Biotechnology And Genetic Modification: Biotechnology
18.2 Genetic Modification
Definition
- Genetic modification (GM) = changing the genetic material of an organism by removing, inserting or altering genes.
Insulin Production (Example)
- Human insulin gene inserted into bacterial plasmid.
- Bacteria reproduce rapidly → produce insulin on large scale.
- Used for treatment of diabetes.
Written And Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia, World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 7 Distinctions And 11 World Records For Educate A Change O Level And IGCSE Biology Full Scale Course
GM In Crop Plants
- Insert genes to:
- Resist herbicides.
- Resist insect pests.
- Provide extra vitamins (e.g., Golden Rice with Vitamin A).
Advantages Of GM
- Higher yields.
- Less crop damage by pests/diseases.
- Improved nutrition (biofortification).
- Reduces need for pesticides.
Risks Of GM
- Possible unknown effects on health.
- Genes may spread to wild plants (loss of control).
- Reduced biodiversity if one GM crop dominates.
- Ethical concerns about “tampering” with life.
Written And Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia, World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 7 Distinctions And 11 World Records For Educate A Change O Level And IGCSE Biology Full Scale Course