May June 2020 Paper 11

O Level and IGCSE Islamiyat

Paper 1 May/June 2020

Question 1

(a) Briefly describe the main theme(s) in each passage.

Passage (i) – Sura 2:30–37

This passage describes Allah as the Creator and Sustainer of all creation, demonstrating His supreme authority and complete knowledge over everything in existence. It explains the creation of Adam as the first human being and highlights the special status given to him as Allah’s vicegerent on earth. The passage also emphasises that Allah grants knowledge and honour to whom He wills, as shown when Adam was taught the names of all things, which even the angels did not know. Another important theme is Allah’s relationship with His prophets, particularly His mercy and forgiveness. Despite Adam’s disobedience, Allah accepted his repentance, showing that He is compassionate and always ready to forgive those who sincerely turn back to Him.

Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 7 Distinctions and 11 World Records For Educate A Change O Level and IGCSE Islamiyat Full Scale Course

Passage (ii) – Sura 93

This passage highlights Allah’s constant care and support for His Prophet and, by extension, all believers. It reassures that Allah never abandons His servants, even in times of hardship or distress. The sura refers to the blessings given to the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), including shelter when he was an orphan, guidance when he was unaware, and independence when he was in need. This demonstrates that Allah provides for His servants at every stage of life. It also emphasises gratitude towards Allah and instructs believers to act kindly towards others, particularly orphans and the needy, showing the moral and social teachings of Islam.

Passage (iii) – Sura 108

This passage focuses on Allah’s generosity and mercy, as He grants abundance to His Prophet. It reflects the close relationship between Allah and the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), showing that Allah honours and supports His messenger. The sura teaches that believers should respond to Allah’s blessings through acts of worship, such as prayer and sacrifice. It also provides reassurance that those who oppose the Prophet will ultimately fail, highlighting Allah’s justice and support for truth.

(b) Briefly explain the importance of these themes in a Muslim’s life today.

Passage (i) – Sura 2:30–37

These themes are important because they remind Muslims of their role as representatives of Allah on earth, which encourages them to live according to His guidance and act with responsibility and justice. The passage also teaches that Allah is all-knowing and wise, helping believers to trust His decisions even when they do not fully understand them. The concept of repentance and forgiveness is especially significant, as it reassures Muslims that they can always return to Allah after making mistakes, strengthening their relationship with Him.

Passage (ii) – Sura 93

This passage teaches Muslims not to lose hope during times of difficulty, as Allah is always present and aware of their situation. It encourages believers to reflect on the blessings they have received and to show gratitude for them. The instructions to care for orphans and help the needy have direct relevance in modern life, promoting compassion, charity and social responsibility within Muslim communities.

Passage (iii) – Sura 108

The teachings of this passage remind Muslims to remain consistent in their worship, especially in times of difficulty. It encourages them to respond to Allah’s blessings by performing acts of devotion such as prayer and sacrifice. The reassurance that the enemies of truth will ultimately fail gives Muslims confidence and hope, particularly when facing opposition or hardship in their lives.

Question 3

(a) The Prophet (pbuh) went to spread Islam in Ta’if. Write about the background and details of this event.

The Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) had spent about ten years in Makka preaching the message of Islam, but the Quraysh had continued to reject him and oppose his mission. During this period, the Muslims suffered constant persecution, mockery and hardship. The Prophet (pbuh) himself faced severe hostility, but he remained patient and continued to call people to Allah. Then a particularly painful period came in his life when two of his greatest supporters died: his wife Khadija and his uncle Abu Talib. Khadija had given him emotional comfort and unwavering support, while Abu Talib had protected him from the physical aggression of the Quraysh. Their deaths left him deeply grieved and also more exposed to the cruelty of his opponents. Because of this, that year became known as the Year of Sorrow.

With opposition in Makka growing stronger and support there becoming weaker, the Prophet (pbuh) looked beyond Makka in the hope of finding a community that might listen to his message and protect him. Ta’if was an important town located to the south-east of Makka. It was fertile, prosperous and inhabited mainly by the tribe of Thaqif. The Prophet (pbuh) hoped that its leaders might accept Islam or at least allow him to preach in safety. He therefore travelled to Ta’if with Zayd ibn Haritha.

When the Prophet (pbuh) reached Ta’if, he approached the leading chiefs of the town and invited them to Islam. According to the reports, he met three important brothers from the tribe of Thaqif: Abd Yalil, Masud and Habib, sons of Amr ibn Umayr. Instead of listening respectfully, they responded in a rude and insulting manner. One mocked the Prophet (pbuh) by saying that if Allah had really sent him, then he was too great to speak to him, and if he was lying, then he was not worth speaking to either. Their refusal was not just a rejection; it was filled with contempt and humiliation.

The Prophet (pbuh) remained in Ta’if for several days, trying to speak to the people and convey the message of Islam, but the chiefs incited the town against him. They encouraged the foolish people, slaves and children to abuse him and drive him out. As the Prophet (pbuh) left the town, crowds gathered and began hurling stones at him. Zayd ibn Haritha tried to shield him and was himself injured. The Prophet (pbuh) was struck so severely that blood flowed from his blessed body, and his sandals became filled with blood. This was one of the most painful and humiliating experiences of his life.

Eventually, the Prophet (pbuh) and Zayd escaped and took refuge in an orchard belonging to Utbah and Shaybah, the sons of Rabia. Seeing the Prophet’s condition, they felt some pity and sent their Christian servant Addas with a tray of grapes. When the Prophet (pbuh) began to eat, he said, “Bismillah.” Addas was surprised because the people of that region did not usually use those words. He asked the Prophet (pbuh) about it, and the Prophet inquired where he was from. Addas replied that he was from Nineveh. The Prophet (pbuh) then said that was the town of the righteous man Yunus ibn Matta. Addas was amazed and asked how he knew of Yunus. The Prophet (pbuh) replied that Yunus was his brother, a prophet, and he too was a prophet. On hearing this, Addas kissed the Prophet’s head, hands and feet, recognising the truthfulness of his message. This small but touching moment of acceptance came in the middle of great rejection.

In that painful state, the Prophet (pbuh) turned to Allah with a famous and deeply moving supplication. In it, he complained not about the people’s cruelty itself, but about his own weakness and helplessness before Allah. He asked for Allah’s mercy and protection and declared that if Allah was not displeased with him, then he did not mind what hardship he suffered. This dua shows his humility, his patience and his absolute dependence on Allah.

After this, Jibril came to the Prophet (pbuh) along with the Angel of the Mountains. They told him that if he wished, the mountains surrounding Ta’if could be crushed upon its people. Despite the extreme cruelty he had just faced, the Prophet (pbuh) refused to ask for their destruction. Instead, he said that he hoped Allah would bring from their descendants people who would worship Allah alone and not associate partners with Him. This response showed extraordinary mercy, patience and hope. He did not seek revenge; he looked toward the future and prayed for guidance for those who had harmed him.

Some accounts also mention that on the return journey, a group of jinn heard the Prophet (pbuh) reciting the Qur’an and accepted Islam. This was another sign that although many humans rejected the message, Allah was continuing to spread it through other means.

When the Prophet (pbuh) returned towards Makka, he could not simply re-enter the city because he no longer had the protection of Abu Talib. He therefore sent word seeking protection from some leading men. Eventually, Mutim ibn Adi agreed to give him protection, and under this protection the Prophet (pbuh) was able to enter Makka safely. This part of the event shows how difficult and dangerous the situation had become after the death of Abu Talib.

The journey to Ta’if was therefore a deeply painful event, but it was also full of lessons. It showed the Prophet’s determination to continue preaching Islam even in the face of rejection, his patience under suffering, his mercy towards enemies, and his complete trust in Allah. Although outwardly it seemed like failure, it was actually a powerful demonstration of the Prophet’s character and faith.

(b) Giving examples, show how Muslims can practise forgiveness in their lives.

Muslims can practise forgiveness by controlling anger and choosing not to take revenge when they are wronged. For example, if a friend says something hurtful or behaves unfairly, a Muslim can decide not to respond with abuse or cut the relationship immediately, but instead forgive for the sake of Allah and try to restore peace. This reflects the teaching that forgiveness is a strength, not a weakness.

Forgiveness can also be practised within the family. Family disputes often become long and bitter because people hold onto pride. A Muslim can forgive a relative after an argument, overlook past mistakes and rebuild ties, especially because Islam places great importance on maintaining family relationships.

In school or work life, a Muslim may be insulted, mocked or treated unfairly. Instead of constantly seeking to embarrass the other person or repay them with the same behaviour, they can respond with patience and dignity. This does not mean allowing oppression to continue, but it means avoiding unnecessary hatred and choosing mercy where possible.

Forgiveness is also shown when people who are in positions of authority treat others gently. For instance, a teacher can forgive a student who sincerely apologises for misbehaviour, or an employer can forgive a worker who makes an honest mistake. In this way, forgiveness creates peace, reduces conflict and helps build better relationships in society.

Question 4

(a) The Battle of the Trench (Khandaq) was fought in 627. Give an account of the main events that took place.

The Battle of the Trench, also known as Ghazwah al-Khandaq or the Battle of the Confederates, took place in 5 AH, corresponding to 627 CE. It was one of the most serious threats faced by the Muslim community in Madina because a large alliance of enemies gathered with the intention of destroying the Muslims completely.

The background to the battle lay partly in the activities of the Jewish tribe of Banu Nadir. They had earlier broken their agreement with the Prophet (pbuh) and plotted to kill him, so they were expelled from Madina. After leaving, many of their leaders went to Makka and other tribes to incite them against the Muslims. They encouraged the Quraysh and several Bedouin tribes to form a united alliance against Madina. Their aim was not merely to fight a battle, but to eliminate Islam once and for all.

A confederate army of around 10 000 men was assembled. This included the Quraysh of Makka under Abu Sufyan and tribes such as Ghatafan and others from Najd. The Muslims in Madina were only around 3000, so they were heavily outnumbered. It was clear that meeting the enemy in open battle, as had happened at Badr or Uhud, would be extremely dangerous.

At this critical moment, Salman al-Farsi suggested a defensive strategy unfamiliar to the Arabs: digging a trench around the exposed parts of Madina. Since some sides of the city were naturally protected by lava fields and buildings, the trench only needed to be dug in the vulnerable area. The Prophet (pbuh) accepted this advice. This itself was significant because it showed the Prophet’s wisdom and willingness to adopt a useful strategy even if it came from outside Arab custom.

The Muslims immediately began the difficult work of digging the trench. The Prophet (pbuh) himself joined in the labour, carrying earth and encouraging the companions. The conditions were hard: it was cold, food was scarce, and the task was exhausting. The Muslims worked together with determination, and this strengthened their spirit of unity. During the digging, a large rock was encountered which the companions could not break. The Prophet (pbuh) struck it, and sparks flew out. At each strike he spoke of future Muslim victories over Persia, Byzantium and Yemen. These words gave hope to the Muslims even while they were under threat.

Many miracles are also connected with this event. One well-known example is the feeding of a large number of people from a very small amount of food in the house of Jabir. Such incidents strengthened the faith of the believers and reminded them of Allah’s support during hardship.

Meanwhile, the hypocrites in Madina began to reveal their weakness. They made excuses to avoid work, spread fear and doubt, and questioned whether victory was possible. Instead of strengthening the community, they discouraged others. Their behaviour contrasted sharply with the faith and sacrifice of the sincere believers.

When the confederate army finally arrived, they were shocked to find the trench blocking their advance. Since the Arabs were not used to this kind of warfare, their plans were disrupted. They could not simply storm the city as they had expected. The trench became an effective defensive barrier and forced them into a prolonged siege.

For several weeks, the confederates camped outside Madina. They tried different ways to break through, but most failed. At one point, a few horsemen managed to cross at a narrower section of the trench. Among them was the famous warrior Amr ibn Abd Wudd. He challenged the Muslims to single combat. Ali ibn Abi Talib stepped forward and fought him bravely, killing him. This was an important moment because it prevented a dangerous breakthrough and raised the morale of the Muslims.

At the same time, the internal situation in Madina became more threatening because Banu Qurayza, another Jewish tribe living in the city, broke their treaty with the Prophet (pbuh). At first they had hesitated, but the confederates persuaded them to join the alliance. This act of treachery was extremely dangerous because it created the possibility of attack from inside Madina while the confederates were outside. The Muslims, therefore, were caught between external siege and internal betrayal.

The siege dragged on, creating fear and severe hardship. Food became scarce, the weather was harsh and the believers were tested intensely. The Qur’an itself refers to the fear and shaking of hearts during this time. Despite this, the Muslims remained firm.

The Prophet (pbuh) also used intelligence and diplomacy during this battle. A man named Nuaym ibn Masud, who had secretly accepted Islam, was instructed to create mistrust among the allies. He went to the Quraysh, Ghatafan and Banu Qurayza separately and planted suspicions in each group. As a result, confidence within the alliance began to weaken. Each party started doubting the others’ sincerity and loyalty.

Finally, Allah sent a fierce wind and bitter cold upon the confederates. Their tents were uprooted, fires were extinguished, cooking became impossible, and their camp fell into confusion. Morale collapsed. Abu Sufyan eventually decided that the situation could not continue and ordered retreat. Without achieving their goal, the confederates withdrew from Madina.

After the enemy left, the Muslims turned their attention to Banu Qurayza, who had betrayed the city at its most dangerous moment. They were besieged and eventually surrendered. Their case was judged according to their own law, and they were punished for treachery.

The Battle of the Trench was therefore a turning point. It showed the strategic wisdom of the Prophet (pbuh), the strength that comes from consultation, the patience of the believers under trial, and Allah’s unseen help at a time of severe danger. After this battle, the Quraysh never again came with such strength to attack Madina, and the balance of power began to shift clearly in favour of the Muslims.

(b) What can Muslims learn from this event about taking advice from others?

Muslims learn from this event that taking advice from others is a sign of wisdom, not weakness. The Prophet (pbuh), despite being Allah’s Messenger and the leader of the community, accepted Salman al-Farsi’s suggestion to dig a trench. This shows that a person should not reject good advice simply because it comes from someone younger, less powerful, or from a different background.

The event also teaches that advice should be judged by its benefit and truth, not by pride. Salman’s idea was unfamiliar in Arabia, yet it was accepted because it was the best solution. Muslims today can apply this by being open to useful suggestions in family matters, community issues, education and leadership.

Another lesson is that consultation can protect people from harm and lead to success. A person facing a serious problem should not think they must always act alone. By asking knowledgeable and experienced people for advice, they may find a better solution and avoid mistakes.

This battle therefore teaches Muslims to listen carefully, remain humble and recognise that Allah may place wisdom with different people. Accepting sincere and beneficial advice can become a means of protection and success.

Question 5

(a) Write an account of the life of the Prophet’s Companion Abu Bakr during the Prophet’s lifetime.

Abu Bakr (RA), whose original name was Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa, was one of the closest companions of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and played a central role in the early development of Islam. He was born in Makka into the Quraysh tribe and was known even before Islam for his honesty, good character and sound judgement. He was a successful and respected merchant and was known for his generosity and kindness. Unlike many of his contemporaries, he did not worship idols and avoided practices such as drinking alcohol, which were common in pre-Islamic society.

When the Prophet (pbuh) received the first revelation and began to preach Islam, Abu Bakr (RA) was among the very first to accept the message. In fact, he is regarded as the first adult male to accept Islam. His acceptance was immediate and without hesitation, showing his deep trust in the Prophet (pbuh). The Prophet (pbuh) later praised him for this, saying that whenever he invited people to Islam, they showed some hesitation except Abu Bakr, who accepted it at once.

After accepting Islam, Abu Bakr (RA) became one of the strongest supporters of the Prophet (pbuh). He openly declared his faith and worked actively to spread Islam among others. Through his efforts, several important individuals accepted Islam, including Uthman ibn Affan, Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Talha ibn Ubaydullah, Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqas and Abdur Rahman ibn Awf. These individuals later became key figures in the Muslim community.

Abu Bakr (RA) used his wealth generously to support Islam and help those who were suffering. During the early period in Makka, many Muslims, especially slaves, were subjected to severe persecution. Abu Bakr (RA) used his wealth to purchase and free a number of these slaves, most famously Bilal ibn Rabah (RA), who later became the first mu’azzin of Islam. This act of freeing slaves demonstrated his compassion, sacrifice and commitment to justice.

He also stood firmly by the Prophet (pbuh) during times of difficulty and opposition. On one occasion, when the Prophet (pbuh) was being physically attacked by the Quraysh near the Ka’ba, Abu Bakr (RA) intervened and defended him, even though he himself was beaten severely. His courage and loyalty were evident throughout this period.

Another significant event in Abu Bakr’s (RA) life was his unwavering belief in the Prophet (pbuh) during the event of Isra and Mi‘raj. When the Prophet (pbuh) informed people about his miraculous night journey and ascension, many people found it difficult to believe. However, Abu Bakr (RA) immediately accepted it without doubt, saying that if the Prophet (pbuh) had said it, then it must be true. Because of this firm belief, he was given the title “As-Siddiq”, meaning “the truthful” or “the one who affirms the truth.”

Abu Bakr (RA) also played a vital role during the migration (Hijrah) from Makka to Madina. He was chosen by the Prophet (pbuh) to accompany him on this important journey. They stayed together in the Cave of Thawr for three days while the Quraysh searched for them. During this time, Abu Bakr (RA) showed great concern for the Prophet’s safety. The Qur’an itself refers to this moment, highlighting his closeness to the Prophet (pbuh). After the danger had passed, they continued their journey safely to Madina.

In Madina, Abu Bakr (RA) continued to support the Prophet (pbuh) in every way. He took part in all the major battles, including Badr, Uhud and Khandaq, showing his courage and dedication. At the time of the expedition of Tabuk, when the Prophet (pbuh) asked for contributions, Abu Bakr (RA) brought all of his wealth and placed it at the service of Islam. When asked what he had left for his family, he replied that he had left Allah and His Messenger for them, demonstrating complete trust in Allah.

He also strengthened his relationship with the Prophet (pbuh) through family ties when his daughter Aisha (RA) was married to the Prophet (pbuh). This further deepened his closeness and connection with the Prophet.

Towards the end of the Prophet’s life, Abu Bakr (RA) was given the honour of leading the prayers in the Prophet’s absence due to illness. This was a significant indication of his status and respect within the Muslim community.

When the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) passed away, many companions were overwhelmed with grief and found it difficult to accept the reality. Abu Bakr (RA) showed remarkable strength and leadership. He addressed the people and reminded them that whoever worshipped Muhammad (pbuh) should know that he had passed away, but whoever worshipped Allah should know that Allah is ever-living and does not die. This statement brought clarity and stability to the community at a critical moment.

Throughout his life during the Prophet’s lifetime, Abu Bakr (RA) demonstrated unwavering faith, generosity, courage and loyalty. His actions and character made him one of the most respected and beloved companions of the Prophet (pbuh).

(b) Abu Bakr used his wealth to help others. How can Muslims follow his example today?

Muslims today can follow the example of Abu Bakr (RA) by using their wealth to support those who are in need in a sincere and selfless manner. One important way is by helping the poor and underprivileged through regular charity, such as giving money to those who are struggling to meet their basic needs. This includes providing food, clothing and shelter to those who cannot afford them.

Another way is by contributing to community welfare projects. For example, Muslims can help fund the construction of water wells in areas where clean water is not available, or support hospitals and medical treatments for those who cannot afford healthcare. This reflects the same spirit of generosity that Abu Bakr (RA) showed when he used his wealth to free slaves and assist the vulnerable.

Muslims can also support education by sponsoring students who cannot afford schooling, providing books, or helping build educational institutions. This allows others to improve their lives and contributes positively to society as a whole.

Additionally, Muslims can help during times of crisis, such as natural disasters or emergencies, by donating money and resources to relief efforts. This demonstrates compassion and a willingness to support others in difficult times.

Following the example of Abu Bakr (RA) also means giving sincerely for the sake of Allah, without expecting recognition or reward from people. It teaches Muslims to trust in Allah’s provision and to prioritise helping others over personal gain. In this way, their wealth becomes a means of earning spiritual reward and contributing to the well-being of society.

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