1. Anatomy Relevant to Nasal Trauma (ENT Ultra-High Yield) Trauma to the external nose is one of the most common ENT emergencies. To manage it correctly, ENT surgeons must know the anatomy with surgical precision, because small anatomical differences determine …
1. Definition (ENT Mandatory Statement) Encephalocoele is a congenital skull-base or cranial defect through which brain tissue + meninges + CSF herniate outside the cranial cavity. If ONLY meninges herniate → meningocoele. If meninges + CSF herniate without brain tissue …
1. Definition (Ultra-Clear ENT Format) Meningiocoele is a neural tube closure defect in which meninges herniate through a bony defect in the skull base. The herniating sac contains CSF + meninges only (NO brain parenchyma). When brain tissue is also …
1. Definition Choanal atresia is a congenital failure of the posterior nasal aperture (choana) to open, resulting in complete or partial obstruction between: Nasal cavity anteriorly Nasopharynx posteriorly It may involve: Bone Membrane A combination of both Because newborns are …
1. Overview – Congenital Lesions of the External Nose Congenital anomalies of the external nose arise from disruption of embryological development between the 4th and 10th weeks of intrauterine life. These defects may involve: Skin Cartilage Bone Nasal cavity Nasal …
Approach To ENT Nose & Sinus History Taking General Principles History must be structured, symptom-directed, and anatomically correlated. Each symptom should be explored with: Duration Mode of onset Progression Aggravating/relieving factors Laterality Associated symptoms ENT history often reveals the diagnosis …
Embryology Of The Nose Origin Of Nasal Structures Begins around 4th week of intrauterine life Arises from frontonasal prominence Nasal placodes develop on lateral aspects of frontonasal prominence Nasal Placode Development Invaginates to form nasal pits Nasal pits deepen → …