Artificial Intelligence (Copy)
IGCSE / O Level Computer Science Cheat Sheet
Topic: 6.3 Artificial Intelligence
🧠 What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
- AI is a branch of computer science focused on creating systems that can simulate intelligent human behavior such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making.
🎯 Main Characteristics of AI
| Characteristic | Description |
|---|---|
| Data Collection | Gathers input to make decisions or predictions |
| Rule Application | Uses programmed logic or learned rules to make choices |
| Reasoning | Applies logical thinking to reach conclusions |
| Learning & Adaptation | Can improve performance over time using new data |
🤖 Expert Systems
- A type of AI designed to simulate decision-making of a human expert
- Used in areas like medicine, law, engineering
🔁 Components of an Expert System
| Component | Function |
|---|---|
| Knowledge Base | Stores facts and expert knowledge |
| Rule Base | Contains logical IF-THEN rules |
| Inference Engine | Applies rules to known data to draw conclusions |
| User Interface | Allows interaction with the system |
🧠 Machine Learning
- Machine learning is a subset of AI where the system can learn and adapt automatically based on data patterns, without being explicitly programmed.
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| Training | System learns from sample input and output data |
| Prediction | Applies learned patterns to new, unseen data |
| Adaptability | Updates model based on new data without manual changes |
📋 Examples of AI Use
| Sector | Application |
|---|---|
| Medicine | Diagnostic expert systems, medical imaging |
| Agriculture | Crop disease detection via image analysis |
| Transport | Self-driving vehicles, traffic prediction |
| Finance | Fraud detection, automated trading |
| Daily life | Virtual assistants, smart recommendations |
🆚 Expert System vs Machine Learning
| Feature | Expert System | Machine Learning |
|---|---|---|
| Rules | Manually coded | Learned from data |
| Flexibility | Limited to known scenarios | Adapts to new data |
| Learning | No | Yes |
| Example | Medical diagnosis system | Email spam filter, voice assistant |