- 4 Sections
- 350 Lessons
- Lifetime
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- Notes + Written Material For Contents of The SyllabusNotes for Chapters + Written Resources Regarding The Content110
- 1.1English Legal System And Its Context: Legal Systems Around The World – Civil Law (Codified), Common Law, Customary Law, Religious Law, Mixed Legal Systems (Copy)
- 1.2English Legal System And Its Context: Adversarial And Inquisitorial Systems (Copy)
- 1.3English Legal System And Its Context: The Rule Of Law And Its Application To Law Making, The Legal System And Substantive Law (Copy)
- 1.4English Legal System And Its Context: The Difference Between Civil And Criminal Law (Copy)
- 1.5English Legal System And Its Context: The Relationship Between Law And Morality (Copy)
- 1.6English Legal System And Its Context: Law And Justice (Copy)
- 1.7English Legal System And Its Context: The Role Of Law In Society (Copy)
- 1.8English Legal System And Its Context: The Importance Of Fault In Civil And Criminal Law (Copy)
- 1.9Parliamentary Law Making: The Legislative Process From Green Paper To Royal Assent, Role Of The House Of Commons And The House Of Lords In The Process, Different Types Of Bill (Copy)
- 1.10Parliamentary Law Making: Parliamentary Supremacy (Copy)
- 1.11Parliamentary Law Making: Influences On Parliament – Political Pressure, Public Opinion, Pressure Groups, Media (Copy)
- 1.12Parliamentary Law Making: The Role And Composition Of The Law Commission (Copy)
- 1.13Delegated Legislation: Types Of Delegated Legislation – Orders In Council, Statutory Instruments And Bylaws (Copy)
- 1.14Delegated Legislation: The Legislative And Regulatory Reform Act 2006 (Copy)
- 1.15Delegated Legislation: Parliamentary Controls On Delegated Legislation – Pre-Drafting Consultation, Scrutiny Committees, Affirmative And Negative Resolution (Copy)
- 1.16Delegated Legislation: Court Controls On Delegated Legislation – Judicial Review, Locus Standi, Procedural Ultra Vires, Substantive Ultra Vires, And Unreasonableness (Copy)
- 1.17Statutory Interpretation: The Common Law Rules Of Interpretation – Literal, Golden, Mischief, And Purposive Approach (Copy)
- 1.18Statutory Interpretation: Rules Of Language – Ejusdem Generis, Expressio Unius Exclusio Alterius, Noscitur A Sociis (Copy)
- 1.19Statutory Interpretation: Intrinsic Aids To Interpretation – Preamble, Long And Short Titles, Headings, Schedules, Marginal Notes, Interpretation Sections (Copy)
- 1.20Statutory Interpretation: Extrinsic Aids To Interpretation – Previous Acts On The Same Topic, Earlier Case Law, The Historical Setting, Dictionaries Of The Time, Hansard, Reports Of Law Reform Bodies, International Treaties (Copy)
- 1.21Statutory Interpretation: The Impact Of European Union Law And Of The Human Rights Act 1998 On Statutory Interpretation (Copy)
- 1.22Judicial Precedent: The Doctrine Of Judicial Precedent (Copy)
- 1.23Judicial Precedent: Ratio Decidendi, Obiter Dicta And Law Reporting (Copy)
- 1.24Judicial Precedent: Binding, Original And Persuasive Precedents (Copy)
- 1.25Judicial Precedent: The Hierarchy Of The Courts (Copy)
- 1.26Judicial Precedent: The Supreme Court And Use Of The Practice Statement (Copy)
- 1.27Judicial Precedent: The Court Of Appeal And The Exceptions In Young V Bristol Aeroplane Co (1944) (Copy)
- 1.28Judicial Precedent: Avoidance Techniques – Overruling, Reversing And Distinguishing (Copy)
- 1.29Civil Courts And Civil Process: Role And Jurisdiction Of Magistrates’ Court, County Court, High Court, Court Of Appeal, Supreme Court (Copy)
- 1.30Civil Courts And Civil Process: The Woolf Reforms (Copy)
- 1.31Civil Courts And Civil Process: Pre-Trial Procedures (Copy)
- 1.32Civil Courts And Civil Process: Allocation Of Cases – Small Claims, Fast And Multi-Track (Copy)
- 1.33Civil Courts And Civil Process: Appeals (Copy)
- 1.34Alternative Methods Of Dispute Resolution: Negotiation, Conciliation And Mediation (Copy)
- 1.35Alternative Methods Of Dispute Resolution: Arbitration, Arbitration Act 1996, Scott V Avery Clauses (Copy)
- 1.36Criminal Courts And Criminal Process: Role And Jurisdiction Of Magistrates’ Court And Crown Court (Copy)
- 1.37Criminal Courts And Criminal Process: Classification Of Criminal Offences – Summary, Triable Either Way And Indictable (Copy)
- 1.38Criminal Courts And Criminal Process: Pre-Trial Process For Summary, Triable Either Way And Indictable Offences (Copy)
- 1.39Criminal Courts And Criminal Process: Appeals (Copy)
- 1.40Criminal Courts And Criminal Process: Police Bail – Police And Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE), Criminal Justice And Public Order Act 1994 (Copy)
- 1.41Criminal Courts And Criminal Process: Bail From The Court – Bail Act 1976 (Copy)
- 1.42Criminal Courts And Criminal Process: Factors And Conditions For Bail (Copy)
- 1.43Police Powers: Stop And Search – Ss1–7 Police And Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE); PACE Code A; Misuse Of Drugs Act 1971; Terrorism Act 2000 (Copy)
- 1.44Police Powers: Arrest – S24 PACE, As Amended By Serious Organised Crime And Police Act 2005; PACE Code G (Copy)
- 1.45Police Powers: Detention Of Suspects At Police Stations – Time Limits (Ss34–46 PACE; PACE Code C); Rights Of The Detained Person (S56 PACE; PACE Code C); Appropriate Adult (PACE Code C); Interviews (S60 And S60A PACE; PACE Codes E And F) (Copy)
- 1.46Police Powers: Treatment Of Suspects At Police Stations – Searches (S54 And S55 PACE; PACE Code C); Fingerprints (S61 PACE); Samples (S62 And S63 PACE); Physical Conditions Of Interview Room (PACE Code C); Role Of The Custody Officer (PACE Code C) (Copy)
- 1.47Police Powers: Impact Of The Breach Of These Rules – Statements Obtained Through Oppression (S76 PACE); Exclusion Of Evidence (S78 PACE) (Copy)
- 1.48The Judiciary – Superior And Inferior Judges: Qualifications (Copy)
- 1.49The Judiciary – Superior And Inferior Judges: Selection And Appointment (Copy)
- 1.50The Judiciary – Superior And Inferior Judges: Role (Copy)
- 1.51The Judiciary – Superior And Inferior Judges: Training (Copy)
- 1.52The Judiciary – Superior And Inferior Judges: Retirement And Removal (Copy)
- 1.53The Judiciary – Superior And Inferior Judges: Independence (Copy)
- 1.54Legal Professionals: Barristers, Solicitors And Legal Executives (Copy)
- 1.55Legal Professionals: Qualifications (Copy)
- 1.56Legal Professionals: Training (Copy)
- 1.57Legal Professionals: Role (Copy)
- 1.58Legal Professionals: Regulation – The Bar Council, Bar Standards Board, The Law Society, Solicitors Regulation Authority, Legal Ombudsman (Copy)
- 1.59Lay Personnel: Role Of Lay Magistrates In Civil And Criminal Cases (Copy)
- 1.60Lay Personnel: Qualifications (Copy)
- 1.61Lay Personnel: Selection And Appointment (Copy)
- 1.62Lay Personnel: Training (Copy)
- 1.63Lay Personnel: Jury Role In Criminal Courts (Copy)
- 1.64Lay Personnel: Qualifications For Jury Service (Copy)
- 1.65Lay Personnel: Vetting And Challenges (Copy)
- 1.66Lay Personnel: Alternatives To The Use Of The Jury (Copy)
- 1.67Actus Reus: Actus Reus As The Conduct Element Of A Crime (Copy)
- 1.68Actus Reus: Actus Reus By Omission (Copy)
- 1.69Actus Reus: Causation (Copy)
- 1.70Mens Rea: Mens Rea As The Mental Element Of A Crime (Copy)
- 1.71Mens Rea: Intention – Direct And Indirect/Oblique (Copy)
- 1.72Mens Rea: Recklessness (Copy)
- 1.73Theft As Defined In S1 Theft Act 1968: S2 – Dishonesty (Copy)
- 1.74Theft As Defined In S1 Theft Act 1968: S3 – Appropriation (Copy)
- 1.75Theft As Defined In S1 Theft Act 1968: S4 – Property (Copy)
- 1.76Theft As Defined In S1 Theft Act 1968: S5 – Belonging To Another (Copy)
- 1.77Theft As Defined In S1 Theft Act 1968: S6 – Intention To Permanently Deprive (Copy)
- 1.78Theft As Defined In S1 Theft Act 1968: S7 – Sentencing (Copy)
- 1.79Robbery As Defined In S8 Theft Act 1968: Actus Reus (Copy)
- 1.80Robbery As Defined In S8 Theft Act 1968: Mens Rea (Copy)
- 1.81Robbery As Defined In S8 Theft Act 1968: Sentencing (Copy)
- 1.82Burglary As Defined In S9 Theft Act 1968: S9(1)(a) And (2) – Actus Reus And Mens Rea (Copy)
- 1.83Burglary As Defined In S9 Theft Act 1968: S9(1)(b) – Actus Reus And Mens Rea (Copy)
- 1.84Burglary As Defined In S9 Theft Act 1968: S9(3) – Sentencing (Copy)
- 1.85Burglary As Defined In S9 Theft Act 1968: S9(4) – A Building (Copy)
- 1.86Burglary As Defined In S9 Theft Act 1968: Aggravated Burglary As Defined In S10 Theft Act 1968 (Copy)
- 1.87Blackmail As Defined In S21 Theft Act 1968: Actus Reus (Copy)
- 1.88Blackmail As Defined In S21 Theft Act 1968: Mens Rea (Copy)
- 1.89Blackmail As Defined In S21 Theft Act 1968: Sentencing (Copy)
- 1.90Handling Stolen Goods As Defined In S22 Theft Act 1968: Actus Reus (Copy)
- 1.91Handling Stolen Goods As Defined In S22 Theft Act 1968: Mens Rea (Copy)
- 1.92Handling Stolen Goods As Defined In S22 Theft Act 1968: Sentencing (Copy)
- 1.93Making Off Without Payment As Defined In S3 Theft Act 1978: Actus Reus (Copy)
- 1.94Making Off Without Payment As Defined In S3 Theft Act 1978: Mens Rea (Copy)
- 1.95Making Off Without Payment As Defined In S3 Theft Act 1978: S4 – Sentencing (Copy)
- 1.96Criminal Damage As Defined In Criminal Damage Act 1971: S1 – Destroying Or Damaging Property – Actus Reus And Mens Rea (Copy)
- 1.97Criminal Damage As Defined In Criminal Damage Act 1971: S2 – Threats To Destroy Or Damage Property – Actus Reus And Mens Rea (Copy)
- 1.98Criminal Damage As Defined In Criminal Damage Act 1971: S3 – Possessing Anything With Intent To Destroy Or Damage Property – Actus Reus And Mens Rea (Copy)
- 1.99Criminal Damage As Defined In Criminal Damage Act 1971: S4 – Sentencing (Copy)
- 1.100Criminal Damage As Defined In Criminal Damage Act 1971: S5 – ‘Without Lawful Excuse’ (Copy)
- 1.101Fraud As Defined In The Fraud Act 2006: S2 – Fraud By False Representation – Actus Reus And Mens Rea (Copy)
- 1.102Fraud As Defined In The Fraud Act 2006: S3 – Fraud By Failing To Disclose Information – Actus Reus And Mens Rea (Copy)
- 1.103Fraud As Defined In The Fraud Act 2006: S11 – Obtaining Services Dishonestly – Actus Reus And Mens Rea (Copy)
- 1.104Fraud As Defined In The Fraud Act 2006: S4 – Fraud By Abuse Of Position – Actus Reus And Mens Rea (Copy)
- 1.105Adult Offenders: Types Of Sentence – Custodial, Community, Fines And Discharges (Copy)
- 1.106Adult Offenders: Factors In Sentencing (Copy)
- 1.107Young Offenders: Types Of Sentence – Custodial And Community, Parental Responsibility (Copy)
- 1.108Young Offenders: Factors In Sentencing (Copy)
- 1.109Aims Of Sentencing – What Sentences Are Trying To Achieve: Adult Offenders (Copy)
- 1.110Aims Of Sentencing – What Sentences Are Trying To Achieve: Young Offenders (Copy)
- Notes (Rearranged Version)Notes Arranged In A Different Style For Preparation Ease22
- 2.1English Legal System And Its Context (Copy)
- 2.2Parliamentary Law Making (Copy)
- 2.3Delegated Legislation (Copy)
- 2.4Statutory Interpretation (Copy)
- 2.5Judicial Precedent (Copy)
- 2.6Civil Courts And Civil Process (Copy)
- 2.7Alternative Methods of Dispute Resolution (Copy)
- 2.8Criminal Courts And Criminal Process (Copy)
- 2.9Police Powers (Copy)
- 2.10The Judiciary – Superior And Inferior Judges (Copy)
- 2.11Legal Professionals (Copy)
- 2.12Lay Personnel (Copy)
- 2.13Actus Reus And Mens Rea (Copy)
- 2.14Theft As Defined In s1 Theft Act 1968 (Copy)
- 2.15Robbery As Defined In S8 Theft Act 1968 (Copy)
- 2.16Burglary As Defined In S9 Theft Act 1968 (Copy)
- 2.17Blackmail As Defined In S21 Theft Act 1968 (Copy)
- 2.18Handling Stolen Goods As Defined In S22 Theft Act 1968 (Copy)
- 2.19Making Off Without Payment As Defined In S3 Theft Act 1978 (Copy)
- 2.20Criminal Damage As Defined In Criminal Damage Act 1971 (Copy)
- 2.21Fraud As Defined In The Fraud Act 2006 (Copy)
- 2.22Adult Offenders | Young Offenders | Aims of Sentencing (Copy)
- Case Precedents & Statutes Sheet109
- 3.1English Legal System And Its Context: Legal Systems Around The World – Civil Law (Codified), Common Law, Customary Law, Religious Law, Mixed Legal Systems (Copy)
- 3.2English Legal System And Its Context: Adversarial And Inquisitorial Systems (Copy)
- 3.3English Legal System And Its Context: The Rule Of Law And Its Application To Law Making, The Legal System And Substantive Law (Copy)
- 3.4English Legal System And Its Context: The Difference Between Civil And Criminal Law (Copy)
- 3.5English Legal System And Its Context: The Relationship Between Law And Morality (Copy)
- 3.6English Legal System And Its Context: Law And Justice (Copy)
- 3.7English Legal System And Its Context: The Role Of Law In Society (Copy)
- 3.8English Legal System And Its Context: The Importance Of Fault In Civil And Criminal Law (Copy)
- 3.9Parliamentary Law Making: The Legislative Process From Green Paper To Royal Assent, Role Of The House Of Commons And The House Of Lords In The Process, Different Types Of Bill (Copy)
- 3.10Parliamentary Law Making: Parliamentary Supremacy (Copy)
- 3.11Parliamentary Law Making: Influences On Parliament – Political Pressure, Public Opinion, Pressure Groups, Media (Copy)
- 3.12Parliamentary Law Making: The Role And Composition Of The Law Commission (Copy)
- 3.13Delegated Legislation: Types Of Delegated Legislation – Orders In Council, Statutory Instruments And Bylaws (Copy)
- 3.14Delegated Legislation: The Legislative And Regulatory Reform Act 2006 (Copy)
- 3.15Delegated Legislation: Parliamentary Controls On Delegated Legislation – Pre-Drafting Consultation, Scrutiny Committees, Affirmative And Negative Resolution (Copy)
- 3.16Delegated Legislation: Court Controls On Delegated Legislation – Judicial Review, Locus Standi, Procedural Ultra Vires, Substantive Ultra Vires, And Unreasonableness (Copy)
- 3.17Statutory Interpretation: The Common Law Rules Of Interpretation – Literal, Golden, Mischief, And Purposive Approach (Copy)
- 3.18Statutory Interpretation: Rules Of Language – Ejusdem Generis, Expressio Unius Exclusio Alterius, Noscitur A Sociis (Copy)
- 3.19Statutory Interpretation: Intrinsic Aids To Interpretation – Preamble, Long And Short Titles, Headings, Schedules, Marginal Notes, Interpretation Sections (Copy)
- 3.20Statutory Interpretation: Extrinsic Aids To Interpretation – Previous Acts On The Same Topic, Earlier Case Law, The Historical Setting, Dictionaries Of The Time, Hansard, Reports Of Law Reform Bodies, International Treaties (Copy)
- 3.21Statutory Interpretation: The Impact Of European Union Law And Of The Human Rights Act 1998 On Statutory Interpretation (Copy)
- 3.22Judicial Precedent: The Doctrine Of Judicial Precedent (Copy)
- 3.23Judicial Precedent: Ratio Decidendi, Obiter Dicta And Law Reporting (Copy)
- 3.24Judicial Precedent: Binding, Original And Persuasive Precedents (Copy)
- 3.25Judicial Precedent: The Hierarchy Of The Courts (Copy)
- 3.26Judicial Precedent: The Supreme Court And Use Of The Practice Statement (Copy)
- 3.27Judicial Precedent: The Court Of Appeal And The Exceptions In Young V Bristol Aeroplane Co (1944) (Copy)
- 3.28Judicial Precedent: Avoidance Techniques – Overruling, Reversing And Distinguishing (Copy)
- 3.29Civil Courts And Civil Process: Role And Jurisdiction Of Magistrates’ Court, County Court, High Court, Court Of Appeal, Supreme Court (Copy)
- 3.30Civil Courts And Civil Process: The Woolf Reforms (Copy)
- 3.31Civil Courts And Civil Process: Pre-Trial Procedures (Copy)
- 3.32Civil Courts And Civil Process: Allocation Of Cases – Small Claims, Fast And Multi-Track (Copy)
- 3.33Civil Courts And Civil Process: Appeals (Copy)
- 3.34Alternative Methods Of Dispute Resolution: Negotiation, Conciliation And Mediation (Copy)
- 3.35Alternative Methods Of Dispute Resolution: Arbitration, Arbitration Act 1996, Scott V Avery Clauses (Copy)
- 3.36Criminal Courts And Criminal Process: Role And Jurisdiction Of Magistrates’ Court And Crown Court (Copy)
- 3.37Criminal Courts And Criminal Process: Classification Of Criminal Offences – Summary, Triable Either Way And Indictable (Copy)
- 3.38Criminal Courts And Criminal Process: Pre-Trial Process For Summary, Triable Either Way And Indictable Offences (Copy)
- 3.39Criminal Courts And Criminal Process: Appeals (Copy)
- 3.40Criminal Courts And Criminal Process: Police Bail – Police And Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE), Criminal Justice And Public Order Act 1994 (Copy)
- 3.41Criminal Courts And Criminal Process: Bail From The Court – Bail Act 1976 (Copy)
- 3.42Criminal Courts And Criminal Process: Factors And Conditions For Bail (Copy)
- 3.43Police Powers: Stop And Search – Ss1–7 Police And Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE); PACE Code A; Misuse Of Drugs Act 1971; Terrorism Act 2000 (Copy)
- 3.44Police Powers: Arrest – S24 PACE, As Amended By Serious Organised Crime And Police Act 2005; PACE Code G (Copy)
- 3.45Police Powers: Detention Of Suspects At Police Stations – Time Limits (Ss34–46 PACE; PACE Code C); Rights Of The Detained Person (S56 PACE; PACE Code C); Appropriate Adult (PACE Code C); Interviews (S60 And S60A PACE; PACE Codes E And F) (Copy)
- 3.46Police Powers: Treatment Of Suspects At Police Stations – Searches (S54 And S55 PACE; PACE Code C); Fingerprints (S61 PACE); Samples (S62 And S63 PACE); Physical Conditions Of Interview Room (PACE Code C); Role Of The Custody Officer (PACE Code C) (Copy)
- 3.47Police Powers: Impact Of The Breach Of These Rules – Statements Obtained Through Oppression (S76 PACE); Exclusion Of Evidence (S78 PACE) (Copy)
- 3.48The Judiciary – Superior And Inferior Judges: Selection And Appointment (Copy)
- 3.49The Judiciary – Superior And Inferior Judges: Role (Copy)
- 3.50The Judiciary – Superior And Inferior Judges: Training (Copy)
- 3.51The Judiciary – Superior And Inferior Judges: Retirement And Removal (Copy)
- 3.52The Judiciary – Superior And Inferior Judges: Independence (Copy)
- 3.53Legal Professionals: Barristers, Solicitors And Legal Executives (Copy)
- 3.54Legal Professionals: Qualifications (Copy)
- 3.55Legal Professionals: Training (Copy)
- 3.56Legal Professionals: Role (Copy)
- 3.57Legal Professionals: Regulation – The Bar Council, Bar Standards Board, The Law Society, Solicitors Regulation Authority, Legal Ombudsman (Copy)
- 3.58Lay Personnel: Role Of Lay Magistrates In Civil And Criminal Cases (Copy)
- 3.59Lay Personnel: Qualifications (Copy)
- 3.60Lay Personnel: Selection And Appointment (Copy)
- 3.61Lay Personnel: Training (Copy)
- 3.62Lay Personnel: Jury Role In Criminal Courts (Copy)
- 3.63Lay Personnel: Qualifications For Jury Service (Copy)
- 3.64Lay Personnel: Vetting And Challenges (Copy)
- 3.65Lay Personnel: Alternatives To The Use Of The Jury (Copy)
- 3.66Actus Reus: Actus Reus As The Conduct Element Of A Crime (Copy)
- 3.67Actus Reus: Actus Reus By Omission (Copy)
- 3.68Actus Reus: Causation (Copy)
- 3.69Mens Rea: Mens Rea As The Mental Element Of A Crime (Copy)
- 3.70Mens Rea: Intention – Direct And Indirect/Oblique (Copy)
- 3.71Mens Rea: Recklessness (Copy)
- 3.72Theft As Defined In S1 Theft Act 1968: S2 – Dishonesty (Copy)
- 3.73Theft As Defined In S1 Theft Act 1968: S3 – Appropriation (Copy)
- 3.74Theft As Defined In S1 Theft Act 1968: S4 – Property (Copy)
- 3.75Theft As Defined In S1 Theft Act 1968: S5 – Belonging To Another (Copy)
- 3.76Theft As Defined In S1 Theft Act 1968: S6 – Intention To Permanently Deprive (Copy)
- 3.77Theft As Defined In S1 Theft Act 1968: S7 – Sentencing (Copy)
- 3.78Robbery As Defined In S8 Theft Act 1968: Actus Reus (Copy)
- 3.79Robbery As Defined In S8 Theft Act 1968: Mens Rea (Copy)
- 3.80Robbery As Defined In S8 Theft Act 1968: Sentencing (Copy)
- 3.81Burglary As Defined In S9 Theft Act 1968: S9(1)(a) And (2) – Actus Reus And Mens Rea (Copy)
- 3.82Burglary As Defined In S9 Theft Act 1968: S9(1)(b) – Actus Reus And Mens Rea (Copy)
- 3.83Burglary As Defined In S9 Theft Act 1968: S9(3) – Sentencing (Copy)
- 3.84Burglary As Defined In S9 Theft Act 1968: S9(4) – A Building (Copy)
- 3.85Burglary As Defined In S9 Theft Act 1968: Aggravated Burglary As Defined In S10 Theft Act 1968 (Copy)
- 3.86Blackmail As Defined In S21 Theft Act 1968: Actus Reus (Copy)
- 3.87Blackmail As Defined In S21 Theft Act 1968: Mens Rea (Copy)
- 3.88Blackmail As Defined In S21 Theft Act 1968: Sentencing (Copy)
- 3.89Handling Stolen Goods As Defined In S22 Theft Act 1968: Actus Reus (Copy)
- 3.90Handling Stolen Goods As Defined In S22 Theft Act 1968: Mens Rea (Copy)
- 3.91Handling Stolen Goods As Defined In S22 Theft Act 1968: Sentencing (Copy)
- 3.92Making Off Without Payment As Defined In S3 Theft Act 1978: Actus Reus (Copy)
- 3.93Making Off Without Payment As Defined In S3 Theft Act 1978: Mens Rea (Copy)
- 3.94Making Off Without Payment As Defined In S3 Theft Act 1978: S4 – Sentencing (Copy)
- 3.95Criminal Damage As Defined In Criminal Damage Act 1971: S1 – Destroying Or Damaging Property – Actus Reus And Mens Rea (Copy)
- 3.96Criminal Damage As Defined In Criminal Damage Act 1971: S2 – Threats To Destroy Or Damage Property – Actus Reus And Mens Rea (Copy)
- 3.97Criminal Damage As Defined In Criminal Damage Act 1971: S3 – Possessing Anything With Intent To Destroy Or Damage Property – Actus Reus And Mens Rea (Copy)
- 3.98Criminal Damage As Defined In Criminal Damage Act 1971: S4 – Sentencing (Copy)
- 3.99Criminal Damage As Defined In Criminal Damage Act 1971: S5 – ‘Without Lawful Excuse’ (Copy)
- 3.100Fraud As Defined In The Fraud Act 2006: S2 – Fraud By False Representation – Actus Reus And Mens Rea (Copy)
- 3.101Fraud As Defined In The Fraud Act 2006: S3 – Fraud By Failing To Disclose Information – Actus Reus And Mens Rea (Copy)
- 3.102Fraud As Defined In The Fraud Act 2006: S11 – Obtaining Services Dishonestly – Actus Reus And Mens Rea (Copy)
- 3.103Fraud As Defined In The Fraud Act 2006: S4 – Fraud By Abuse Of Position – Actus Reus And Mens Rea (Copy)
- 3.104Adult Offenders: Types Of Sentence – Custodial, Community, Fines And Discharges (Copy)
- 3.105Adult Offenders: Factors In Sentencing (Copy)
- 3.106Young Offenders: Types Of Sentence – Custodial And Community, Parental Responsibility (Copy)
- 3.107Young Offenders: Factors In Sentencing (Copy)
- 3.108Aims Of Sentencing – What Sentences Are Trying To Achieve: Adult Offenders (Copy)
- 3.109Aims Of Sentencing – What Sentences Are Trying To Achieve: Young Offenders (Copy)
- Cheat SheetsPractice Questions/ Exams Based Both On Actual Exam Pattern And On Topical Content To Boost Preparation And Improve Performance109
- 4.1English Legal System And Its Context: Legal Systems Around The World – Civil Law (Codified), Common Law, Customary Law, Religious Law, Mixed Legal Systems (Copy)
- 4.2English Legal System And Its Context: Adversarial And Inquisitorial Systems (Copy)
- 4.3English Legal System And Its Context: The Rule Of Law And Its Application To Law Making, The Legal System And Substantive Law (Copy)
- 4.4English Legal System And Its Context: The Difference Between Civil And Criminal Law (Copy)
- 4.5English Legal System And Its Context: The Relationship Between Law And Morality (Copy)
- 4.6English Legal System And Its Context: Law And Justice (Copy)
- 4.7English Legal System And Its Context: The Role Of Law In Society (Copy)
- 4.8English Legal System And Its Context: The Importance Of Fault In Civil And Criminal Law (Copy)
- 4.9Parliamentary Law Making: The Legislative Process From Green Paper To Royal Assent, Role Of The House Of Commons And The House Of Lords In The Process, Different Types Of Bill (Copy)
- 4.10Parliamentary Law Making: Parliamentary Supremacy (Copy)
- 4.11Parliamentary Law Making: Influences On Parliament – Political Pressure, Public Opinion, Pressure Groups, Media (Copy)
- 4.12Parliamentary Law Making: The Role And Composition Of The Law Commission (Copy)
- 4.13Delegated Legislation: Types Of Delegated Legislation – Orders In Council, Statutory Instruments And Bylaws (Copy)
- 4.14Delegated Legislation: The Legislative And Regulatory Reform Act 2006 (Copy)
- 4.15Delegated Legislation: Parliamentary Controls On Delegated Legislation – Pre-Drafting Consultation, Scrutiny Committees, Affirmative And Negative Resolution (Copy)
- 4.16Delegated Legislation: Court Controls On Delegated Legislation – Judicial Review, Locus Standi, Procedural Ultra Vires, Substantive Ultra Vires, And Unreasonableness (Copy)
- 4.17Statutory Interpretation: The Common Law Rules Of Interpretation – Literal, Golden, Mischief, And Purposive Approach (Copy)
- 4.18Statutory Interpretation: Rules Of Language – Ejusdem Generis, Expressio Unius Exclusio Alterius, Noscitur A Sociis (Copy)
- 4.19Statutory Interpretation: Intrinsic Aids To Interpretation – Preamble, Long And Short Titles, Headings, Schedules, Marginal Notes, Interpretation Sections (Copy)
- 4.20Statutory Interpretation: Extrinsic Aids To Interpretation – Previous Acts On The Same Topic, Earlier Case Law, The Historical Setting, Dictionaries Of The Time, Hansard, Reports Of Law Reform Bodies, International Treaties (Copy)
- 4.21Statutory Interpretation: The Impact Of European Union Law And Of The Human Rights Act 1998 On Statutory Interpretation (Copy)
- 4.22Judicial Precedent: The Doctrine Of Judicial Precedent (Copy)
- 4.23Judicial Precedent: Ratio Decidendi, Obiter Dicta And Law Reporting (Copy)
- 4.24Judicial Precedent: Binding, Original And Persuasive Precedents (Copy)
- 4.25Judicial Precedent: The Hierarchy Of The Courts (Copy)
- 4.26Judicial Precedent: The Supreme Court And Use Of The Practice Statement (Copy)
- 4.27Judicial Precedent: The Court Of Appeal And The Exceptions In Young V Bristol Aeroplane Co (1944) (Copy)
- 4.28Judicial Precedent: Avoidance Techniques – Overruling, Reversing And Distinguishing (Copy)
- 4.29Civil Courts And Civil Process: Role And Jurisdiction Of Magistrates’ Court, County Court, High Court, Court Of Appeal, Supreme Court (Copy)
- 4.30Civil Courts And Civil Process: The Woolf Reforms (Copy)
- 4.31Civil Courts And Civil Process: Pre-Trial Procedures (Copy)
- 4.32Civil Courts And Civil Process: Allocation Of Cases – Small Claims, Fast And Multi-Track (Copy)
- 4.33Civil Courts And Civil Process: Appeals (Copy)
- 4.34Alternative Methods Of Dispute Resolution: Negotiation, Conciliation And Mediation (Copy)
- 4.35Alternative Methods Of Dispute Resolution: Arbitration, Arbitration Act 1996, Scott V Avery Clauses (Copy)
- 4.36Criminal Courts And Criminal Process: Role And Jurisdiction Of Magistrates’ Court And Crown Court (Copy)
- 4.37Criminal Courts And Criminal Process: Classification Of Criminal Offences – Summary, Triable Either Way And Indictable (Copy)
- 4.38Criminal Courts And Criminal Process: Pre-Trial Process For Summary, Triable Either Way And Indictable Offences (Copy)
- 4.39Criminal Courts And Criminal Process: Appeals (Copy)
- 4.40Criminal Courts And Criminal Process: Police Bail – Police And Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE), Criminal Justice And Public Order Act 1994 (Copy)
- 4.41Criminal Courts And Criminal Process: Bail From The Court – Bail Act 1976 (Copy)
- 4.42Criminal Courts And Criminal Process: Factors And Conditions For Bail (Copy)
- 4.43Police Powers: Stop And Search – Ss1–7 Police And Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE); PACE Code A; Misuse Of Drugs Act 1971; Terrorism Act 2000 (Copy)
- 4.44Police Powers: Arrest – S24 PACE, As Amended By Serious Organised Crime And Police Act 2005; PACE Code G (Copy)
- 4.45Police Powers: Detention Of Suspects At Police Stations – Time Limits (Ss34–46 PACE; PACE Code C); Rights Of The Detained Person (S56 PACE; PACE Code C); Appropriate Adult (PACE Code C); Interviews (S60 And S60A PACE; PACE Codes E And F) (Copy)
- 4.46Police Powers: Treatment Of Suspects At Police Stations – Searches (S54 And S55 PACE; PACE Code C); Fingerprints (S61 PACE); Samples (S62 And S63 PACE); Physical Conditions Of Interview Room (PACE Code C); Role Of The Custody Officer (PACE Code C) (Copy)
- 4.47Police Powers: Impact Of The Breach Of These Rules – Statements Obtained Through Oppression (S76 PACE); Exclusion Of Evidence (S78 PACE) (Copy)
- 4.48The Judiciary – Superior And Inferior Judges: Selection And Appointment (Copy)
- 4.49The Judiciary – Superior And Inferior Judges: Role (Copy)
- 4.50The Judiciary – Superior And Inferior Judges: Training (Copy)
- 4.51The Judiciary – Superior And Inferior Judges: Retirement And Removal (Copy)
- 4.52The Judiciary – Superior And Inferior Judges: Independence (Copy)
- 4.53Legal Professionals: Barristers, Solicitors And Legal Executives (Copy)
- 4.54Legal Professionals: Qualifications (Copy)
- 4.55Legal Professionals: Training (Copy)
- 4.56Legal Professionals: Role (Copy)
- 4.57Legal Professionals: Regulation – The Bar Council, Bar Standards Board, The Law Society, Solicitors Regulation Authority, Legal Ombudsman (Copy)
- 4.58Lay Personnel: Role Of Lay Magistrates In Civil And Criminal Cases (Copy)
- 4.59Lay Personnel: Qualifications (Copy)
- 4.60Lay Personnel: Selection And Appointment (Copy)
- 4.61Lay Personnel: Training (Copy)
- 4.62Lay Personnel: Jury Role In Criminal Courts (Copy)
- 4.63Lay Personnel: Qualifications For Jury Service (Copy)
- 4.64Lay Personnel: Vetting And Challenges (Copy)
- 4.65Lay Personnel: Alternatives To The Use Of The Jury (Copy)
- 4.66Actus Reus: Actus Reus As The Conduct Element Of A Crime (Copy)
- 4.67Actus Reus: Actus Reus By Omission (Copy)
- 4.68Actus Reus: Causation (Copy)
- 4.69Mens Rea: Mens Rea As The Mental Element Of A Crime (Copy)
- 4.70Mens Rea: Intention – Direct And Indirect/Oblique (Copy)
- 4.71Mens Rea: Recklessness (Copy)
- 4.72Theft As Defined In S1 Theft Act 1968: S2 – Dishonesty (Copy)
- 4.73Theft As Defined In S1 Theft Act 1968: S3 – Appropriation (Copy)
- 4.74Theft As Defined In S1 Theft Act 1968: S4 – Property (Copy)
- 4.75Theft As Defined In S1 Theft Act 1968: S5 – Belonging To Another (Copy)
- 4.76Theft As Defined In S1 Theft Act 1968: S6 – Intention To Permanently Deprive (Copy)
- 4.77Theft As Defined In S1 Theft Act 1968: S7 – Sentencing (Copy)
- 4.78Robbery As Defined In S8 Theft Act 1968: Actus Reus (Copy)
- 4.79Robbery As Defined In S8 Theft Act 1968: Mens Rea (Copy)
- 4.80Robbery As Defined In S8 Theft Act 1968: Sentencing (Copy)
- 4.81Burglary As Defined In S9 Theft Act 1968: S9(1)(a) And (2) – Actus Reus And Mens Rea (Copy)
- 4.82Burglary As Defined In S9 Theft Act 1968: S9(1)(b) – Actus Reus And Mens Rea (Copy)
- 4.83Burglary As Defined In S9 Theft Act 1968: S9(3) – Sentencing (Copy)
- 4.84Burglary As Defined In S9 Theft Act 1968: S9(4) – A Building (Copy)
- 4.85Burglary As Defined In S9 Theft Act 1968: Aggravated Burglary As Defined In S10 Theft Act 1968 (Copy)
- 4.86Blackmail As Defined In S21 Theft Act 1968: Actus Reus (Copy)
- 4.87Blackmail As Defined In S21 Theft Act 1968: Mens Rea (Copy)
- 4.88Blackmail As Defined In S21 Theft Act 1968: Sentencing (Copy)
- 4.89Handling Stolen Goods As Defined In S22 Theft Act 1968: Actus Reus (Copy)
- 4.90Handling Stolen Goods As Defined In S22 Theft Act 1968: Mens Rea (Copy)
- 4.91Handling Stolen Goods As Defined In S22 Theft Act 1968: Sentencing (Copy)
- 4.92Making Off Without Payment As Defined In S3 Theft Act 1978: Actus Reus (Copy)
- 4.93Making Off Without Payment As Defined In S3 Theft Act 1978: Mens Rea (Copy)
- 4.94Making Off Without Payment As Defined In S3 Theft Act 1978: S4 – Sentencing (Copy)
- 4.95Criminal Damage As Defined In Criminal Damage Act 1971: S1 – Destroying Or Damaging Property – Actus Reus And Mens Rea (Copy)
- 4.96Criminal Damage As Defined In Criminal Damage Act 1971: S2 – Threats To Destroy Or Damage Property – Actus Reus And Mens Rea (Copy)
- 4.97Criminal Damage As Defined In Criminal Damage Act 1971: S3 – Possessing Anything With Intent To Destroy Or Damage Property – Actus Reus And Mens Rea (Copy)
- 4.98Criminal Damage As Defined In Criminal Damage Act 1971: S4 – Sentencing (Copy)
- 4.99Criminal Damage As Defined In Criminal Damage Act 1971: S5 – ‘Without Lawful Excuse’ (Copy)
- 4.100Fraud As Defined In The Fraud Act 2006: S2 – Fraud By False Representation – Actus Reus And Mens Rea (Copy)
- 4.101Fraud As Defined In The Fraud Act 2006: S3 – Fraud By Failing To Disclose Information – Actus Reus And Mens Rea (Copy)
- 4.102Fraud As Defined In The Fraud Act 2006: S11 – Obtaining Services Dishonestly – Actus Reus And Mens Rea (Copy)
- 4.103Fraud As Defined In The Fraud Act 2006: S4 – Fraud By Abuse Of Position – Actus Reus And Mens Rea (Copy)
- 4.104Adult Offenders: Types Of Sentence – Custodial, Community, Fines And Discharges (Copy)
- 4.105Adult Offenders: Factors In Sentencing (Copy)
- 4.106Young Offenders: Types Of Sentence – Custodial And Community, Parental Responsibility (Copy)
- 4.107Young Offenders: Factors In Sentencing (Copy)
- 4.108Aims Of Sentencing – What Sentences Are Trying To Achieve: Adult Offenders (Copy)
- 4.109Aims Of Sentencing – What Sentences Are Trying To Achieve: Young Offenders (Copy)
English Legal System And Its Context: The Role Of Law In Society (Copy)
Introduction To Law’s Role
- Law is not just a set of rules – it is the framework that structures society, balancing individual freedoms with collective security.
- Without law, society risks anarchy, disorder, and injustice.
- Law operates at multiple levels: it shapes behaviour, resolves disputes, limits state power, and reflects social change.
Functions Of Law In Society
- Maintaining Order And Stability
- Law sets clear standards of behaviour that citizens are expected to follow.
- Criminal Law: deters harmful conduct (murder, theft, assault) through punishments.
- Example: R v Dudley and Stephens (1884) – murder conviction upheld despite cannibalism for survival, showing society prioritises legal order over individual necessity.
- Public Order Law: regulates assemblies, protests (Public Order Act 1986).
- Stability ensures citizens feel secure in daily life.
- Protecting Individual Rights And Freedoms
- Rights such as liberty, privacy, and equality are protected by law.
- Human Rights Act 1998 incorporates ECHR into UK law, ensuring state cannot arbitrarily infringe freedoms.
- Example: A v Secretary of State for the Home Department (2004) – indefinite detention of foreign terror suspects was struck down.
- Equality Act 2010: enforces protection from discrimination on grounds of gender, race, disability, religion, sexual orientation.
- Providing A Mechanism For Dispute Resolution
- Civil courts resolve disputes fairly, reducing conflict.
- Contract Law: enforces promises, promotes commercial certainty (Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co 1893).
- Tort Law: compensates for harm (Donoghue v Stevenson 1932).
- Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) methods such as mediation/arbitration reduce pressure on courts and offer efficient solutions.
- Controlling The Use Of Power By The State
- Rule of law requires that government must act within the law.
- Judicial review ensures executive decisions remain lawful.
- Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service (1985) (GCHQ case): confirmed courts can review government decisions.
- R (Miller) v Prime Minister (2019): prorogation of Parliament declared unlawful.
- Prevents abuse of power, ensuring democracy and accountability.
- Promoting Social Change And Reform
- Law adapts to changing moral values and societal needs.
- Historical examples:
- Race Relations Act 1965 → step towards racial equality.
- Abortion Act 1967 → reflected new attitudes to women’s reproductive rights.
- Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013 → legal recognition of same-sex marriage following shifts in public morality.
- Courts also develop law through precedent (R v R 1991 – marital rape criminalised).
- Providing Economic Framework
- Law creates stability for businesses, trade, and property ownership.
- Company Law: regulates corporations, protects shareholders.
- Contract Law: allows commerce by enforcing agreements.
- Property Law: protects ownership rights, ensuring market confidence.
- Upholding Justice And Morality
- Law enforces basic moral standards (prohibitions on murder, theft, fraud).
- Sometimes law is criticised for reflecting outdated morality (R v Brown 1993 – consensual acts criminalised).
- Demonstrates ongoing tension between legal rules and evolving moral standards.
Case Studies Demonstrating Law’s Role
- Maintaining Order: R v Rimmington (2006) – prosecution for public nuisance where behaviour disrupted society at large.
- Protecting Rights: Entick v Carrington (1765) – government cannot act without legal authority.
- Dispute Resolution: Hadley v Baxendale (1854) – established principle for remoteness in contract damages, ensuring fairness in commercial disputes.
- Controlling State Power: Belmarsh Case (2004) – law restrained government’s anti-terrorism powers.
- Social Change: Gillick v West Norfolk Health Authority (1986) – recognised autonomy of minors, changing law in response to evolving social norms.
Limitations Of Law In Society
- Access To Justice Issues
- High legal costs and reduced legal aid (LASPO 2012) undermine law’s ability to provide fairness.
- Slow Adaptation To Change
- Law can lag behind morality and technology (e.g., online privacy concerns addressed late).
- Over-Criminalisation
- Too many regulations may criminalise trivial acts, weakening respect for law.
- Potential For Injustice
- Miscarriages of justice (Birmingham Six, Guildford Four) undermine faith in law.
Evaluation
- Law plays a multifaceted role: it secures order, protects freedoms, resolves disputes, controls state power, and advances justice.
- However, its success depends on accessibility, independence of the judiciary, and its responsiveness to social change.
- Ultimately, law both shapes and reflects society – it is society’s “backbone,” but also evolves with the society it serves.
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia, World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 7 Distinctions and 11 World Records For Educate A Change AS Level Law Full Scale Course