Coordination and Response: Nervous System, Reflexes, Eye, Hormones and Tropisms
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A person touches a hot object and pulls the hand away before feeling pain consciously.
Which pathway is most accurate?
A receptor → sensory neurone → relay neurone → motor neurone → effector
B receptor → motor neurone → relay neurone → sensory neurone → effector
C effector → sensory neurone → spinal cord → receptor → brain
D receptor → hormone → spinal cord → motor neurone → effector
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Which statement correctly compares nervous and hormonal control?
A nervous control is slower and longer-lasting; hormonal control is faster and shorter-lasting
B nervous control uses electrical impulses; hormonal control uses chemicals carried in blood
C nervous control affects all organs equally; hormonal control affects only muscles
D nervous control occurs only in glands; hormonal control occurs only in neurones
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Which structure detects a stimulus?
A effector
B receptor
C motor neurone
D synapse
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Which row correctly matches stimulus, receptor and effector?
A bright light, retina, sweat gland
B high blood glucose, pancreas, liver cells
C heat on skin, muscle, receptor
D sound, optic nerve, iris muscle
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Which neurone carries impulses from the central nervous system to an effector?
A sensory neurone
B relay neurone
C motor neurone
D receptor neurone
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In a reflex arc, what is the role of a relay neurone?
A carries impulses from receptor to CNS
B carries impulses within the CNS from sensory neurone to motor neurone
C secretes hormones into the blood
D contracts to produce the response
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Which feature of a synapse ensures impulses usually travel in one direction?
A neurotransmitter is released only from one side of the synapse
B the synapse contains haemoglobin
C electrical impulses jump both ways equally
D the post-synaptic membrane releases digestive enzymes
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A drug prevents neurotransmitter release at a synapse in a reflex arc.
What is the most likely effect?
A impulse transmission across the synapse is reduced or stopped
B impulses travel faster across the synapse
C receptor cells become effectors
D hormones replace all nerve impulses immediately
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Which statement about reflex actions is correct?
A they are slow, voluntary and controlled only by the cerebrum
B they are rapid, automatic and help protect the body
C they require hormones before any muscle contracts
D they occur only after conscious thought
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Which part of the central nervous system coordinates many reflex actions?
A spinal cord
B pancreas
C optic nerve
D adrenal gland
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Which statement correctly describes an effector?
A a structure that detects changes in the environment
B a muscle or gland that brings about a response
C a gap between two neurones
D a chemical carried only in lymph
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A sensory neurone is damaged between a pain receptor and the spinal cord.
What is most likely?
A the receptor detects pain but impulses cannot reach the CNS properly
B the motor neurone detects the stimulus instead
C the effector contracts before any impulse is produced
D the synapse produces insulin to replace the neurone
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change.
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Which part of the eye controls the amount of light entering?
A lens
B iris
C retina
D optic nerve
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In bright light, which changes occur in the iris?
A circular muscles contract, radial muscles relax, pupil becomes smaller
B radial muscles contract, circular muscles relax, pupil becomes smaller
C circular muscles relax, radial muscles contract, pupil becomes smaller
D both circular and radial muscles contract, pupil becomes larger
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In dim light, which response occurs?
A circular muscles contract and the pupil constricts
B radial muscles contract and the pupil dilates
C ciliary muscles contract and the lens becomes thicker
D suspensory ligaments contract and the iris closes
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Which structure focuses light onto the retina?
A lens
B blind spot
C optic nerve
D aqueous humour only
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Which statement about the retina is correct?
A it contains light-sensitive receptor cells
B it changes the shape of the lens
C it controls pupil diameter directly
D it carries blood away from the eye
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Which part of the retina gives the sharpest vision?
A blind spot
B fovea
C sclera
D choroid
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Why does the blind spot not detect light?
A it contains no rods or cones
B it contains too many cone cells
C it is covered by the iris
D it is where the lens becomes opaque
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A person looks from a distant tree to a nearby book.
Which changes occur?
A ciliary muscles relax, suspensory ligaments tighten, lens becomes thinner
B ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligaments loosen, lens becomes thicker
C radial muscles contract, pupil dilates, lens becomes thinner
D circular iris muscles contract, lens becomes flatter
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A person looks from a nearby object to a distant object.
Which row is correct?
A ciliary muscles contract; suspensory ligaments slacken; lens thicker
B ciliary muscles relax; suspensory ligaments tighten; lens thinner
C radial muscles contract; suspensory ligaments slacken; lens thicker
D circular muscles relax; lens thicker; pupil smaller
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Which statement about rods and cones is correct?
A rods detect colour and work best in bright light
B cones detect colour and work best in bright light
C cones work best in dim light and do not detect colour
D rods are found only in the blind spot
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Which sequence correctly shows the route of impulses from the eye to the brain?
A retina → optic nerve → brain
B lens → iris → retina → spinal cord
C optic nerve → retina → brain
D cornea → lens → pupil → motor neurone
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Which structure is transparent and helps refract light before it reaches the lens?
A cornea
B sclera
C choroid
D iris
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Which statement about the pupil is correct?
A it is a hole whose size is controlled by the iris
B it is a muscle that contracts to focus light
C it contains rods and cones
D it carries impulses to the brain
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change.
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Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal glands during fear or excitement?
A insulin
B adrenaline
C glucagon
D auxin
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Which effect is caused by adrenaline?
A heart rate decreases and blood glucose falls
B heart rate increases and more glucose is made available
C pupils constrict and breathing rate decreases
D liver converts glucose into glycogen only
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Which statement correctly describes a hormone?
A a chemical messenger released by glands and carried in the blood
B an electrical impulse moving along a neurone
C a protein that digests starch
D a stimulus detected only by the skin
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Which gland secretes insulin and glucagon?
A adrenal gland
B pancreas
C pituitary gland
D thyroid gland
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Which response is controlled mainly by the nervous system rather than hormones?
A pulling the hand away from a hot surface
B long-term control of blood glucose after a meal
C menstrual cycle changes over weeks
D growth of roots towards gravity
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Which response is controlled mainly by hormones rather than nerve impulses?
A pupil reflex
B knee jerk reflex
C adrenaline increasing heart rate
D blinking when dust touches the eye
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Which statement about target organs is correct?
A all organs respond equally to every hormone
B only cells with specific receptors respond to a hormone
C hormones enter only neurones
D target organs produce neurotransmitters at synapses
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Which sequence correctly shows hormonal coordination?
A gland secretes hormone → hormone carried in blood → target organ responds
B receptor secretes impulse → blood carries impulse → gland contracts
C motor neurone releases hormone → synapse filters blood → muscle digests glucose
D gland releases nerve impulse → hormone travels along axon → brain responds
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Which statement best explains why hormone responses are usually slower than nervous responses?
A hormones travel in blood and may take longer to reach target organs
B hormones move through xylem vessels
C hormones always need synapses
D hormones are destroyed before leaving glands
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Which statement about adrenaline is correct?
A it prepares the body for “fight or flight”
B it lowers breathing rate during exercise
C it is secreted by the pancreas after meals only
D it makes the lens more convex for near vision
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Which change would occur in a fight-or-flight response?
A increased blood flow to skeletal muscles
B decreased breathing rate
C decreased glucose availability
D slower heart rate
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A person has damaged motor neurones leading to a muscle.
Which effect is most likely?
A receptor cannot detect the stimulus
B sensory neurones cannot carry impulses to the CNS
C muscle response is reduced or absent
D hormones cannot be transported in plasma
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Which statement about coordination is correct?
A coordination allows organisms to detect and respond to changes
B coordination occurs only in plants
C coordination is the same as digestion
D coordination never involves effectors
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change.
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Which statement about auxin is correct?
A auxin is an animal hormone secreted by the pancreas
B auxin is a plant hormone involved in growth responses
C auxin digests starch in germinating seeds
D auxin is the pigment that absorbs light in chloroplasts
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A shoot is exposed to light from one side.
Where does auxin accumulate, and what is the result?
A shaded side; cells elongate more; shoot bends towards light
B lit side; cells elongate more; shoot bends away from light
C shaded side; cells elongate less; shoot bends away from light
D root tip; cells divide less; shoot stops growing
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Which statement correctly describes positive phototropism?
A growth towards light
B growth away from light
C growth towards gravity
D growth away from gravity
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Which response is an example of negative gravitropism?
A shoot growing upwards away from gravity
B root growing downwards towards gravity
C leaves falling from a tree
D stomata closing in darkness
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A root is placed horizontally. Auxin accumulates on the lower side.
What is the effect in roots?
A lower side elongates faster, so root bends upwards
B lower side elongates slower, so root bends downwards
C auxin has no effect on root growth
D upper side dies immediately, so root grows sideways
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Which statement correctly compares auxin action in shoots and roots?
A auxin stimulates cell elongation in shoots but can inhibit elongation in roots at higher concentrations
B auxin always inhibits elongation in both shoots and roots
C auxin only affects flowering, not growth direction
D auxin is produced only in root hair cells
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Which part of a shoot is most important for detecting light direction and producing auxin?
A shoot tip
B xylem vessel
C root hair
D guard cell
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A shoot tip is removed from a young plant.
Which response is most likely affected?
A bending towards light is reduced
B xylem stops transporting all water instantly
C stomata become permanently open
D red blood cells stop carrying oxygen
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A shoot tip is covered with an opaque cap and light shines from one side.
What is most likely?
A shoot bends strongly towards light
B shoot does not show normal phototropic bending
C shoot bends away because auxin is destroyed in roots
D shoot becomes a root
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Which investigation would best test whether light direction affects shoot growth?
A expose identical shoots to light from one side and compare bending with shoots lit evenly
B place roots in salt solution and measure water loss
C cover leaves with petroleum jelly and measure transpiration
D add Benedict’s solution to shoots and heat them
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Which row correctly matches response and advantage?
A shoot positive phototropism: increases light absorption for photosynthesis
B root negative gravitropism: helps roots avoid soil water
C pupil dilation in bright light: protects retina from excess light
D reflex action: slows response to danger
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Which statement correctly compares tropisms and reflex actions?
A both are rapid nervous responses in animals
B tropisms are growth responses in plants; reflexes are rapid automatic responses in animals
C tropisms use motor neurones; reflexes use auxin
D both require muscles as effectors
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change.
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Answer: A
A is correct because a reflex arc follows receptor → sensory neurone → relay neurone → motor neurone → effector.
B is wrong because motor neurones do not carry impulses from receptors first.
C is wrong because effectors do not detect stimuli.
D is wrong because hormones are not part of a simple reflex arc. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because nervous control is usually faster and shorter-lasting, while hormonal control is usually slower and longer-lasting.
B is correct because nerves use electrical impulses and hormones are chemicals carried in blood.
C is wrong because nervous control is specific, and hormonal control affects only target organs with receptors.
D is wrong because nerves involve neurones, while hormones involve glands and blood. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because an effector produces a response.
B is correct because receptors detect stimuli.
C is wrong because a motor neurone carries impulses to effectors.
D is wrong because a synapse is a gap/junction between neurones. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because sweat glands are not the main effector for bright light.
B is correct because the pancreas detects blood glucose changes and liver cells respond to insulin/glucagon.
C is wrong because muscle is an effector, not the receptor for heat.
D is wrong because sound is detected in the ear, not by the optic nerve. -
Answer: C
A is wrong because sensory neurones carry impulses from receptors to the CNS.
B is wrong because relay neurones carry impulses within the CNS.
C is correct because motor neurones carry impulses from the CNS to effectors.
D is wrong because “receptor neurone” is not the correct neurone type here. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because sensory neurones carry impulses from receptors to the CNS.
B is correct because relay neurones pass impulses within the CNS from sensory neurones to motor neurones.
C is wrong because glands secrete hormones.
D is wrong because muscles, not neurones, contract. -
Answer: A
A is correct because neurotransmitter is released from the pre-synaptic side and receptors are on the post-synaptic side.
B is wrong because haemoglobin is in red blood cells.
C is wrong because impulses do not normally jump both ways equally across synapses.
D is wrong because synapses do not use digestive enzymes. -
Answer: A
A is correct because neurotransmitter is needed to pass the signal across the synapse.
B is wrong because blocking neurotransmitter release slows or stops transmission.
C is wrong because receptors do not become effectors.
D is wrong because hormones do not immediately replace all nerve impulses. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because reflexes are rapid and automatic, not slow and voluntary.
B is correct because reflex actions are fast, automatic protective responses.
C is wrong because reflexes use nerve impulses, not hormones first.
D is wrong because reflexes occur before conscious thought. -
Answer: A
A is correct because the spinal cord coordinates many reflex actions.
B is wrong because the pancreas controls blood glucose hormones.
C is wrong because the optic nerve carries impulses from the eye.
D is wrong because the adrenal gland secretes adrenaline. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because receptors detect stimuli.
B is correct because an effector is a muscle or gland that produces a response.
C is wrong because a gap between neurones is a synapse.
D is wrong because hormones are chemical messengers, not effectors. -
Answer: A
A is correct because the receptor may detect the stimulus, but the sensory neurone cannot carry impulses properly to the CNS.
B is wrong because motor neurones do not detect stimuli.
C is wrong because effectors need impulses before responding.
D is wrong because synapses do not produce insulin.
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change.
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Answer: B
A is wrong because the lens focuses light.
B is correct because the iris controls pupil size and therefore the amount of light entering.
C is wrong because the retina detects light.
D is wrong because the optic nerve carries impulses to the brain. -
Answer: A
A is correct because in bright light, circular muscles contract, radial muscles relax and the pupil becomes smaller.
B is wrong because radial muscle contraction dilates the pupil.
C is wrong because circular muscles must contract, not relax.
D is wrong because both muscle sets do not contract together normally to enlarge the pupil. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because circular muscle contraction constricts the pupil, which happens in bright light.
B is correct because in dim light, radial muscles contract and the pupil dilates.
C is wrong because ciliary muscle contraction changes lens shape for near vision, not pupil size.
D is wrong because suspensory ligaments do not close the iris. -
Answer: A
A is correct because the lens focuses light onto the retina.
B is wrong because the blind spot has no photoreceptors.
C is wrong because the optic nerve carries impulses to the brain.
D is wrong because aqueous humour helps maintain eye shape and refracts slightly, but the lens is the main focusing structure. -
Answer: A
A is correct because the retina contains rods and cones, which detect light.
B is wrong because ciliary muscles change lens shape.
C is wrong because the iris controls pupil diameter.
D is wrong because blood vessels carry blood, not the retina as a whole. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because the blind spot has no rods or cones.
B is correct because the fovea has the highest concentration of cones and gives sharpest vision.
C is wrong because the sclera is the tough outer coat.
D is wrong because the choroid contains blood vessels and pigment. -
Answer: A
A is correct because the blind spot contains no rods or cones where the optic nerve leaves the eye.
B is wrong because it has no photoreceptors, not too many cones.
C is wrong because the iris does not cover the blind spot.
D is wrong because lens opacity is cataract, not the blind spot. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because that is for distant vision.
B is correct because for a near object, ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligaments loosen and the lens becomes thicker.
C is wrong because radial muscles control pupil size, not accommodation.
D is wrong because circular iris muscles affect the pupil, not lens thickness. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because that describes near vision.
B is correct because for distant vision, ciliary muscles relax, suspensory ligaments tighten and the lens becomes thinner.
C is wrong because radial muscles control pupil size.
D is wrong because the lens becomes thinner, not thicker. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because rods do not detect colour.
B is correct because cones detect colour and work best in bright light.
C is wrong because rods work best in dim light, not cones.
D is wrong because the blind spot has no rods or cones. -
Answer: A
A is correct because light receptors in the retina produce impulses that travel through the optic nerve to the brain.
B is wrong because impulses do not pass lens → iris → retina → spinal cord.
C is wrong because the retina comes before the optic nerve.
D is wrong because cornea, lens and pupil are not the nerve impulse pathway. -
Answer: A
A is correct because the cornea is transparent and refracts light before it reaches the lens.
B is wrong because the sclera is tough and white.
C is wrong because the choroid absorbs stray light and contains blood vessels.
D is wrong because the iris controls pupil size. -
Answer: A
A is correct because the pupil is a hole and its size is controlled by the iris.
B is wrong because the pupil is not a muscle.
C is wrong because rods and cones are in the retina.
D is wrong because the optic nerve carries impulses to the brain.
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change.
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Answer: B
A is wrong because insulin is secreted by the pancreas.
B is correct because adrenaline is secreted by the adrenal glands during fear or excitement.
C is wrong because glucagon is secreted by the pancreas.
D is wrong because auxin is a plant hormone. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because adrenaline increases heart rate and makes more glucose available.
B is correct because adrenaline prepares the body for action by increasing heart rate and blood glucose availability.
C is wrong because adrenaline usually dilates pupils and increases breathing rate.
D is wrong because adrenaline promotes glycogen breakdown, not only glucose storage. -
Answer: A
A is correct because hormones are chemical messengers released by glands and carried in the blood.
B is wrong because that describes a nerve impulse.
C is wrong because enzymes digest molecules, not hormones in general.
D is wrong because a stimulus is a change detected by receptors. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because adrenal glands secrete adrenaline.
B is correct because the pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon.
C is wrong because the pituitary secretes hormones such as ADH and growth hormone.
D is wrong because the thyroid secretes thyroxine. -
Answer: A
A is correct because pulling the hand away from heat is a reflex controlled by the nervous system.
B is wrong because blood glucose is controlled mainly by hormones.
C is wrong because menstrual cycle changes are hormonal.
D is wrong because tropisms are controlled by plant hormones. -
Answer: C
A is wrong because pupil reflex is nervous.
B is wrong because knee jerk reflex is nervous.
C is correct because adrenaline is a hormone that increases heart rate.
D is wrong because blinking from dust is a reflex action. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because not all organs respond to every hormone.
B is correct because only cells with specific receptors respond to a hormone.
C is wrong because hormones are carried in blood and affect target cells, not only neurones.
D is wrong because target organs do not mainly produce neurotransmitters at synapses. -
Answer: A
A is correct because hormonal coordination follows gland secretes hormone → hormone carried in blood → target organ responds.
B is wrong because impulses are not carried in blood.
C is wrong because motor neurones do not release hormones into blood.
D is wrong because hormones do not travel along axons. -
Answer: A
A is correct because hormones travel through blood, so they usually take longer to reach target organs than nerve impulses.
B is wrong because xylem is plant transport tissue.
C is wrong because hormones do not require synapses.
D is wrong because hormones are not destroyed before leaving glands. -
Answer: A
A is correct because adrenaline prepares the body for fight or flight.
B is wrong because adrenaline increases breathing rate.
C is wrong because adrenaline is secreted by adrenal glands, not pancreas.
D is wrong because lens shape is controlled by ciliary muscles, not adrenaline. -
Answer: A
A is correct because fight-or-flight increases blood flow to skeletal muscles.
B is wrong because breathing rate increases.
C is wrong because glucose availability increases.
D is wrong because heart rate increases. -
Answer: C
A is wrong because receptors can still detect stimuli.
B is wrong because sensory neurones may still carry impulses to the CNS.
C is correct because damaged motor neurones reduce or prevent impulses reaching muscles, so the response is reduced or absent.
D is wrong because hormone transport in plasma is not directly affected. -
Answer: A
A is correct because coordination allows organisms to detect and respond to internal and external changes.
B is wrong because animals also coordinate responses.
C is wrong because coordination is not digestion.
D is wrong because coordination often involves effectors.
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change.
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Answer: B
A is wrong because auxin is not an animal pancreatic hormone.
B is correct because auxin is a plant hormone involved in growth responses.
C is wrong because amylase digests starch.
D is wrong because chlorophyll absorbs light in chloroplasts. -
Answer: A
A is correct because auxin accumulates on the shaded side of a shoot, causing those cells to elongate more, so the shoot bends towards light.
B is wrong because auxin does not mainly accumulate on the lit side.
C is wrong because in shoots auxin stimulates elongation on the shaded side.
D is wrong because root tip auxin does not explain shoot bending here. -
Answer: A
A is correct because positive phototropism is growth towards light.
B is wrong because growth away from light is negative phototropism.
C is wrong because growth towards gravity is positive gravitropism.
D is wrong because growth away from gravity is negative gravitropism. -
Answer: A
A is correct because shoots grow upwards, away from gravity, showing negative gravitropism.
B is wrong because roots growing downwards show positive gravitropism.
C is wrong because leaves falling is not a growth response.
D is wrong because stomatal closure is not gravitropism. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because in roots, high auxin concentration inhibits elongation on the lower side.
B is correct because the lower side elongates more slowly, the upper side elongates faster, and the root bends downwards.
C is wrong because auxin does affect root growth.
D is wrong because the upper side does not die immediately. -
Answer: A
A is correct because auxin stimulates elongation in shoots but can inhibit elongation in roots at higher concentrations.
B is wrong because auxin does not always inhibit both.
C is wrong because auxin affects growth direction.
D is wrong because auxin is produced mainly in shoot tips and root tips, not only root hair cells. -
Answer: A
A is correct because the shoot tip detects light direction and produces auxin.
B is wrong because xylem transports water and mineral ions.
C is wrong because root hairs absorb water and ions.
D is wrong because guard cells control stomatal opening. -
Answer: A
A is correct because removing the shoot tip removes the main auxin source, reducing bending towards light.
B is wrong because xylem water transport does not instantly stop.
C is wrong because stomata do not become permanently open due to shoot tip removal.
D is wrong because plants do not have red blood cells. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because an opaque cap blocks light detection by the shoot tip.
B is correct because the shoot does not show normal phototropic bending.
C is wrong because the shoot does not bend away due to auxin destroyed in roots.
D is wrong because a shoot does not become a root. -
Answer: A
A is correct because it compares shoots lit from one side with shoots lit evenly, testing the effect of light direction.
B is wrong because that tests osmosis/water movement in roots.
C is wrong because that tests transpiration.
D is wrong because Benedict’s solution tests reducing sugar. -
Answer: A
A is correct because shoot positive phototropism increases light absorption for photosynthesis.
B is wrong because roots are usually positive gravitropic, helping them grow into soil towards water/minerals.
C is wrong because pupils constrict, not dilate, in bright light to protect the retina.
D is wrong because reflex actions speed up responses to danger. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because tropisms are not rapid nervous animal responses.
B is correct because tropisms are plant growth responses, while reflexes are rapid automatic animal responses.
C is wrong because tropisms use plant hormones such as auxin, while reflexes use neurones.
D is wrong because tropisms do not require muscles.
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change.
