1. Core Concept: What Is Ischemic Heart Disease? Ischemic heart disease represents a spectrum of myocardial disorders caused by an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Exam anchor line:Ischemic heart disease results from reduced coronary blood flow leading to …
1. Core Concept: Malignant Vascular Tumours Malignant tumours of blood vessels are aggressive neoplasms derived from endothelial cells with a strong tendency for: Local tissue destruction Early hematogenous spread Poor prognosis Exam anchor line:Malignant vascular tumours are aggressive endothelial neoplasms …
PART 1 — Classification, General Pathogenesis & Hemangiomas 1. Core Concept: Vascular Tumours — Pathology Framework Tumours of blood vessels arise from: Endothelial cells Pericytes Vascular smooth muscle They are broadly classified into: Benign Intermediate (borderline / locally aggressive) Malignant …
PART 1 — Early Symptoms, Local Venous Changes & Functional Complaints 1. Core Concept: What “Clinical Features” Encompass Clinical features of varicose veins include: Subjective symptoms felt by the patient Objective signs visible or palpable on examination Functional consequences of …
PART 1 — Constitutional, Genetic & Anatomical Factors (Foundation of Disease) 1. Core Concept: What “Predisposing Factors” Actually Mean Predisposing factors are conditions or characteristics that increase the likelihood of venous valve failure and venous hypertension, thereby setting the stage …
PART 1 — Lower Limb Venous System (Primary & High-Yield Sites) 1. Core Concept: Why “Common Sites” Matter in Varicose Veins Varicose veins are not randomly distributed.They occur at anatomically and hemodynamically vulnerable venous segments where: Venous pressure is high …
PART 1 — General Presentation, Asymptomatic Phase & Local Mass Effects 1. General Overview of Clinical Presentation (How These Patients Present) Atherosclerotic aneurysms are clinically deceptive. They often remain silent for years Symptoms usually appear only when: The aneurysm becomes …
PART 1 — Gross Morphology (External + Cut Surface) & Pattern Recognition 1. What “Morphological Features” Means in Pathology (Exam Clarity) When examiners ask for morphological features of atherosclerotic aneurysm, they expect: Gross morphology External appearance Shape Location Cut surface …
PART 1 — Fundamental Vessel Classification & Predilection of Atherosclerotic Aneurysms 1. Conceptual Overview: Why Vessel Type Matters in Aneurysm Formation Atherosclerotic aneurysms do not involve all arteries equally.Their distribution is determined by: Structure of the vessel wall Thickness and …
PART 1 — Foundational Mechanisms, Initiation & Medial Ischemic Injury 1. Core Principle of Pathogenesis (Must Be Crystal Clear) The pathogenesis of an atherosclerotic aneurysm is fundamentally different from the pathogenesis of ischemic vascular disease. Atherosclerotic aneurysm forms due to …