not occur even if no eating or drinking done.
    • Obligatory for Muslim adults, male and female
    • Female in menstruation or childbirth do not have to fast until their condition lasts, but have to fast the equal number of days after Ramzan.
    • An ill person may postpone the fast if the condition is likely to aggravate in the future.
    • A pregnant woman or suckling baby women can also postpone the fast.
    • As soon as after Ramzan they must be completed.
    • An old and weak person may not fast, but has to feed a needy person twice a day for each missed fast.
      • Or he can give grains or cash equal to Sadaqah-e-Fitr
    • Sehri can be eaten till dawn.
    • The intention for the fast should be made
    • After the intention, the restrictions and prohibitions of fasting will apply. You are not allowed to smoke, take medicine or have any marital relations.
    • If something is not food or drink, but you inject a liquid, or the water enter the throat while gargling etc, then there is only a Qaza fast necessary.
    • If the action was intentional, then kaffara is required, which means 60 fasts continuously.
    • If fasts not possible then feeding 60 persons twice a day or give sadaqah e firt to 60 people.
    • Toothbrush, hair oil and perfume is allowed.
    • Powder or toothpaste must not enter throat.
    • Medicine directly in stomach or brain makes fast void.
    • Eating or drinking by mistake does not break the fast.
    • If there is a chance that someone will die of thirst or may die of weakness, then fast can be broken with Qaza only.
    • After the sunset, fast is broken. Fasting is forbidden on Eids and 11th 12th and 13th of Zil Hajj
  • Tarawih
    • Prayers performed in nights of Ramzan
    • Sunnat e Muakkadah for men and women
    • Men should offer them in congregation preferably
    • They start after the 4 farz and 2 sunnat muakkadah of Isha
    • Muqtadis only recite Sana and then the Imam recites the Holy Quran.
    • Each is offered in pair of two, and a total of 20 raka’ats offered.
    • A prayer is said between Tarawih as well
• Zakat
  • It is a major pillar of Islam
  • Spending in the way of Allah from one’s wealth
  • It is a wealth taken from the rich and given to the poor.
  • Comes from the word Zaka, which means increase or to bless.
  • By spending in the way of Allah, the rest of the money is purified and blessed.
  • Allah has enjoined Zakat upon the rich and it makes wealth grwo.
  • It also removes selfishness and greed from the believer’s heart
  • Prayer, pilgrimage and fasting is important.
  • However, Zakat benefits the society.
  • The commandment of prayer and Zakat often come together in Islam
  • Quran tells 3 qualities of the believes: believing in unseen, Zakat and Fast.
  • Regular prayer and Zakat are a part of faith.
  • Denying zakat is what unbelievers do.
  • Hazrat Abu Bakr RA fought those who denied paying Zakat
  • Quran and Hadis mentions it as well.
  • Divine reward for those who pay Zakat
  • Zakat has economic and social benefits as well
  • Self-supporting society requires Zakat.
  • Rate of Zakat
    • Payment and distribution started in Madinah in Second Year of Hijrat
    • Compulsory for every adult free Muslim who owns property to extent of Nisab
    • Nisab should remain in the ownership and possession uninterruptedly for 1 year.
    • Cash, gold, silver, jewelry, animals, minerals, crops,  agricultural land, commercial goods, and animals.
    • 2.5 percent of cash gold and silver, if 52.5 tolas of silver of 7.5 tolas of gold.
    • Miners pay 1/5 of their produce as Khums
    • Land tax. Ushr is on agricultural produce as based on the Quran. 1/10 of the agricultural produce from the land benefitting from rain and 1/20 of those benefitting from irrigation
    • All articles of trade exceeding 200 dirhms
    • Sheep and goats: forty sheep or goats, 1 goat. From 121 to 200 sheep or goats, two sheep or two goats, after that 1 sheep or goat per every 100 sheep or goat.
    • Bulls Cows or Buffaloes: 30-40 cattle, 1 calf of one year, every forty cattle, 2 year old calf.
    • On every 5 camel, one goat or one sheep, from 10 to 14 camels three goats and from 25 to 35 camels, one female camel and so on.
  • Sadaqah ul Firt: Obligatory charity is an act of worship on completion of Ramzan: compulsory on every person who has Zakat due.
  • Distribution of Zakat
    • People who are poor and do not possess the wealth equal to Nisab
    • Extremely poor people who have to beg for food.
    • People who are appointed to collect Zakat. Not necessary if they are needy
    • Recently accepted Islam and need basic necessities of Life.
    • Slaves who work for remuneration and have an agreement with masters to pay for their freedom after a fixed amount
    • Poor people in debt who have to repay loan but loan must not be for un Islamic purposes.
    • Fulfill obligation but can’t do so.
    • Travelers who are good at home but due to journey need basic necessities of life.
  • Unlawful to give zakat to descendants of Prophet PBUH, one’s parents or children. Can not be given to non-Muslim or someone as remuneration for services.
• Hajj
  • Importance of Hajj
    • Pilgrimage to Makkah
    • Prescribed in the Quran
    • It is an act of worship
    • Hajj means the desire to visit and the will to visit.
    • In Shariah, it means visiting the Holy Ka’abah.
    • First structure built by Hazrat Adam to worship Allah. It was then rebuilt about 4500 years ago by Hazrat Ibrahim and Hazrat Ismail AS.
    • It has been mentioned in the Quran as well.
    • Ka’abah was completed by Hazrat Ismail who settled at the spot.
    • Pilgrimage is only compulsory on those adults who are of sound mind and have the provisions of travel.
    • If someone has this and still abstains from Hajj, he has died with a debt
    • It requires the entire being of the Muslim
    • It requires financial and physical sacrifice.
    • Rites of Hajj are on complete devotion to Allah
    • Hazrat Ibrahim’s willingness to sacrifice his own son in the way of Allah.
  • Faraiz of Hajj
    • Ihram and niyat of Hajj
    • Wuquf e Arafat, staying in the plain of Arafat on the 9th of Zil Hajj
    • Tawaf e Ziyarat on the 10th, 11th or 12th of Zil Hajj after shaving the head or shortening the hair.
    • 3 obligatory duties are to be performed in the prescribed manner.
    • If any of the farz is left out, it makes the Hajj void ad mistakes can not be completed with sacrifice.
    • Tawaf-e-Qudum is sunnat and is done when entering Masjid e Haram
    • Tawaf e Sadr or Tawaf e Wida is performed at the time oof departure and is Wajib for all those living outside Mawaqit
    • Tawaf e Umra is the Farz for those performing Umra
    • Tawaf e Nafl is any Tawaf other than preceding four categories called Tawaf se Nafl.
    • No restriction as to the time or numbe rof Tawaf, but require Wuzu and niyat.
  • Mutaf
    • Place inside Masjid e Haram around the Ka’abah where the Tawaf is performed.
  • Al Multazim
    • Holding place between Ka’abah wall between its door and Hajr-e-Aswad. Pilgrims pay for forgiveness
  • Mina
    • Plain between Arafat and Makkah.
    • It pathway passes through hill of Aqabah
    • Famous as the place where the two pledges were take by Holy Prophet PBUH.
  • Muzdalifah
    • Between Mina and Arafat
    • 6 miles from Makkah and 3 miles from Mina
    • It is called the Sacred Monument in the Quran
    • Remember Allah at this place
  • Arafat
    • At a distance of 9 miles from Makkah
    • 6 miles from Mina
    • Adam and his wife were reunited at this place after years of wandering
    • Prophet PBUH delivered his last sermon and received the final revelation here.
  • Wuquf e Arafat
    • Stay in this plane.
    • The best form of wuquf is to stay standing, facing the Qiblah and reciting the Talbiah, Kalimah-e-Tauhid and Istighfar
    • Praying to Allah
    • It is most important part of Hajj
    • Without it Hajj is not completed
  • Safa and Marwa
    • Two hills close to Zam Zam well
    • Safa is southeast from where the Syai is started.
    • Marwa is towards the Northeast where the Sayi is completed
    • Hazrat Hajra did the Sayi to search water for Hazrat Ismail.
    • It shows maternal love and gratitude to Allah.
    • It is required in the Quran.
  • Sayi
    • Sayi is walking briskly between Safa and Marwa hills
    • Starts at Safa ends at Marwa
    • First climb Safa
    • Not necessary to reach teh top
    • Only such height required that Ka’abah can be seen
    • Then, quickly move from Safa to Marwa
    • Men are required to walk fast
    • Women can walk at their normal pace
  • Idtiba
    • Passing upper sheet of Ihram through the right armpit
    • Placing it on left shoulder
    • Right shoulder is uncovered
    • Only for males
  • Ramal
    • When Prophet PBIH and his companions went from Madinah to Makkah for Umrah
    • Unbelievers said that they weren’t performing Tawaf properly
    • Madinah has made them weak.
    • Therefore, Prophet PBUH oredered companions to expand their chest
    • Walk briskl
    • Move their shoulders in the process.
    • This is called Ramal
    • During the first 3 circuits.
    • Normal during last 4 circuits.
    • No Ramal for women
  • Secondary Imperatives or Wajbat for Hajj
    • Stay in Muzdalifah
    • Sayi
    • Stoning the devil
    • Sacrifice
    • Shaving head/ shortening hair
    • Tawaf e Wide
    • Hajj becomes void if any of these items are left.
    • Pilgriim has to pay penalty either in the form of sacrifice or sadaqah
  • Sunnat of Hajj
    • Tawaf e Qudum
    • Mina left after sunrise on 9th of Arafat
    • Leaving Arafat after departure of Imam
    • Staying the night at Muzdalifah on return from Arafat
    • Taking a bath in Arafat
    • Any sunnat not performed, there is no penalty
  • Prohibitions / Restrictions of Ihram
    • Wearing sewn clothes for males
    • Wearing shoes thar cover the raised home of the feet
    • Bandage on head or face
    • Covering head or face
    • Women required to cover head only
    • Shaving, cutting or trimming of hair
    • Cutting of nails
    • Using perfumed hair oil
    • Any perfume
    • Abusive or foul language
    • Quarreling
    • Indulge in marital relationship
  • Undesirable acts of Ihram
    • Rubbing body to remove dirt or dust
    • Using performed soap
    • Water bath is allowed
    • Combing hair, scratching hair or passing finger through hair.
      • These acts can kill lice
      • Or fall the hair
    • Smelling perfume or sweet-smelling grass
    • Pin or needle for holding Ihram sheets
    • Spices in foods such as cardamom, clove or cinnamon.
    • Using any type of tobacco.
  • Permitted acts of Ihram
    • Toothbrush or Miswak
    • Killing harmful insects
    • Halal animals that aren’t hunted can be eaten
    • Blanket for covering body allowed
      • Not allowed to cover head or face.
  • Terms associated with Hajj
    • Ka’abah
      • Holiest place for Muslims
      • First house built for worship of one Allah
      • 2000 years before Adam angels created it
      • It was then reconstructed by Adam and then Hazrat Ibrahim/ Ismail
      • The Quran calls it my hose
      • Rabb of the House
      • 24 gates for the House
      • Pilgrims enter through Bab-as-Salam
      • People come to Umrah or Hajj
      • Strict rules for Ka’abah’s sanctity preservation
      • Circles drawn around the Ka’abah
      • Masjid e Haram is the innermost circle
        • Sacred Mosque
        • Maqam e Ibrahim and Zam Zam
        • One Farz prayer here is equal to 100,000 prayers as a reward
      • City of Makkah
        • Makkah Mukarrama
        • All living things are protected from violence
        • Anyone seeking asylum in Makkah can not be captured or killed
        • Hunting is also forbidden
        • Cutting trees and grass needlessly is also forbidden
      • Haram
        • Boundaries fixed at Allah’s command by Hazrat Adam, Ibrahim and then Prophet PBUH for pillars to be enacted for these boudnaries
      • Mawaqit
        • Place beyond no one exceeding for Hajj or Umrah can proceed without Ihram
        • Otherwise, sacrifice is required as penalty
    • Hajr e Aswad
      • Black stone
      • Mounted in silver and set in southeastern corner of the Ka’abah
      • Angel Jibrael gave it to Hazrat Ismail during Ka’abah
      • Milky white in color
      • People’s sins made it black
      • Touched and kissed by Hazrat Ibrahim/ Holy Prophet PBUH
      • Done symbolically
    • Zam Zam
      • Southeastern side of Masjid e Haram
      • Spring from feet of Hazrat Ismail
      • Mother Hajra – did Sayi
      • Drunk water from this well many people
    • Maqam e Ibrahim
      • Stone used by Hazat Ibrahim that he used for constructing the Ka’abah
      • Wajib ut tawaf prayers are offered here
    • Hatim
      • Small area between Rukn e Shami that is the corner facing Syria
      • And Rukn e Yamani that is facing Yemen (south western corner of Ka’abah)
      • Originally part of Ka’abah
      • Not included in the final enclosure
      • Offering prayer is like offering prayer inside the Ka’abah
    • Ihram
      • Men two white sheets unsewn clothes
      • One sheet covers lower portion
      • Other sheet covers navel to downwards
      • Head remains uncovered
      • Ihram for women is everyday clothes
        • Head must be covered
        • Nut their cloth should not touch their feet
      • Ihram first and foremost Farz of Hajj and Umrah
      • Declaration of Niyat
    • Talbiyah
      • Declaration of the words Allah humma Labbaik
      • First entry into state of Ihram till stoning of Jamarat on 10th Zil Hajj, constantly recite
      • Male should do it in loud voice
      • Morning and evening in all positions
      • Recited twice at least
      • No greeting or talking while reciting it
      • Complete devotion to Allah
    • Tawaf
      • Going around the Ka’abah
      • Quran prescribes it
      • Sunnat to move around 7 times, 3 circuits running, 4 walking
      • Starts and ends at the Black Stone
      • Kiss it until crowd
      • Raise hands towards it and say Allah Hu Akbar
      • Some recitations during the Tawaf
      • Tawaf E Ziyarat – Called tawaf e Ifadah or Rukn
        • It is obligatory of Hajj and must be done between dawn of 10th Zil Hajj and 12th Zil Hajj
      • Tawaf e Qudum
        • Sunnat and performed on entering Masjid e Haram
      • Tawaf e Sadr or Tawaf e Wida is the one at the time of departure, wajib on those living outside Makkah.
      • Tawaf se Umra
        • Obligatory in Umra
      • Tawaf e Nafl
        • Anyone other than the past 4 categories
        • Need Wuzu and niyat
        • No restriction on time and raka’ats
    • Mina
      • Plain between Arafat and Makkah
      • Passes through Aqabah where the pledges were taken
    • Jamarat
      • Three stone pillars in Mina
      • One nearest to Makkah is called Uqba, the one close to mosque of Mina is called Wusta and the one at a little distance is called Jamarat al Sughra
    • Rami
      • Stoning the devil called Rami
      • 5-6 feet from stone pillar
      • Pebble thrown with thumb and forefinger
      • With right hand
      • One after another
      • Bismillah Allah Hu Akbar
      • Should fall as close to pillar as possible
    • Istilam
      • Hajr e Asward kissing
      • Both hands placed on it, placed in between
      • No sound produced
      • Touch with right hand and the hand kissed
      • Raise hands and kiss palms
    • Sacrifice
      • Memory of Hazrat Ibrahim/ Ismail
      • Part of Eid ul Azha celebration
    • Halq Ras and Qasr
      • Getting head shaved
      • Qasr means getting hair of the head cut or shortened
    • Ayyam al Nahr
      • 10th 11 12 Zil Hajj which sacrifice of sheep goats cows camels is offered are known as Ayyam al Nahr Days of Sacrifices
    • Ayyam e Tashriq
      • 11 12 13 Zil Hajj
      • Stay in Mina after sacrifice
      • Required by Quran
      • Ending of Hajj acts
  • Method of Hajj
    • Ihram on morning of 8th Zil Hajj
    • Goes to Mina where night is spent
    • Zhur Asr Maghrib and Isha prayers are offered on 8th Zil Hajj and Fajr prayers of the 9th Zil Hajj are to be performed in Mina
    • On 9th Zil Hall, after Fajr, the move to Arafat for the wuquf.
    • Without it Hajj not complete
    • Zuhr and Asr prayer offered in Jama here in 9th Zil Hajj
    • Before sunset they leave for Muzdalifah where the night spend in prayers
    • Maghrib and Isha prayers are performe together in Muzdalifah
    • Forty nine pebbles are thrown at 3 stones pillars that are collected from here
    • 10th Zil Hajj leave for Mina, throw the pebbles, 7 pebbles are thrown at the largest pillar called Jamarat ul Uqba, after this sacrifice offered
    • Now head shaved or lock cut.
    • Ihram taken off and ordinary clothes worn
    • Tawaf e Ziyarat performed
    • Second most item of Hajj
    • After Tawaf, the pilgrims offers two rakaats at the station of Ibrahim and performs Sayi
    • Then returns to Mina to throw the pebbles at the three stones on the 11th and 12th of Zil Hajj
    • Leave for Makkah for Tawaf e Wida
    • Marks completion of Hajj
  • Umra
    • Minor pilgrimage
    • Haj e Asghar
    • Begins with Ihram
    • Done at Miqat laces
    • Recide Talbiah
    • Perform the tawaf of the Ka’abah
    • Two raka’at prayers offered at station of Ibrahim
    • Sayi performed
    • Then shave/ shorten hear
    • Umrah is not oblgiatory
    • Performed any time
    • No Wuquf no stoning
    • Talbiah is stopped at beginning of Tawaf
    • Talbiah stopped in hajj on 10th Zil Hajj after stsoning devil
    • Undesirable to perform Umra between 9th and 13th Zilhajj