Common Chemistry Apparatus Diagrams & Label Requirements (Copy)

🔥 1. Heating a Substance in a Test Tube

Purpose: To observe a thermal reaction (e.g. thermal decomposition)

Apparatus to draw:

• Test tube (angled ~45° upward)
• Test tube holder (gripping near top)
• Bunsen burner (blue flame, air hole open)
• Substance inside test tube (label if known)

Key Labels:

• Test tube
• Solid (e.g. copper(II) carbonate)
• Bunsen burner
• Flame (label as blue flame)
• Test tube holder

Common Mistakes to Avoid:

• Drawing flame touching middle of test tube (should be under the bottom)
• Sketchy or short flame
• Forgetting to angle the test tube

💨 2. Gas Collection Methods

(a) Over Water (Downward Displacement)
For: Gases like H₂, O₂, CO₂
Diagram Features:

• Trough with water
• Inverted measuring cylinder or gas jar filled with water
• Delivery tube from reaction flask into jar

Labels:

• Water
• Gas jar / measuring cylinder
• Delivery tube
• Reaction flask
• Collected gas (e.g. H₂)

(b) Upward Delivery (for gases less dense than air)
For: Ammonia (NH₃), hydrogen

• Delivery tube from flask to the bottom of an inverted jar
• Gas escapes upwards

(c) Downward Delivery (for dense gases)
For: Chlorine, HCl

• Delivery tube from flask to the top of a gas jar
• Gas sinks and collects at the bottom

Key Labels (All Methods):

• Gas produced (with name)
• Delivery tube
• Gas jar / measuring cylinder
• Water (for over water)
• Flask with chemicals (e.g. zinc + dilute HCl)

🔄 3. Displacement Reactions

Purpose: To show reactivity series (e.g., iron in copper(II) sulfate)

Diagram Details:

• Test tube with solution
• Strip of metal inside

Labels:

• Metal strip (e.g. iron)
• Copper(II) sulfate solution

Tips:

• Show clear colorless or blue liquid, no shading
• Label displacement product only if asked

🧪 4. Filtration Setup

Purpose: To separate insoluble solids from liquids

Apparatus to draw:

• Conical flask or beaker (below)
• Funnel sitting in flask neck
• Filter paper inside funnel
• Mixture being poured from beaker

Labels:

• Filter paper
• Funnel
• Residue (on filter paper)
• Filtrate (in flask)
• Mixture (in beaker)

Tips:

• Funnel should touch flask neck, not float above
• Filter paper shown with a slight ‘V’ curve
• Pouring should be shown with dashed line or arrow

❄️ 5. Crystallisation / Evaporation

Purpose: To obtain dissolved solute from solution

Diagram Components:

• Evaporating basin on tripod
• Gauze mat
• Bunsen burner (heating from below)
• Beaker below (optional) with water for gentle heating
• Crystals forming after cooling

Labels:

• Evaporating dish
• Solution
• Tripod
• Gauze
• Bunsen burner
• Crystals

Tips:

• Do NOT show boiling (no splashing or bubbling)
• Label the solute (e.g. copper(II) sulfate) if known

🌡️ 6. Titration Setup

Purpose: To find exact volume of one solution needed to neutralise another

Essential Apparatus:

• Burette (clamped vertically)
• Stand + clamp
• Pipette (with filler)
• Conical flask (with analyte + indicator)
• White tile underneath

Labels:

• Burette (with acid/alkali and volume scale)
• Clamp and stand
• Pipette
• Pipette filler
• Conical flask
• Indicator (e.g. phenolphthalein)
• White tile

Tips:

• Burette must be vertical and marked with graduations
• Show pipette delivering to flask, not drawn as long as burette
• Don’t forget the white tile — it’s essential for spotting color change

💧 7. Simple Distillation Setup

Purpose: To separate solvent from solution (e.g., water from salt solution)

Apparatus to draw:

• Round-bottom/pear-shaped flask (with solution)
• Heat source (Bunsen burner or electric heater)
• Thermometer at flask neck
• Condenser connected to side arm
• Beaker collecting distillate

Labels:

• Thermometer (bulb level with side arm)
• Condenser (inlet at bottom, outlet at top)
• Round-bottom flask
• Distillate (e.g. water)
• Salt solution
• Heat source
• Cold water in/out

Tips:

• Water flows in from the bottom, out from the top
• Condenser must be horizontal
• Label all tubes and water directions

🌈 8. Paper Chromatography

Purpose: To separate colored substances like inks or dyes

Setup Features:

• Beaker with solvent (shallow level)
• Strip of chromatography paper suspended inside
• Spots of ink on pencil baseline
• Solvent front marked after experiment

Labels:

• Solvent
• Chromatography paper
• Pencil line (baseline)
• Sample spots
• Solvent front

Rules:

• Baseline must be in pencil, not ink
• Ink spots must be above the solvent level
• Solvent front moves upwards

🧫 9. Oxygen Preparation (Catalytic Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide)

Purpose: Demonstrate gas evolution using catalyst

Diagram Setup:

• Conical flask with hydrogen peroxide + manganese dioxide
• Delivery tube to water trough
• Inverted measuring cylinder to collect oxygen

Labels:

• Hydrogen peroxide
• Manganese dioxide (catalyst)
• Oxygen
• Delivery tube
• Water trough
• Measuring cylinder

🔬 10. Flame Test / Metal Ion Test

Not usually diagram-based, but if asked:

• Bunsen burner with different flame colors (label color and metal ion)
• Wire loop with sample (label as nichrome/platinum loop)

Examples:

• Lithium – Red
• Sodium – Yellow
• Potassium – Lilac
• Calcium – Orange-red
• Copper – Blue-green

❌ Common Diagram Mistakes to Avoid

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