- 5 Sections
- 169 Lessons
- Lifetime
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- Notes + Written Material For Contents of The SyllabusNotes for Chapters + Written Resources Regarding The Content38
- 1.1The Process Of Learning And Socialisation: Culture, Roles, Norms, Values, Beliefs, Customs, Ideology, Power And Status As Elements In The Social Construction Of Reality. (Copy)
- 1.2The Process Of Learning And Socialisation: The Importance Of Socialisation In Influencing Human Behaviour, Including The Nurture Versus Nature Debate. (Copy)
- 1.3The Process Of Learning And Socialisation: Agencies Of Socialisation And Social Control, Including Family, Education, Peer Group, Media And Religion. (Copy)
- 1.4Social Control, Conformity And Resistance: The Role Of Structure And Agency In Shaping The Relationship Between The Individual And Society, Including An Awareness Of The Differences Between Structuralist And Interactionist Views. (Copy)
- 1.5Social Control, Conformity And Resistance: Factors Explaining Why Individuals Conform To Social Expectations, Including Sanctions, Social Pressure, Self-interest And Social Exchange. (Copy)
- 1.6Social Control, Conformity And Resistance: The Mechanisms Through Which Order Is Maintained, Including Power, Ideology, Force And Consensus. (Copy)
- 1.7Social Control, Conformity And Resistance: How Sociologists Explain Deviance And Non-conformity, Including Subcultures, Under-socialisation, Marginalisation, Cultural Deprivation And Social Resistance. (Copy)
- 1.8Social Identity And Change: Social Class, Gender, Ethnicity And Age As Elements In The Construction Of Social Identity. (Copy)
- 1.9Social Identity And Change: How Social Class, Gender, Ethnicity And Age Identities May Be Changing Due To Globalisation, Increased Choice And The Creation Of New/hybrid Identities. (Copy)
- 1.10Types Of Data, Methods And Research Design: The Differences Between Primary And Secondary Sources Of Data And Between Quantitative And Qualitative Data. (Copy)
- 1.11Types Of Data, Methods And Research Design: The Strengths And Limitations Of Different Secondary Sources Of Data, Including Official Statistics, Personal Documents, Digital Content And Media Sources. (Copy)
- 1.12Types Of Data, Methods And Research Design: The Strengths And Limitations Of Different Quantitative Research Methods, Including Questionnaires, Structured Interviews, Experiments And Content Analysis. (Copy)
- 1.13Types Of Data, Methods And Research Design: The Strengths And Limitations Of Different Qualitative Research Methods, Including Overt And Covert Participant And Non-participant Observation, Unstructured Interviews, Semi-structured Interviews And Group Interviews. (Copy)
- 1.14Types Of Data, Methods And Research Design: Stages Of Research Design, Including Deciding On Research Strategy, Formulating Research Questions And Hypotheses, Sampling Frames, Sampling Techniques, Pilot Studies, Operationalisation, Conducting Research And Interpreting Results. (Copy)
- 1.15Approaches To Sociological Research: The Use Of Approaches Drawing On Different Research Methods, Including Case Studies, Social Surveys, Ethnography And Longitudinal Studies. (Copy)
- 1.16Approaches To Sociological Research: The Mixed Methods Approach To Research, Including Triangulation And Methodological Pluralism. (Copy)
- 1.17Approaches To Sociological Research: The Positivist Approach, With Reference To Scientific Method, Objectivity, Reliability And Value-freedom. (Copy)
- 1.18Approaches To Sociological Research: The Interpretivist Approach, With Reference To Verstehen, Meaning, Subjectivity And Validity. (Copy)
- 1.19Approaches To Sociological Research: The Debates About Whether Sociology Can/should Be Based On The Methods And Procedures Of The Natural Sciences And The Role Of Values In Sociological Research. (Copy)
- 1.20Research Issues: The Theoretical, Practical And Ethical Considerations Influencing The Choice Of Topic, Choice Of Method(S) And Conduct Of Research. (Copy)
- 1.21Research Issues: How Research Findings May Be Biased By The Actions And Values Of The Sociologist And By Choices Made In Funding, Designing And Conducting The Research. (Copy)
- 1.22Research Issues: Validity, Reliability, Objectivity, Representativeness And Ethics As Important Concepts In Assessing The Value Of Different Research Methods (Copy)
- 1.23Perspectives On The Role Of The Family: Functionalist Accounts Of How The Family Benefits Its Members And Society And How The Functions Of Families Have Changed Over Time, Including The ‘loss Of Functions’ Debate. (Copy)
- 1.24Perspectives On The Role Of The Family: Marxist Accounts Of How The Family Benefits Capitalism, Including Ideological Control, Reproduction Of Labour And Consumption. (Copy)
- 1.25Perspectives On The Role Of The Family: Feminist Responses To Functionalist And Marxist Accounts Of The Role Of The Family. (Copy)
- 1.26Diversity And Social Change: The Causes And Consequences Of Changing Patterns Of Marriage, Cohabitation, Divorce And Separation. (Copy)
- 1.27Diversity And Social Change: Different Family And Household Forms, Including Nuclear, Extended, Lone-parent, Reconstituted And Singleperson Households. If Appropriate To The Local Context And Not Restricted By Law Or Regulation, Other Family And Household Forms May Also Be Taught, Such As Same-sex Families And Families Of Choice. (Copy)
- 1.28Diversity And Social Change: Dimensions Of Family Diversity, Including Organisational, Cultural And Class Diversity. (Copy)
- 1.29Diversity And Social Change: The Debate About The Extent Of Family Diversity And The Dominance Of The Nuclear Family. (Copy)
- 1.30Diversity And Social Change: New Right And Postmodernist Perspectives On Family Diversity. (Copy)
- 1.31Diversity And Social Change: The State And Social Policy As Influences On The Family (Copy)
- 1.32Gender Equality And Experiences Of Family Life: Different Feminist Perspectives On Equality And Power In The Family, Including Liberal, Radical And Marxist Feminist. (Copy)
- 1.33Gender Equality And Experiences Of Family Life: Conjugal Roles And Debates About Gender Equality In The Family, Including Housework, Childcare, Power And Emotion Work. (Copy)
- 1.34Gender Equality And Experiences Of Family Life: Debates About Whether The Experience Of Family Life Is Positive Or Negative For Family Members. (Copy)
- 1.35Age And Family Life: The Social Construction Of Childhood, And Changes In The Role And Social Position Of Children In The Family. (Copy)
- 1.36Age And Family Life: The Role And Social Position Of Grandparents In The Family, Including Cross-cultural Comparisons And The Impact Of Changing Life Expectancy Upon The Family. (Copy)
- 1.37Age And Family Life: Social Class, Gender And Ethnicity As Factors Affecting The Experiences Of Children In The Family. (Copy)
- 1.38Age And Family Life: Changes In The Concepts Of Motherhood And Fatherhood. (Copy)
- Paper Pattern/ Paper Preparation/ Techniques To Attempt The Paper/ Common Mistakes To AvoidDetailed Information Including Written + Video Material Regarding Paper Attempt / Preparation/ Techniques/ Common Mistakes To Avoid50
- 2.1Structure Of The AS Level Sociology Qualification: Papers Included, Weightings, And What Students Actually Sit At AS Level (Copy)
- 2.2Paper 1 Versus Paper 2: Exact Differences In Content, Skills Tested, And Question Demands (Copy)
- 2.3Time Management For Paper 1 And Paper 2: How To Split 1 Hour 30 Minutes Across All Required Questions (Copy)
- 2.4The Exact Question Pattern Of Paper 1: Section A Compulsory Questions And Section B Essay Choice (Copy)
- 2.5The Exact Question Pattern Of Paper 2: Section A Compulsory Questions And Section B Essay Choice (Copy)
- 2.6Understanding Command Words In Sociology: Describe, Explain, Give, And Evaluate (Copy)
- 2.7How Assessment Objectives Work In Sociology: AO1, AO2, AO3 And What Each One Really Looks Like In Answers (Copy)
- 2.8AO Weightings In AS Level Sociology And Why Students Must Not Overfocus On Knowledge Alone (Copy)
- 2.9How Cambridge Builds Marks In Point-Based Questions Versus Levels-Of-Response Questions (Copy)
- 2.10Generic Marking Principles: What Examiners Reward, What They Ignore, And Why That Matters In The Exam (Copy)
- 2.11Paper 1 Question 1 Strategy: How To Answer 4-Mark Describe Questions Fast And Correctly (Copy)
- 2.12Paper 2 Question 1 Strategy: How To Handle 4-Mark Family Describe Questions Without Wasting Time (Copy)
- 2.13Common Mistakes In 4-Mark Describe Questions: Giving One Developed Point Instead Of Two Separate Described Points (Copy)
- 2.14Paper 1 Question 2(a) Technique: How To Explain Two Reasons Using AO1 Plus AO2 Properly (Copy)
- 2.15Paper 2 Question 2(a) Technique: How To Explain Two Reasons For A Family Issue, Theory, Or Viewpoint (Copy)
- 2.16How To Use Sociological Material In 8-Mark Explain Questions Instead Of Writing Generic Common-Sense Responses (Copy)
- 2.17Common Mistakes In 8-Mark Explain Questions: Missing The Sociologist, Policy, Study, Concept, Or Theory Link (Copy)
- 2.18Paper 1 Question 2(b) Method Evaluation: How To Explain Strengths Of Research Methods Properly (Copy)
- 2.19Paper 2 Question 2(b) Theory Evaluation: How To Explain Strengths And Limitations Of Family Theories Properly (Copy)
- 2.20The Difference Between Describing A Strength And Explaining Why It Is A Strength (Copy)
- 2.21How To Build Full Marks In 6-Mark Strength/Limitations Questions Using The 1 + 1 + 1 Pattern Per Point (Copy)
- 2.22Paper 1 Question 3(a) Technique: Explaining The View In The Quotation With Focus, Theory, And Development (Copy)
- 2.23Paper 1 Question 3(a) Technique: Explaining The View In The Quotation With Focus, Theory, And Development (Copy)
- 2.24Paper 1 Question 3(b) Technique: Using Sociological Material To Argue Against The View In The Quotation (Copy)
- 2.25Paper 2 Question 3(b) Technique: How To Produce One Clear Counter-Argument With Strong Sociological Support (Copy)
- 2.26Common Mistakes In Question 3: Repeating The View Instead Of Explaining It Or Challenging It Properly (Copy)
- 2.27Section B Essay Choice Strategy: How To Choose Between Question 4 And Question 5 Quickly And Safely In The Exam (Copy)
- 2.28How 26-Mark Essays Are Marked: AO1 Knowledge, AO2 Application, AO3 Analysis And Evaluation (Copy)
- 2.29What A Top-Band Essay Looks Like In Sociology: Range, Relevance, Application, Explicit Evaluation, And Sustained Focus (Copy)
- 2.30How To Structure A 26-Mark Essay Introduction Without Wasting Time Or Rewriting The Question (Copy)
- 2.31How To Build Essay Paragraphs: Point, Sociological Support, Application To The Question, And Evaluation (Copy)
- 2.32How To Keep Evaluation Explicit And Sustained Instead Of Dumping It All Into The Final Paragraph Only (Copy)
- 2.33Using Contrasting Perspectives Properly In Essays: Functionalist, Marxist, Feminist, Interactionist, Postmodernist, Positivist, Interpretivist (Copy)
- 2.34How To Apply Concepts, Studies, And Sociologists Directly To The Wording Of The Question Instead Of Name-Dropping (Copy)
- 2.35The Difference Between Juxtaposition And Real Evaluation In High-Mark Essays (Copy)
- 2.36How To Reach Judgement In An Evaluate Question: Balanced Conclusion Without Fence-Sitting (Copy)
- 2.37Common Essay Mistakes: Generic Points, Weak Application, Theory Dumping, And Missing The Exact Focus Of The Question (Copy)
- 2.38How To Prepare Paper 1 Content Efficiently: Socialisation, Identity, And Methods Of Research By Exam Demand (Copy)
- 2.39How To Prepare Paper 2 Content Efficiently: Family Theories, Diversity, Gender, Age, And Changing Relationships By Exam Demand (Copy)
- 2.40Topic Spotting The Smart Way: Using Syllabus Areas And Recent Paper Structures Without Becoming Overdependent On Predictions (Copy)
- 2.41Paper Preparation Through Command Words: Training Students To Instantly Recognise What The Examiner Wants (Copy)
- 2.42Revision Planning For AS Level Sociology: How To Divide Preparation Between Content Learning, Essay Practice, And Timed Application (Copy)
- 2.43How To Use Past Papers Properly: When To Do Topic-Based Practice, When To Do Full Timed Papers, And How To Review Them (Copy)
- 2.44How To Use Mark Schemes Properly: Extracting What Gains Marks Without Copying Examiner Wording Robotic-Style (Copy)
- 2.45Understanding Examiner Annotations: Too Vague, Irrelevant, Repetition, General Point, Developed Point, Evaluation Point (Copy)
- 2.46How To Avoid Vagueness In Sociology Answers: Turning Loose Statements Into Developed Sociological Points (Copy)
- 2.47How To Avoid Repetition And Padding: Why More Writing Does Not Automatically Mean More Marks (Copy)
- 2.48The Most Common Technical Errors Across AS Sociology Papers: Misreading The View, Missing AO2, No Counter-Argument, Weak Evaluation, And Poor Time Control (Copy)
- 2.49Final Exam-Hall Technique: Question Order, Timing Discipline, Choice Control, And Checking For Missed Demands Before Submission (Copy)
- 2.50Full AS Level Sociology Paper Pattern / Paper Preparation / Techniques To Attempt The Paper / Common Mistakes To Avoid Master Revision Framework Covering Paper 1 And Paper 2 Together (Copy)
- Theories And Applications38
- 3.1The Process Of Learning And Socialisation: Culture, Roles, Norms, Values, Beliefs, Customs, Ideology, Power And Status As Elements In The Social Construction Of Reality. (Copy)
- 3.2The Process Of Learning And Socialisation: The Importance Of Socialisation In Influencing Human Behaviour, Including The Nurture Versus Nature Debate. (Copy)
- 3.3The Process Of Learning And Socialisation: Agencies Of Socialisation And Social Control, Including Family, Education, Peer Group, Media And Religion. (Copy)
- 3.4Social Control, Conformity And Resistance: The Role Of Structure And Agency In Shaping The Relationship Between The Individual And Society, Including An Awareness Of The Differences Between Structuralist And Interactionist Views. (Copy)
- 3.5Social Control, Conformity And Resistance: Factors Explaining Why Individuals Conform To Social Expectations, Including Sanctions, Social Pressure, Self-interest And Social Exchange. (Copy)
- 3.6Social Control, Conformity And Resistance: The Mechanisms Through Which Order Is Maintained, Including Power, Ideology, Force And Consensus. (Copy)
- 3.7Social Control, Conformity And Resistance: How Sociologists Explain Deviance And Non-conformity, Including Subcultures, Under-socialisation, Marginalisation, Cultural Deprivation And Social Resistance. (Copy)
- 3.8Social Identity And Change: Social Class, Gender, Ethnicity And Age As Elements In The Construction Of Social Identity. (Copy)
- 3.9Social Identity And Change: How Social Class, Gender, Ethnicity And Age Identities May Be Changing Due To Globalisation, Increased Choice And The Creation Of New/hybrid Identities. (Copy)
- 3.10Types Of Data, Methods And Research Design: The Differences Between Primary And Secondary Sources Of Data And Between Quantitative And Qualitative Data. (Copy)
- 3.11Types Of Data, Methods And Research Design: The Strengths And Limitations Of Different Secondary Sources Of Data, Including Official Statistics, Personal Documents, Digital Content And Media Sources. (Copy)
- 3.12Types Of Data, Methods And Research Design: The Strengths And Limitations Of Different Quantitative Research Methods, Including Questionnaires, Structured Interviews, Experiments And Content Analysis. (Copy)
- 3.13Types Of Data, Methods And Research Design: The Strengths And Limitations Of Different Qualitative Research Methods, Including Overt And Covert Participant And Non-participant Observation, Unstructured Interviews, Semi-structured Interviews And Group Interviews. (Copy)
- 3.14Types Of Data, Methods And Research Design: Stages Of Research Design, Including Deciding On Research Strategy, Formulating Research Questions And Hypotheses, Sampling Frames, Sampling Techniques, Pilot Studies, Operationalisation, Conducting Research And Interpreting Results. (Copy)
- 3.15Approaches To Sociological Research: The Use Of Approaches Drawing On Different Research Methods, Including Case Studies, Social Surveys, Ethnography And Longitudinal Studies. (Copy)
- 3.16Approaches To Sociological Research: The Mixed Methods Approach To Research, Including Triangulation And Methodological Pluralism. (Copy)
- 3.17Approaches To Sociological Research: The Positivist Approach, With Reference To Scientific Method, Objectivity, Reliability And Value-freedom. (Copy)
- 3.18Approaches To Sociological Research: The Interpretivist Approach, With Reference To Verstehen, Meaning, Subjectivity And Validity. (Copy)
- 3.19Approaches To Sociological Research: The Debates About Whether Sociology Can/should Be Based On The Methods And Procedures Of The Natural Sciences And The Role Of Values In Sociological Research. (Copy)
- 3.20Research Issues: The Theoretical, Practical And Ethical Considerations Influencing The Choice Of Topic, Choice Of Method(S) And Conduct Of Research. (Copy)
- 3.21Research Issues: How Research Findings May Be Biased By The Actions And Values Of The Sociologist And By Choices Made In Funding, Designing And Conducting The Research. (Copy)
- 3.22Research Issues: Validity, Reliability, Objectivity, Representativeness And Ethics As Important Concepts In Assessing The Value Of Different Research Methods (Copy)
- 3.23Perspectives On The Role Of The Family: Functionalist Accounts Of How The Family Benefits Its Members And Society And How The Functions Of Families Have Changed Over Time, Including The ‘loss Of Functions’ Debate. (Copy)
- 3.24Perspectives On The Role Of The Family: Marxist Accounts Of How The Family Benefits Capitalism, Including Ideological Control, Reproduction Of Labour And Consumption. (Copy)
- 3.25Perspectives On The Role Of The Family: Feminist Responses To Functionalist And Marxist Accounts Of The Role Of The Family. (Copy)
- 3.26Diversity And Social Change: The Causes And Consequences Of Changing Patterns Of Marriage, Cohabitation, Divorce And Separation. (Copy)
- 3.27Diversity And Social Change: Different Family And Household Forms, Including Nuclear, Extended, Lone-parent, Reconstituted And Singleperson Households. If Appropriate To The Local Context And Not Restricted By Law Or Regulation, Other Family And Household Forms May Also Be Taught, Such As Same-sex Families And Families Of Choice. (Copy)
- 3.28Diversity And Social Change: Dimensions Of Family Diversity, Including Organisational, Cultural And Class Diversity. (Copy)
- 3.29Diversity And Social Change: The Debate About The Extent Of Family Diversity And The Dominance Of The Nuclear Family. (Copy)
- 3.30Diversity And Social Change: New Right And Postmodernist Perspectives On Family Diversity. (Copy)
- 3.31Diversity And Social Change: The State And Social Policy As Influences On The Family (Copy)
- 3.32Gender Equality And Experiences Of Family Life: Different Feminist Perspectives On Equality And Power In The Family, Including Liberal, Radical And Marxist Feminist. (Copy)
- 3.33Gender Equality And Experiences Of Family Life: Conjugal Roles And Debates About Gender Equality In The Family, Including Housework, Childcare, Power And Emotion Work. (Copy)
- 3.34Gender Equality And Experiences Of Family Life: Debates About Whether The Experience Of Family Life Is Positive Or Negative For Family Members. (Copy)
- 3.35Age And Family Life: The Social Construction Of Childhood, And Changes In The Role And Social Position Of Children In The Family. (Copy)
- 3.36Age And Family Life: The Role And Social Position Of Grandparents In The Family, Including Cross-cultural Comparisons And The Impact Of Changing Life Expectancy Upon The Family. (Copy)
- 3.37Age And Family Life: Social Class, Gender And Ethnicity As Factors Affecting The Experiences Of Children In The Family. (Copy)
- 3.38Age And Family Life: Changes In The Concepts Of Motherhood And Fatherhood. (Copy)
- Cheat SheetsShort, Quick Revision Cheat Sheets38
- 4.1The Process Of Learning And Socialisation: Culture, Roles, Norms, Values, Beliefs, Customs, Ideology, Power And Status As Elements In The Social Construction Of Reality. (Copy)
- 4.2The Process Of Learning And Socialisation: The Importance Of Socialisation In Influencing Human Behaviour, Including The Nurture Versus Nature Debate. (Copy)
- 4.3The Process Of Learning And Socialisation: Agencies Of Socialisation And Social Control, Including Family, Education, Peer Group, Media And Religion. (Copy)
- 4.4Social Control, Conformity And Resistance: The Role Of Structure And Agency In Shaping The Relationship Between The Individual And Society, Including An Awareness Of The Differences Between Structuralist And Interactionist Views. (Copy)
- 4.5Social Control, Conformity And Resistance: Factors Explaining Why Individuals Conform To Social Expectations, Including Sanctions, Social Pressure, Self-interest And Social Exchange. (Copy)
- 4.6Social Control, Conformity And Resistance: The Mechanisms Through Which Order Is Maintained, Including Power, Ideology, Force And Consensus. (Copy)
- 4.7Social Control, Conformity And Resistance: How Sociologists Explain Deviance And Non-conformity, Including Subcultures, Under-socialisation, Marginalisation, Cultural Deprivation And Social Resistance. (Copy)
- 4.8Social Identity And Change: Social Class, Gender, Ethnicity And Age As Elements In The Construction Of Social Identity. (Copy)
- 4.9Social Identity And Change: How Social Class, Gender, Ethnicity And Age Identities May Be Changing Due To Globalisation, Increased Choice And The Creation Of New/hybrid Identities. (Copy)
- 4.10Types Of Data, Methods And Research Design: The Differences Between Primary And Secondary Sources Of Data And Between Quantitative And Qualitative Data. (Copy)
- 4.11Types Of Data, Methods And Research Design: The Strengths And Limitations Of Different Secondary Sources Of Data, Including Official Statistics, Personal Documents, Digital Content And Media Sources. (Copy)
- 4.12Types Of Data, Methods And Research Design: The Strengths And Limitations Of Different Quantitative Research Methods, Including Questionnaires, Structured Interviews, Experiments And Content Analysis. (Copy)
- 4.13Types Of Data, Methods And Research Design: The Strengths And Limitations Of Different Qualitative Research Methods, Including Overt And Covert Participant And Non-participant Observation, Unstructured Interviews, Semi-structured Interviews And Group Interviews. (Copy)
- 4.14Types Of Data, Methods And Research Design: Stages Of Research Design, Including Deciding On Research Strategy, Formulating Research Questions And Hypotheses, Sampling Frames, Sampling Techniques, Pilot Studies, Operationalisation, Conducting Research And Interpreting Results. (Copy)
- 4.15Approaches To Sociological Research: The Use Of Approaches Drawing On Different Research Methods, Including Case Studies, Social Surveys, Ethnography And Longitudinal Studies. (Copy)
- 4.16Approaches To Sociological Research: The Mixed Methods Approach To Research, Including Triangulation And Methodological Pluralism. (Copy)
- 4.17Approaches To Sociological Research: The Positivist Approach, With Reference To Scientific Method, Objectivity, Reliability And Value-freedom. (Copy)
- 4.18Approaches To Sociological Research: The Interpretivist Approach, With Reference To Verstehen, Meaning, Subjectivity And Validity. (Copy)
- 4.19Approaches To Sociological Research: The Debates About Whether Sociology Can/should Be Based On The Methods And Procedures Of The Natural Sciences And The Role Of Values In Sociological Research. (Copy)
- 4.20Research Issues: The Theoretical, Practical And Ethical Considerations Influencing The Choice Of Topic, Choice Of Method(S) And Conduct Of Research. (Copy)
- 4.21Research Issues: How Research Findings May Be Biased By The Actions And Values Of The Sociologist And By Choices Made In Funding, Designing And Conducting The Research. (Copy)
- 4.22Research Issues: Validity, Reliability, Objectivity, Representativeness And Ethics As Important Concepts In Assessing The Value Of Different Research Methods (Copy)
- 4.23Perspectives On The Role Of The Family: Functionalist Accounts Of How The Family Benefits Its Members And Society And How The Functions Of Families Have Changed Over Time, Including The ‘loss Of Functions’ Debate. (Copy)
- 4.24Perspectives On The Role Of The Family: Marxist Accounts Of How The Family Benefits Capitalism, Including Ideological Control, Reproduction Of Labour And Consumption. (Copy)
- 4.25Perspectives On The Role Of The Family: Feminist Responses To Functionalist And Marxist Accounts Of The Role Of The Family. (Copy)
- 4.26Diversity And Social Change: The Causes And Consequences Of Changing Patterns Of Marriage, Cohabitation, Divorce And Separation. (Copy)
- 4.27Diversity And Social Change: Different Family And Household Forms, Including Nuclear, Extended, Lone-parent, Reconstituted And Singleperson Households. If Appropriate To The Local Context And Not Restricted By Law Or Regulation, Other Family And Household Forms May Also Be Taught, Such As Same-sex Families And Families Of Choice. (Copy)
- 4.28Diversity And Social Change: Dimensions Of Family Diversity, Including Organisational, Cultural And Class Diversity. (Copy)
- 4.29Diversity And Social Change: The Debate About The Extent Of Family Diversity And The Dominance Of The Nuclear Family. (Copy)
- 4.30Diversity And Social Change: New Right And Postmodernist Perspectives On Family Diversity. (Copy)
- 4.31Diversity And Social Change: The State And Social Policy As Influences On The Family (Copy)
- 4.32Gender Equality And Experiences Of Family Life: Different Feminist Perspectives On Equality And Power In The Family, Including Liberal, Radical And Marxist Feminist. (Copy)
- 4.33Gender Equality And Experiences Of Family Life: Conjugal Roles And Debates About Gender Equality In The Family, Including Housework, Childcare, Power And Emotion Work. (Copy)
- 4.34Gender Equality And Experiences Of Family Life: Debates About Whether The Experience Of Family Life Is Positive Or Negative For Family Members. (Copy)
- 4.35Age And Family Life: The Social Construction Of Childhood, And Changes In The Role And Social Position Of Children In The Family. (Copy)
- 4.36Age And Family Life: The Role And Social Position Of Grandparents In The Family, Including Cross-cultural Comparisons And The Impact Of Changing Life Expectancy Upon The Family. (Copy)
- 4.37Age And Family Life: Social Class, Gender And Ethnicity As Factors Affecting The Experiences Of Children In The Family. (Copy)
- 4.38Age And Family Life: Changes In The Concepts Of Motherhood And Fatherhood. (Copy)
- Sample Past Papers5
Social Control, Conformity And Resistance: Factors Explaining Why Individuals Conform To Social Expectations, Including Sanctions, Social Pressure, Self-interest And Social Exchange. (Copy)
Functionalism (Émile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons)
Core Idea
- Conformity occurs because individuals internalise norms and values through socialisation
- Social control maintains stability
Application to Factors Explaining Conformity
- Sanctions
- Positive sanctions (praise, rewards) encourage conformity
- Negative sanctions (punishment, disapproval) discourage deviance
- Social Pressure
- Individuals conform due to desire for acceptance
- Fear of rejection reinforces conformity
- Self-interest
- Conformity benefits individuals (e.g. job success, social approval)
- Social Exchange
- Individuals weigh costs and benefits → conform when benefits outweigh risks
- Application
- Conformity is achieved through internalised values supported by sanctions and social rewards
Marxism (Karl Marx, Louis Althusser)
Core Idea
- Conformity is shaped by ideological control and power
Application to Factors Explaining Conformity
- Sanctions
- Legal and institutional sanctions maintain ruling class control
- Punishment for deviance ensures compliance
- Social Pressure
- Pressure to conform to capitalist norms (work, consumption)
- Self-interest
- Individuals conform to survive economically (need for wages, job security)
- Social Exchange
- Individuals accept inequality because benefits (income, stability) outweigh risks of resistance
- False Consciousness
- Individuals believe conformity is natural and beneficial
- Application
- Conformity occurs because individuals are influenced by ideology and economic necessity
Feminism (Ann Oakley)
Core Idea
- Conformity is shaped by gender norms and patriarchy
Application to Factors Explaining Conformity
- Sanctions
- Women rewarded for conforming to feminine roles
- Criticised or punished for deviance
- Social Pressure
- Strong expectations about gender behaviour
- Self-interest
- Conformity may provide security and social acceptance
- Social Exchange
- Women may accept traditional roles due to perceived benefits
- Application
- Conformity reinforces gender inequality through social expectations and rewards
Interactionism (George Herbert Mead)
Core Idea
- Conformity is shaped through interaction and interpretation
Application to Factors Explaining Conformity
- Sanctions
- Informal sanctions (approval/disapproval) shape behaviour
- Social Pressure
- Individuals conform to maintain positive social identity
- Self-interest
- Desire to maintain a positive self-image
- Social Exchange
- Individuals calculate outcomes in interactions
- Labelling
- Fear of negative labels encourages conformity
- Application
- Conformity is a result of ongoing interaction and the desire for social acceptance
Postmodernism (Jean Baudrillard)
Core Idea
- Conformity is less fixed and influenced by media and choice
Application to Factors Explaining Conformity
- Sanctions
- Less formal, more symbolic (e.g. online approval/disapproval)
- Social Pressure
- Peer and media pressure influence behaviour
- Self-interest
- Individuals conform to gain identity and status
- Social Exchange
- Behaviour shaped by perceived social rewards (likes, recognition)
- Application
- Conformity is shaped by fluid social influences and media-driven expectations
Key Synoptic Application
- Functionalists → conformity due to internalised values and sanctions
- Marxists → conformity due to ideology and economic necessity
- Feminists → conformity due to gender norms and patriarchy
- Interactionists → conformity due to interaction and labelling
- Postmodernists → conformity shaped by media, choice and social rewards
Social Control, Conformity And Resistance: The Role Of Structure And Agency In Shaping The Relationship Between The Individual And Society, Including An Awareness Of The Differences Between Structuralist And Interactionist Views. (Copy)
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Social Control, Conformity And Resistance: The Mechanisms Through Which Order Is Maintained, Including Power, Ideology, Force And Consensus. (Copy)
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