Examples (Copy)

✅ 1. Enzyme Activity (Amylase + Starch)

• Aim: Effect of temperature/pH on enzyme action
• Setup:
  • Mix amylase and starch in test tube
  • Use iodine on tile every 30 sec to test for starch
  • Vary temperature or pH
• Observation: Time for blue-black color to disappear
• Control: Boiled amylase

✅ 2. Diffusion (Agar + Indicator Cube)

• Aim: Effect of cube size or temperature on diffusion rate
• Setup:
  • Agar blocks with pH indicator in acid
  • Time taken for color to fade from edge to center
• Observation: Smaller cubes lose color faster
• Control: Larger block or room temp condition

✅ 3. Osmosis (Potato Tubes in Sugar Solution)

• Aim: Effect of solution concentration on osmosis
• Setup:
  • Potato cylinders in different sucrose concentrations
  • Leave for 30 mins to 1 hour
  • Measure mass or length before and after
• Observation:
  • Gain mass in distilled water (hypotonic)
  • Lose mass in strong sugar solution (hypertonic)
• Control: Distilled water (0% sugar)

✅ 4. Food Tests

✅ 5. Respiration – CO₂ Detection

• Aim: Show that seeds respire and produce CO₂
• Setup:
  • Germinating seeds in flask
  • Connect to limewater or hydrogencarbonate indicator
• Observation:
  • Limewater → milky
  • Indicator → yellow
• Control: Boiled seeds (no respiration)

✅ 6. Respiration – O₂ Uptake (Respirometer)

• Aim: Measure oxygen consumption
• Setup:
  • Germinating seeds + soda lime (absorbs CO₂) in sealed container
  • Capillary tube with colored liquid
  • Measure movement of liquid
• Observation: Liquid moves inward = O₂ used
• Control: Boiled/dead seeds

✅ 7. Germination Requirements

• Aim: Investigate effect of water, oxygen, temperature
• Setup: 4 tubes with different conditions

✅ 8. Photosynthesis (Light or CO₂ Effect)

• Aim: Effect of light or CO₂ on rate of photosynthesis
• Setup:
  • Pondweed in water with light source
  • Count bubbles per minute
  • Change distance from lamp or CO₂ concentration
• Observation: Closer lamp or more CO₂ = more bubbles
• Control: No light/CO₂

✅ 9. Transpiration Rate (Potometer / Leaf Loss)

• Aim: Investigate rate of water loss
• Setup Options:
  • Potometer with leafy shoot
  • Leaf discs left in dry/humid/windy conditions
• Observation: More water loss in windy/dry conditions
• Control: Constant temp/humidity

✅ 10. Microscope Use + Cell Measurement

• Aim: View and estimate size of cells
• Setup:
  • Onion epidermis under microscope
  • Use ×10 eyepiece, ×4/10/40 objective
  • Measure field of view → divide by no. of cells
• Observation: Cell shape, structure
• Calculation:
  Actual size = Image size / Magnification

✅ 11. Plant Mineral Deficiency

• Aim: Effect of lack of nitrate/magnesium etc. on plant growth
• Setup:
  • Grow plants in hydroponics with/without minerals
• Observation:
  • No nitrates = stunted growth, pale leaves
  • No magnesium = yellowing leaves

✅ 12. Effect of Surface Area:Volume Ratio

• Aim: See how SA:Vol affects diffusion rate
• Setup:
  • Different-sized agar blocks with indicator
• Observation: Smaller blocks lose color fastest
• Control: Standard block or same volume