The Four Caliphs | O Level Islamiyat 2058 & IGCSE Islamiyat 0493 | Detailed Free Notes To Score An A Star (A*)
Hazrat Abu Bakr
- 2 years and 3 months younger than prophet PBUH
- Abu Qahafa was father and mother was Umm-ul-Khair
- He and Prophet PBUH had a common ancestor in Murra
- His first name was Abdul Ka’abah
- No formal education
- Extremely pious before Islam
- Became cloth merchant and very rich
- He was given the name Abdullah after conversion to Isla
- He was Prophet PBUH’s companion in the migration to Madinah
- He fought in all major battles and was Ameer-e-Hajj during the time of the Prophet PBUH
- He stabilized the conditions after the passing away of Holy Prophet PBUH
- He was made Khalifa as Ansars happily accepted him as the Caliph
- He decided where the Holy Prophet PBUH was to be buried
- He is one of Ashrah Mubashra
- All doors leading to Masjid e Nabawi were closed except one leading to his house.
- Election as Caliph
- The Muslim community faced an issue od divide as Ansar and Quraish had issues over Khilafat
- Ansars claimed that they had sacrificed a lot for Islam
- Quraish considered Arab customs to be more important in this case
- Ansars asked for two Khalifas
- Hazrat Umer RA rejected this idea mentioning that this would divide the Muslim Umma
- He then mentioned Hazrat Abu Bakr RA as the ameer
- Both Muhajirin and Ansar accepted him
- Many Hadith shows that he was of highest regard amongst the companions
- He was considered the Prophet PBUH’s best friend
- Hazrat Abu Bakr’s first speech as khalifa
- Follow him is he is right
- Set him right if he is wrong
- Obey until he obeys Allah and his Messenger
- Don’t obey if he goes astray
-
Expedition to Syria
- The Holy Prophet PBUH had ordered expedition under Usama Bin Zaid
- People asked Hazrat Abu Bakr to wait till things stabilize
- He mentioned that he is not one to stop an army that Holy Prophet PBUH ordered to proceed
- He gave instructions about war
- Army lest in 632 AD
- Byzantines were baffled and fled
- Many border tribes pledged allegiance to MAdinah
- It was victorious
-
Problems As Khalifa
-
Zak’aat Refusal
- Many tribes were new to Islam at the death of Prophet PBUH
- They considered Islam to be personal allegiance to Prophet PBH
- So after Prophet PBUH passed away, no more duty remained
- They asked for new agreement with Madinah
- Exemption from Zakat
- Hazrat Abu Bakr mentioned that Zakat is crucial and he won’t let them withhold even a thread/ string
- He will go to war in this case
- The tribes like Banu Asad, Banu Ghatafan Banu Abbas, Banu Murrah etc
- Decided to fight the Muslims
- Tried to attack at night in 632 AD when main Muslim army was way
- Were intercepted by Hazrat Abu Bakr RA
- They were defeated
- All surrendered and agreed to pay Zakat
- Hazrat Abu Bakr became firm as Khalifa
- Many tribes were new to Islam at the death of Prophet PBUH
-
Apostasy Movement
- Ridda Wars
- Apostasy means going away from True Islam
- Tribes either became non-Muslims
- Or started believing in false prophets
- Hazrat Abu Bakr gave directions
- Sent armies
- First preach them to Islam
- Attack if they fail to comply
- Some accepted Islam
- Others were attacked
- Aswad Ansi
- From the Ansi tribe in Yemen
- First rise
- He was ugly
- Kept face covered
- Called veiled Prophet
- He was defeated and killed
- Tulayha
- Banu Asad Tribe
- Northern Saudi Arabia
- Wealthy Chief
- Great Warrior
- Claimed Prophethood during Prophet PBUH’s life
- He became powerful after Prophet PBUH’s death
- Khalid bin Walid fought him
- Battle of Buzaka
- Tulayha defeated
- He fled to Syria
- Became Muslim when Syria came under Muslim rule
- He fought in the Battles of Nehawand and Qadisiya during the time of Hazrat Umar on the side of Muslims
- Banu Asad Tribe
- Musailma Kazzab
- Most dangerous
- Hanu Hanifa Tribe of Central Arabia
- He visited Madinah and met Prophet PBUH
- He claimed Prophethood on return from Madinah
- Legalized adultery and drinking
- Zakat and fasting finished and prayers reduced
- He send a letter to Holy Prophet PBUH
- Asking for the division of Arabia
- Holy Prophet PBUH called him Musailma the Liar
- After his death people joined him in large quantities
- They said that living Prophet PBUH is better than dead one
- Initially
- Ikramah
- Son of Abu Jahl
- Was made head of battle
- Shurabhil bin Hasnah was sent with another army to help him
- Strict orders were given that only then was to attack when both these armies have met
- Ikramah
- However
- Hazrat Ikramah reached early
- He attacked
- Suffered defeat
- Then hazrat Shurabil reached
- Attached too
- Heavy losses to Muslims
- Hazrat Ikramah reached early
- Hazrat Khalid Bin Walid was sent
- Musailma went into a fortified place
- He was followed
- Fierce battle
- Musailma and many men of Banu Hanifa killed
- Many Muslims died
- It is called
- Battle of the Garden of Death
- Sajjah
- Female false prophet
- Was christian initially
- Bani Tamim tribe
- Large following
- Joined forces with Musailma
- Musailma used matrimonial alliance to win her over
- She stayed with Musailma for 3 days
- Then she returned to Iraq
- She became Muslim when Iraq was conquered by Muslims
- Female false prophet
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Campaigns
-
Bahrain
- People here helped Musailma
- Bahrain’s ruler became Muslim on Prophet PBUH’s invitaiton
- People got astray after the ruler died
- People apostatized
- They had help from Persia
- Bahrain lost ot Muslims
-
Oman and Mahrah
- Oman was on Persian Gulf
- Under the emperor of Persia
- Oman was inclined to accept Islam
- Only if Zakat was not demanded
- Prophet PBUH assured him that Zakat from Oman will be distributed amongst poor of Oman
- Ruler accepted Islam
- Oman apostatized after Prophet PBUH’s death
- Rebellion was crushed
- Mahrah
- Apostatized
- Ikramah sent to fight them
- Tough battle
- Muslims won
- People of Mahrah given amnesty
-
Yemen
- Persian emperor disrespected the messenger of Prophet PBUH
- Tore his letter
- He was murdered
- His son became king
- Yemen was stopped from Summoning Prophet PBUH to their court
- Khusro has instructed this to happen
- Aswad Ansi
- Again from Yemen
- He challenged governor of Yemen
- Yemen was defeated
- Persian emperor disrespected the messenger of Prophet PBUH
-
Hadramaut
- 633 AD
- Kindi Tribe
- Apostatized
- Were defeated
- Most people killed
-
Eastern
Iraq
- Persians helped rebels in bahrain
- Arab tribes were not satisfied by Persian rule
- 633
- Khalid bin Walid ordered to proceed to Persian empire
- 4 more armies ent to support him
- Main commander Khalid bin Walid
- Khalid sent letter to Hurmuz
- Persian commander
- Accept Islam or Pay Jizya
- Otherwise fight
- Hurmuz gathered forces in Uballa
- Main iraqi port
- Persians bound themselves in Chains to not allow anyone to run from battlefield
- Called Battle of Chains or Battle of Kazima
- These chains became their death trap
- Persians were defeated
- Hurmuz was killed
-
Mazar
- Persians camped at Mazar
- Persians ran to river
- They were killed in huge numbers
- Jizya was paid
-
Walaja
- Two armies sent to fight Muslims
- Wajala was the camp area
- Many Persians killed
-
Ulleis
- Christian arabs and Persians joined forces
- Killed in large numbers
-
Hira
- Governor abandoned the city to Madain
- The city was captured without resistance
- Western Iraq
- Anbar
- Main commercial center
- Large deep moat around the city
- Camel carcasses were used to cross the moat
- Persians surrendered on safe passage outside the city
-
En-at-Tamr
- Siege went on for few days
- Muslims won
- Anbar
-
Campaign in Syria
- February 634 AD
- Large force in Madinah
- 7000 people each in 4 different columns
- Amr bin Aas, Yazeeb bin Aby Sufyan, Shurabhil bin Hassan and Abu Ubaidah bi Jarrah
- Leaders of corps
- Khalid bin Walid told to march on Syria and become main commander
- 634
- Khalid left Hira with 9000 men
-
Basra
- 4000 Muslims were fighting in Basra
- Khalid Bin Walid wanted to help them
- He asked Abu Ubaidah to meet him in basra
- Khalid offered Islam to Romanus
- The Byzantine ruler of the area
- He accepted Islam
- Romanus guided Muslims inside the city through secret passage
- First decisive victory for Muslims in Syria
-
Ajnadayn
- Large force at Ajnadyn
- Khalid Bin Walid ordered all muslims to gather in Ajnadein who were fighting in different areas in Syria
- 40000 Muslims
- Byzantine army leader was killed
- Many Byzantine soldiers also killed
-
Damascus
- 21st August 634 AD
- Siege of Damascus
- 23rd August 634 AD
- Hazrat Abu Bakr RA passed away
- In time of Hazrat Umar, Damascus was conquered
- 21st August 634 AD
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Death
- Madinah
- 13 A.H.
- 634 AD
- Buried by side of Prophet PBUH
- 2 years and 4 months Khilafat
- Hazrat Unar nominated
- Everyone accepted him as next Khalifa
-
Character
- Kind hearted
- Sympathetic for the poor
- He returned all amount on his death that he had taken from Bait Ul Maal
- Asked property to be sold to repay it
- Generous and humble
- Extraordinary Memory and excellent judgement
- Hazrat Ali
- Said Hazrat Abu Bakr was best man after the Holy Prophet PBUH
- 63 virtues
- All were in Hazrat Abu Bakr RA
- He has been praised by Western scholars
- He left a large wealth of 40,000 at time of Hijrat
- Only took 5000 with him
- He left a large wealth of 40,000 at time of Hijrat
- The right man at the right place
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Administration
- Democratic state
- Consulted prominent companions
- Provinces In Arabia
- Proper governors
- Lead prayers and maintain law and order
- Oversaw justice
- Justice directly under the main judge
- Called the Qazi
- Amil
- Collected revenues
- Proper governors
- Military cantonments
- Reserve force was maintained
- Proper shape to Bait-ul-Maal
- He safe guarded Non-Muslims
- Religious freedom
-
Services to Islam
- Become Khalifa at most crucial time
- Brought unity
- Prevented Divide
- Saviour of Islam
- He solved issues like apostasy that occurred after the death of the Holy Prophet PBUH
- Major victories against Persians and Byzantines
- Preservation of the Quran
Hazrat Umar
-
Life Before
Khilafat
- Father’s name
- Khattab
- From the Quraysh
- Born in Makkah
- Either 12 or 13 years younger than the Holy Prophet PBUH
- Common ancestor with Prophet PBUH
- Ka’ab
- He was learned
- Great orator
- Knew archery, horse riding and wrestling
- First become enemy of Islam
- He was powerful
- Prophet PBUH prayed in 6th year of Prophethood
- Allah strengthen Islam by converting Hazrat Umar
- Conversion
- Was going to kill Prophet PBUH
- Was informed that his own sister and brother in law is Muslim
- Went to their home and started beating them
- When sister was hurt
- He asked for hearing the Quran
- He heard verses of Surah Taha
- Started to cry
- Went to Holy Prophet PBUH and accept Islam
- Was called Farooq
- Muslims became so powerful that they openly started praying in Makkah
- He became target of Quraish persecution
- Migrated short time before Prophet PBUH
- Fought in all major battles
- He was angered over the terms of the Treaty of Hudaibiya
- Accepted when Holy Prophet PBUH told him to
- He was part of march on Makkah
- One of most trusted companions
- He is one of Ashrah Mubashra
- He was friend of Hazrat Abu Bakr RA during his khilafat
- Father’s name
-
Nomination as Khalifa
- Was nominated by Hazrat Abu Bakr RA
- Everyone accepted him
- He became Ameer Ul Momineen
-
Wars With Persian
-
Reasons
-
- Persian King had disrespected the Holy Prophet PBUH’s envoy
- Tore the Prophet PBUH’s letter
- Helped people of Bahrain against Muslims
- Iraq was province of Persian Empire
- Naturally a part of Arabia based on Geography
- Border Arab tribes rose against Muslims
- Mslims had to fight them to protect themselves
- Iraq had much wealth
- Tigris and Ruphrates
- Arabia needed Iraq for food supplies
- Persians stopped Islamic Arabia from trade with them
- Economic necessity led to conflict
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Battles
-
Namarraq
- Musana and Khalid Bin Walid leaders during Hazrat Abu Bakr’s time
- Hira was captured
- Persians sent their famous general Rustam to Namarraq
- Musana was alone on Syrian front
- Abu Ubaid Bin Jarrah was sent to support Musana
- Muslims won
- Musana and Khalid Bin Walid leaders during Hazrat Abu Bakr’s time
-
Jasr
- Bahman was the leader of Persians
- Euphrates was between the two armies
- Leaders of Muslims stayed on their side of the Bank
- Abu Ubaid decided to cross the river
- Muslims crossed the river
- Ground was uneven
- War elephants with Persians
- Arab horses got scared
- Elephants had howdah with archers sitting in it
- Muslims were disorganized
- Abu Ubaid ordered attacking on foot
- Muslims were stampeded
- The white elephant
- Leader of the herd
- Stampeded Abu Ubaid
- Many Muslim commanders martyred
- A man from Banu Saqif had broken the bridge so Muslims can not run away
- Musana became leader
- Rebuilding of bridge was ordered
- A small force held back the Persians
- 2000 Muslims were killed, 2000 drowned and 2000 fled away from battlefield
- Called Battle of Bridge
-
Buwaib
- Jihad was announced after Jasr
- Many Muslims and Christians gathered under the flag of Islam
- Persians sent out large force
- Leader was Mehran
- Considered an expert in Arabian war methods
- He camped on east bank of Euphrates
- Mehran sent messenger to Muslim army
- Asked if he should cross over
- Muslims agreed
- A young Muslim warrior from Taghlib killed Mehran
- Musana captured the bridge
- This prevented Persians from escaping
- They were killed in large numbers
- Majority of Persian army destroyed
- Jihad was announced after Jasr
-
Qadisiya
- Jihad was declared and Sa’ad Bin Abi Waqas was made the leader
- He was told to camp at Qadisiya on West bank of Ateeq
- A branch of Euphrates
- Send envoys to Persian court with message if Islam
- The envoys were ill-treated
- Rustam was made leader again
- He was asked to become Muslim
- He said he will crush all of Arabia
- Sa’ad bin Abu Waqas was ill
- Directed the war from his sickbed
- Battle lasted for 3 days
- Rustam was killed while running from battlefield
- This battle completely broke Persian strength
-
Madain
- Taken after a few months of Qadisiya
- All territory from Tigris to Euphrates under Muslim control
- Jalula
- Presian king took refuge in Hulwan
- His army occupied Jalula
- Near Madain
- Entire town made into fortress
- Deep ditch dug around the city
- Large quantities of provisions inside the city
- Full preparation of battle against the Muslims
- Strong army under Qaka sent to Jalula
- The siege went on for 7 months
- No decisive battle
- Entire Persian army was brought into battlefield by clever trick
- Severe storm blew in faces of Persians
- Allowed Muslims to advance
- Persian resistance broke
- Persians were killed in large numbers
- Jalula surrendered on Jizya terms
-
Nahawand
- Peace with persians for few months
- 60,000 army directly under Persian Emperor
- 30,000 army under the Muslims
- On third day of attle
- Persian took refuge in forts
- Muslims cleverly took them out
- Most of the Persians were killed
- Persian King Yazdgard fled to Isfahan
- Then to Kirman
- Then to Balk
- Killed during time of Hazrat Usman
- Persian empire well completely
- Muslims became world power
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War with Byzantines
-
Reasons
-
Eastern Roman Empire
- Syria, Jerusalem and Egypt
- Called Byzantine Empire
- Roman emperor treated the Prophet PBUH’s envoy with respect
- Christian Prince of Syria killed Prophet PBUH’s envoy in Mutah
- Emperor himself instaged Bedouin tribes against Muslims in Ajnadein
- Border tribes helped their kinsmen in Arabia after death of Holy Prophet PBUH
- To attack Muslims
- Muslims had to fight them to protect themselves and their religion
-
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Battles
-
Yarmuk
- Damascus, Jordan and Emmessa was conquered during Hazrat Umar’s Khilafat
- Roman Emperor sent army of 260,000 men to fight the Muslims
- Muslim army of 40,000 men
- Under Abu Ubaidah Bin Jarrah (DIFFERENT FROM ABU UBAID)
- Some negotiations between the armies
- Romans offered Muslims large money to leave Syria
- Muslims gave three offers
- Become Muslims
- Pay Jizya
- Fight
- Battle went on for 6 days
- â…“ of Byzantine army left
- Storm broke
- Byzantines tried to flee
- Muslims killed them in large numbers
- Great victory for Muslims
- Byzantine strength broken
- Syria came under Muslims
-
Fall of Jerusalem
- Muslims laid siege to Jerusalem
- Siege dragged on
- Stiff resistance by Byzantines
- Winter made matters worse
- Amr Bin Aas
- Muslim commander in Jerusalem
- Asked Hazrat Abu Ubaidah Bin Jarrah for Reinforcements
- Byzantines lost strength when they came to know of reinforcements
- They decided to give in if the Khalifa himself came to take over
- Hazrat Ali was made Khalifa in Hazrat Umar’s absence
- Hazrat Umar and his slave had 1 camel
- They rode it by turns
- When they entered in the city
- Hazrat Umar was on foot while the slave was on camel
- Everyone was impressed with Islam’s influence
- Treaty was drawn
- Jizya will be paid and minorities will be protected
- Those not paying Jizya leave the city
- The patriarch of Jerusalem was impressed by the simplicity of Hazrat Umar
- He said that Islam has excelled all other religions
- The keys were given to Hazarat Umar RA to the city
- He gave thanksgiving prayer where Hazrat Daud used to pray
- Did not pray in church to avoid setting wrong precedence of forcibly converting Church to mosques
- Stayed in Jerusalem for few days
- Reorganized the city’s administration
- Umar’s mosque was built.
-
Egypt
- Amr Bin Aas marched on Egypt at the end of 18AH/ 639 AD
- Entered by Wadi al-Arish
- 4000 men
- Laid siege to Fustat
- 7 months siege
- Muslims won
- King of Egypt sent large army to Alexandria
- Capital of Egypt
- Heavily fortified area
- 50000 byzantines in the City
- Mslims were 12000 only
- City was connected to sea and can get help from Constantinople at any time
- Byzantines hit Muslims with boulders from contraptions on fort walls
- Byzantine Emperor Heraclius died
- No reinforcements were likely to come
- Siege was intensified
- Fierce Battle
- Muslism won
- Muslims became masters of Egypt
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-
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Martyrdom
- Persian men, women and children became slaves
- Including Abu Lulu called Firoz
- He was purchased by Governor of Basra
- 23 Zil Hajj
- Attacked Hazrat Umar RA in morning prayer
- With dagger
- Several wounds
- Hazrat Umar RA survived for a few days
- He made a panel of 6 people
- To select Khalifa from
- Abdullah Bin Umar directed to ask permission from Hazrat Ayesha RA
- To be buried by side of Holy Prophet PBUh
- Permission granted
- Died 3 days later
- Persian men, women and children became slaves
-
Administration
- Excellent administrator
- Made formal Majlis E Shoora
- Prominent companions of Prophet PBUH
- Consulted on all matters
- Majlis E Aam
- Muhajirin and Ansars
- Larger Body
- Representatives of various tribes
- Consulted on special occassions
- Made provinces
- Each with a governor called Wali or Ameer
- Military and religious head as well
- All Amils called to Makkah on Hajj
- Complaints against them were heard
- All appointments made after consultation with Majlis-e-Shura
- Order of appointment was given
- Sets out their duties
- Had to give written undertaking
- Lead simple Islamic life
- Personal assets were assessed to ensure there is no corruption
- Strict control on officers
- Received secret reports
- Qazis entrusted with Judiciary
- Independent of provincial governor
- New Departments and Institutions
- Education, police, jails
- Finance department called Dewan
- Centre revenue and provincial revenue
- Main revenue sources
- Jizya
- Zakat
- Kharaj (Spoils of War)
- Fay
- Income from Crown lands
- Ushr
- One-tenth of annual produce from landowners
- Commercial tax on non-muslims merchants
- Tax on horse ownership
- After meeting expenditures
- Extra amount given to Muslims
- 3 aspects seen to determine amount given
- Closeness to Prophet PBUH
- Priority of conversion to Islam
- Military service to Islam
- Well-disciplined army
- Cavalry and Infantry
- Not allowed to take land in conquered territories
- Military strength can weaken
- Separate cantonments made
- Not with general public
- Farmer welfare improved
- Arabs not allowed to take land in conquered territories
- Actual tillers of soil have their lands
- New towns built
- Basra and Kufa
- Well-being of non-Muslims
- Went out on streets at night to see well-being of people
- Took steps to reduce profiteering and hoarding
- Officers checked public weights
- Religious matters were considered
- Army officers had to learn Quran
- Missionaries sent to Rural areas to preach Islam
-
Services to Islam
- 634 to 644 AD
- Khilafat
- Fought Persian and Byzantine Empires
- Made efficient administration
- Shariat Law for enforced
- Census of Muslim community
- Muslim calender started
- 634 to 644 AD
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Character
- One of the greatest men of all times
- Founder of Muslim state in true sense
- Simple life
- Lying on floor with brick as pillow
- He had only 1 pair of clothes at times
- He used to be in company of ordinary people
- Kind and sympathetic to poor
- Roam streets at night to help people
- Helped poor and widow women
- Had great knowledge and learning
- Could discern truth from falsehood
- He took very small amount from state treasury
- Willed that the amount paid back after his death
- Simple
- Yet his enemies feared him
- Strength of character
- Prophet PBUH said
- If any Prophet after him, it would have been Hazrat Umar RA, but no Prophet will come after him
- Excellent administrator
Hazrat Usman
-
Before Khilafat
- Father
- Affan
- Born
- Makkah
- Belonged to Umayyad
- Common ancestor with Prophet PBUH in Abd Munaf
- One of richest merchants in Makkah
- Learned
- Could read and write
- Led pious life before Islam
- Called Abu Amr before becoming Muslim
- He was first Umayyad to embrace Isalm
- One of Ashrah Mubashrah
- Spent time in company of Prophet PBUH
- He was married to two of Prophet PBUH’s daughters
- Ruqayya
- After her death
- Kulsum
- Zun Nurain
- Possessor of two lights
- After Kulsu’s death
- Prophet PBUH said he would have given any other daughter in marraige to Hazrat Usman RA if he had one
- Ruqayya
- Amongst those who migrated to Abyssinia
- Then migrated to Madinah
- Traded in Madinah
- Became extremely rich
- Was generous
- Called Ghani for generosity
- Did not take part in Battle of Badr
- Prophet PBUH’s daughter was in poor health
- He stayed with his wife
- He was first after Hazrat Umar RA to do bait of Hazrat Abu Bakr
- He served in army sent to Syria by Hazrat Abu Bar
- He advised Hazrat Abu Bakr RA during apostasy wars
- During Hazrat Umar RA’s khilafat
- Famine in Madinah
- He distributed his own stocks from trade caravan amongst people
- Had great knowledge on law of inheritance
- Father
-
Election as Khalifa
- Hazrat Umar nominated 6 man committee on death bed
- Hazrat Ali, Hazrat Usman, Hazrat Saad Bin Abi Waqas, Hazrat Abdur Rahman Bin Auf, Hazrat Talha and Hazrat Zubair
- The khalifa had to be selected from these people
- All these people were from Ashra Mubashra
- Hazrat Umar RA wanted to make Abu Ubaidah Bin Jarrah
- He had passed away
- Hazrat Abdur Rahman Bin Auf RA was unwilling to take this responsibility
- Talha RA was not in Madinah at that time
- Hazrat Abdur Rahman Bin Auf RA was selected to choose from other 4 members
- He consulted each member
- Hazrat Abi voted for Hazrat Usman
- Hazrat Usman voted was Hazrat Ali
- Hazrat Zubair mentioned both Hazrat Usman and Hazrat Ali
- Hazrat Saad supported Hazrat Usman
- Opinion of other prominent men was also asked
- Majority supported Hazrat Usman
- He bamce Khalifa
- Hazrat Abdur rahman took the first Bayyat
- Hazrat Ali RA was the second
- All other companions did the same
- Hazrat Usman became third Khalifa of Islam on 4th Muharram 24 AH
- Hazrat Umar nominated 6 man committee on death bed
-
Conquests in East and West
- Enemies thought that it would be easy to win territories back from Hazrat Usman
- He was kind hearted
- There were uprisings in different areas of Persia and Byzantine empire
- Hazrat Usman proved a strong military leader
- Organized great military campaigns
- Crushed all revolts within 1 year
- All of North Africa conquered
- Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco conquered
- Cyprus was also conquered
- Hazrat Usman had great reputation
- People loved him
Islamic empire expanded from Morocco to Kabul
- Enemies thought that it would be easy to win territories back from Hazrat Usman
-
Causes of Revolt Against Hazrat Usman
- First 8 years were glorious
- Last 4 years saw issues
-
Reasons
- Different tribes and nationalities in Muslim states
- Did not know the real essence of Islam
- Jews expelled from Madinah and Khyber
- Conspiracies against Muslims
- Hazrat Usman expelled conspirators from Kufa and Basra
- Situation worsened as they spread to other areas
- Some jews converted to Islam but were hypocrites and wanted to destroy Islam
- Divide the Muslim Umma from within
- Abdullah Bin Saba was leader
- Jew from Yemen
- He posed as Muslim
- Was enemy of Islam
- Used name of Hazrat Ali to cause uprisings against Hazrat Usman
- Created two parties
- Those who supported Hazrat Ali
- Those who supported Hazrat Usman
- He was initially in Kufa, then went to Basra, Kufa, Damascus and Egypt
- Muslims started having issues in religious matters
- Quraish had rivalry and jealousies
- Banu Hashim and Banu Umayyad
- Weakened Hazrat Usman’s power
- Tribal jealousies increased
- Hazrat Usman RA was too kind
- He was lenient and very kind hearted
- Different tribes and nationalities in Muslim states
-
Charges against Hazrat Usman RA
- Appointment of Inefficient relatives on high posts
- False allegation
- All people appointed very extremely skilled
- Also, the provinces where they were appointed were crucial
- The khalifa needed someone who could be fully loyal to him
- Muawiya
- Appointed by Hazrat Umar as governor of Syria
- He was allowed to continue in office
- He was an able ruler and administrator
- Abdullah bin Saad
- Foster brother of Hazrat Usman
- Governor of Egypt by Hazrat Umar
- Allowed to continue in office
- Was able governor
- All of north Africa was conquered in his rule
- Saad Bin Abi Waqas
- Appointed in Kufa
- He was changed with Walid bin Uqba because the situation got out of his hands
- Served people best for 5 years
- Successful campaigns in Azerbaijan and Armenia
- He was disposed on request of Kufis
- Abu Musa Ashari was deposed on demands of people of Basra
- Abdullah Bn Amir
- Coursin of Hazrat Usman
- All of Fars, Seestan and Khurasan were conquered
- Hazrat Usman was alleged to be weak
- People accused that governors were given too much free hand
- Reality was that Hazrat Usman trusted them completely
- Hazrat Usman removed some restrictions on governors that were placed by Hazrat Umar
- People accused Hazrat Usman that he burned the Quran
- Not true
- The reason was Quranic text had to be standardized
- Only unauthentic copies were burnt
- Hazrat Usman gave convincing reply to all charges
- Major companions were satisfied with his explanation including Hazrat Ali RA
- Rebels wanted to depose the Khalifa
- Rebels from Egypt Kfa and Basra marched on Madinah
- Hazrat Ali RA argued and convinced them to go back
- 2 conditions were accepted
- Removal of Abdullah Bin Sa’ad as governor of Egypt
- Appointment of Muhammad bin Abu Bakr in his place
- 2 conditions were accepted
- Appointment of Inefficient relatives on high posts
-
Martyrdom
- Rebels returned to Madinah after 4 days
- Said they wanted revenge
- Accused Khalifa of ordering the killing of Muhammad Bin Abu Bakr upon returning to Egypt
- Hazrat Usman RA swore he had not passed any such order
- Rebels said he should either abdicate or be deposed
- Rebels besieged him
- No food and water reached his house
- Hazrat Ali sent Hazrat Hassan and Hussain RA and Hazrat Zubair sent his son Abdullah RA to protect the khalifa
- Some companions offered to fight the rebels
- Hazrat Usman RA did not want to shed Muslim blood
- Siege lasted for 50 days
- Rebels entered his house
- Hazrat Usman was reciting the Quran
- He was killed and his wife, Naila’s, fingers were cut off in an attempt to save the Khalifa
- His blood fell on verse 137 of Surah Baqarah as prophesied by Prophet PBUH
- The martyrdom occurred on 18th Zil Hajj 35 AH
- Buried in Jannat Al Baqi in Madinah
- The Islam empire lost its unity after his death
- Resulted in first Civil war amongst Muslims
- Damascus began to gain importance over Madinah
-
Administration
- Followed the Sunna of Prophet PBUH
- Continued arrangements made of Hazrat Umar
- He created more provinces
- Majlis E Shuro was maintained
- Periodic conferences of District authorities were started
- Heard public complaints after Friday prayers
- Reduced restrictions imposed by Hazrat Umar
- Arabs could buy agricultural land in conquered territories
- Holy Prophet PBUH’s mosque was extended
- Inns, border outposts and guest houses were constructed.
- Dam was built
- Protected Madinah from floods
- Built highways and roads
- First Muslim naval fleet of 500 ships was built during his time
- More land set apart for horse grazing
- Increased salaries of officers and army
- Increased allowance of people by 25 percent
- Islam reached India in his time
-
Services
- The official copies of Quran
- Jami Al Quran
- Did not take up sword against rebel
- Wanted Muslim solidarity
- The official copies of Quran
-
Character
- High standard of moral character
- Modest and humble
- He was extremely generous
- He never allowed his behavior to offend anyone
- He was very popular due to his qualities
- Even was given 2 daughters of Holy Prophet PBUH in marriage due to outstanding character
- He led a chaste life before Islam as well
- He did not indulge in any life luxury
- Was simple
- Soft-spoken and kind-hearted
- His faith was steadfast
- He had all the virtues of a good Muslim
Hazrat Ali RA
- Life Before Khilafat
- First cousin of Prophet (PBUH)
- Name was suggested by Prophet (PBUH)
- Accompanied on trade journeys
- Second person to become a muslim
- Learnt reading and writing
- Became learned
- Memorized revelations
- Written record of what he heard from Prophet (PBUH)
- He stayed on the Prophet (PBUH)’s bed during the migration
- Muwakhat – he was declared as the Prophet (PBUH)’s brother
- Married Hazrat Fatima RA
- Gate of Knowledge
- He was consulted on important matters by first 3 khalifas
- During the apostasy wars, he protected the capital
- He was chief justice and member of the Majlis-e-Shura
- He ordered his sons to protect Hazrat Usman RA during the siege
- Election as Khalifa
- Confusion in Madina after the death of Hazrat Usman RA for 4 days.
- The rebels decided to return home but needed a new Khalifa
- 3 groups – each favored Hazrat Ali, Zubair and Talha respectively
- Egyptians and other prominent companions requested Hazrat Ali RA, he declined
- Then both Hazrat Talha and Zubair also declined
- Ansars declined as well saying no one is more suited than Hazrat Ali RA
- Ultimatum was given that 24 hours a Khalifa must be selected to avoid drastic action
- Muslims determined that Hazrat Ali was the best option aat that point.
- Hazrat Talha, Zubair and other notable muslims performed the Bayyat.
- There was a general Bayyat on 25th of Zil Hajj in Prophet’s Mosque
- Change of Governors
- Decided to remove the governors appointed by Hazrat Usman and appoint new ones
- He was advised not to do so before establishing himself as the Khalifa, especially with regards to Hazrat Muawiya, the Governor of Syria
- As he was made governor by Hazrat Umar
- Suhail bin Hanif appointed as governor of Syria, Sa’ad bin Ubaidah as governor of Egypt, Ummara bin Shahab as Governor of Kufa, Usman bin Hanif as Governor of Basra, and Abdullah bin Abbas as Governor of Yemen.
- Ummara bin Shahab has to return to Madinah without assuming office
- Suhail bin Hanif was met by Syrian army at Tabuk who said they did not acknowledge Hazrat Ali RA as khalifa.
- Administrative issues in Syria and Kufa at the start of the Khilafat
- Battle of Camel (Jamal)
- Madina was not peaceful even after the selection of the Khalifa
- Umayyads were strong in Syria
- They showed the blood-strained clothes of Hazrat Usman RA and the fingers of his wife in the mosque of Damascus and asked for revenge
- They asked that the new Khalifa punished the assassins.
- However, Hazrat Ali RA realized that first peace must be established before taking such a step or the hypocrites will create huge problems
- Hazrat Talha and Zubair RA were also angry on the fact that assassins are not being punished, and asked Hazrat Ayesha RA to join in the army to ask for revenge.
- They raised an army.
- Hazrat Ali RA’s son Hazrat Hassan RA raised an army for Kufa of 10,000 men
- The armies fought in Basra
- First, there were assurances that issues will be solved
- However, evidence was required
- Mischief-makers broke the negotiations.
- Thousands of Muslims were killed
- Hazrat Talha and Zubair RA were myrtired
- Hazrat Ayesha RA’s camel came down.
- She was treated with respect.
- Her brother Muhammad Bin Abu Bakr took her to Madinah
- Hazrat Ali RA became acknowledged as the Khalifa
- First civil war of Islam
- Battle of Siffin
- Hazrat Muawiya said that the election of Hazrat Ali was illegal as it was done under pressure of the rebels who assassinated Hazrat Usman RA.
- Criticized Hazrat Ali RA for the ill treatment of Hazrat Aisha.
- He gained strength to fight with Hazrat Ali RA
- Hazrat Ali RA wrote a letter to him that he should accept because the same people who elected first three Khalifas selected him.
- Still, a war became inevitable
- The khalifa raised an army of 80 to 90 thousand men.
- Hazrat Mauwiya RA also had a large army.
- Months passed with no battle.
- Messengers were sent to Hazrat Mauwiya to submit for the unity of Islam
- Hazrat Muawiya asked for the assassins for Hazrat Usman RA
- 8th of Safar 37th AH the battle started
- 4th day, Hazrat Ali army was winning
- To avid a crushing defeat, the soldiers in front ranks had Quranic verses on their lances as war ceasing
- Although Hazrat Ali warned his men, people stopped fighting.
- Matter was referred to arbitration
- Hazrat Abu Musa Ashari on behalf of Hazrat Ali and Hazrat Amr bin Aas on behalf of Hazrat Muawiya
- Hazrat Ali RA left Siffin for Kufa
- He was sad that many Muslims were killed
- Karjites sect was born
- Kharjites
- Outgoers or separatists
- They were against Hazrat Usman
- Involved in his murder
- He allied with Hazrat Ali in Siffin and Camel
- They forced Hazrat Ali to ceasefire with Hazrat Muawiya
- They said they want kingdom of Allah on Earth
- They considered only themselves as true believers
- 12,000 separated and marched towards Harwara where they formed a party
- They were separated from the main body of the Muslims
- Arbitration
- Dumat-ul-Jandal
- Between Kufa and Damascus
- Both will be deposed and new Khalifa
- But Hazrat Amr said that Muawiya RA will retain the post
- The decision was rejected
- Another was became inevitable
- Nahrawan
- Kharjites assembled at Nahrawan
- Create problems
- Hazrat Ali fought them at Nahrawann
- Only a few out of the 4000 Kharijites survived
- They determined to take revenge
- Hazrat Ali’s focus diverted from Muawiya
- Paved way for his assassination
- Fall of Egypt
- Hazrat Ali’s troops deserted him
- Hazrat Muawiya asked Amr Bin Aas to invade Egypt
- He took the area
- Rebellions broke out all over the land
- A treaty was decided with Muawiya
- He would rule over Syria and Egypt
- Rest of the empire Hazrat Ali
- Martyrdom
- Kharijites wanted to take revenge
- They decided in 40 AH in Makkah that if Hazrat Muawiya, Ali and Amr Bin Aas are killed simultaneously then all problems will solve
- Abdur Rehman bin Muljim attacekd Hazrat Ali RA with poisonous sword
- During morning prayers in kufa
- Fatal wound
- He died on 21st of Ramazan
- Hazrat Hassan killed Ibn Muljim the next day
- According to Hazrat Ali’s will
- Most people think he was buried in Najaf
- No one was named as successor
- Administration
- Civil wars
- First 3 Khalifas
- Jews Banished ffrom Hijaz to Najran were not allowed to come back as decided by Hazrat Umar
- Same divisions of provinces as under Hazrat Umar
- Capital was changed to Kufa
- Governors and officers were changed
- Paid attention to army requirements
- Fortresses and cantonments were built
- Safeguarding state treasury
- Strict watch on officers who administered justice
- Watched the price sin market
- Took care of non Muslims as well
- Character
- Embodiment of Islamic values
- Asabdullah
- Haider E Karrar
- Memorized the Quran
- Truthful
- Charity
- Humble
- City of Knowledge
- No Harshness towards murderer
- Kill with one blow
- Valiant in battle
- Great warrior
- True friend
- Generous foe
- Lion of God
- Gate of Knowledge
- One of the greatest Muslims
