Drugs, Pathogens, Immunity and Disease: Antibiotics, Vaccination, HIV, Malaria and Defence Systems
-
A patient has a disease caused by a pathogen. The doctor says antibiotics will not work because the pathogen has no cell wall, cytoplasm or ribosomes.
Which pathogen is most likely responsible?
A bacterium
B fungus
C virus
D protoctist
-
Which statement correctly describes a pathogen?
A any microorganism found inside the body
B an organism that causes disease
C a chemical released by white blood cells
D a drug that kills bacteria
-
Which row correctly matches disease and pathogen type?
A cholera: virus
B HIV/AIDS: bacterium
C malaria: protoctist
D tuberculosis: fungus
-
Which body defence is a chemical barrier rather than a physical barrier?
A skin
B mucus
C hydrochloric acid in the stomach
D cilia in the trachea
-
Which statement about mucus and cilia is correct?
A mucus moves dust and pathogens out of the lungs by active transport
B cilia trap pathogens and mucus digests them chemically
C mucus traps pathogens and cilia move it towards the throat
D mucus is produced only after antibodies are made
-
Which blood cell is most directly involved in phagocytosis?
A red blood cell
B platelet
C phagocyte
D lymphocyte only
-
What happens during phagocytosis?
A a white blood cell produces antibodies that remain in plasma only
B a white blood cell engulfs and digests pathogens
C a pathogen produces memory cells
D a vaccine kills all pathogens immediately
-
Which statement about antibodies is correct?
A they are produced by red blood cells
B they are specific to particular antigens
C they digest pathogens by emulsification
D they are identical for all diseases
-
Which structure on a pathogen stimulates antibody production?
A antigen
B insulin
C haemoglobin
D bile salt
-
A person is infected with a new strain of influenza virus. Their previous antibodies bind poorly to it.
Which explanation is most likely?
A the virus has no genetic material
B the antigens on the virus have changed
C antibiotics destroyed the antibodies
D phagocytes cannot move in blood
-
Which statement about lymphocytes is correct?
A they produce antibodies and memory cells
B they carry oxygen using haemoglobin
C they form fibrin in blood clotting
D they filter urea in the kidney
-
Which event gives long-term immunity after infection?
A production of memory cells
B destruction of all red blood cells
C permanent presence of antibiotics in the blood
D digestion of antibodies by antigens
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change.
-
Which statement best explains why the second immune response to the same pathogen is faster?
A memory cells quickly produce specific antibodies
B the skin becomes thicker every time the pathogen enters
C antibiotics remain active for life
D red blood cells remember the pathogen’s shape
-
What is a vaccine most likely to contain?
A only fully active disease-causing pathogens in high concentration
B dead or weakened pathogens, or their antigens
C antibiotics that kill every pathogen
D haemoglobin from immune people
-
Which sequence best describes vaccination leading to immunity?
A vaccine contains antigen → lymphocytes respond → antibodies and memory cells form
B vaccine contains urea → kidneys respond → antigens form
C vaccine contains antibodies → pathogens mutate → memory cells disappear
D vaccine contains glucose → liver stores glycogen → pathogens die
-
Which statement about vaccination is correct?
A it always gives instant immunity without any immune response
B it can prevent disease by preparing the immune system before infection
C it works only against bacterial diseases
D it kills pathogens by lowering blood glucose
-
Which situation best describes active immunity?
A antibodies from mother pass into a baby through breast milk
B antibodies are injected directly into a patient
C the body produces its own antibodies after infection or vaccination
D antibiotics are taken to kill bacteria
-
Which situation best describes passive immunity?
A memory cells are produced after vaccination
B the body makes antibodies after catching measles
C ready-made antibodies are transferred from another source
D phagocytes engulf pathogens in the skin
-
Why is passive immunity usually short-lived?
A no memory cells are produced by the recipient
B all antibodies become red blood cells
C passive immunity only works against fungi
D antibodies cannot travel in blood
-
Which statement about herd immunity is correct?
A it means every person in a population must be infected at once
B it reduces disease spread when a high proportion of people are immune
C it happens only when antibiotics are added to drinking water
D it protects pathogens from mutation
-
Why can antibiotics treat some bacterial infections but not viral infections?
A viruses reproduce only outside cells
B viruses have no cellular targets such as ribosomes or cell walls for many antibiotics
C antibiotics can only enter the nucleus of animal cells
D bacteria do not have metabolism
-
Which statement about antibiotic resistance is correct?
A resistant bacteria appear because antibiotics teach bacteria to become immune during treatment
B resistant bacteria survive antibiotic treatment and reproduce
C resistance occurs only in viruses
D resistant bacteria are always weaker and cannot spread
-
Which practice increases the risk of antibiotic resistance?
A completing a prescribed antibiotic course
B using antibiotics only when needed for bacterial infection
C stopping antibiotics early when symptoms improve
D vaccinating against bacterial disease
-
A bacterial population contains a few resistant bacteria before antibiotic treatment. After treatment, most surviving bacteria are resistant.
Which process explains this?
A natural selection
B osmosis
C transpiration
D active immunity only
-
Which statement about antiseptics and antibiotics is correct?
A antiseptics are usually used on living tissues or surfaces to reduce microorganisms; antibiotics act inside the body against bacteria
B antibiotics are used only to clean tables; antiseptics are swallowed to cure malaria
C both kill viruses by destroying capsids only
D antiseptics produce memory cells; antibiotics produce antibodies
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change.
-
Which disease is caused by HIV?
A AIDS
B malaria
C cholera
D scurvy
-
Which type of cell is attacked and destroyed by HIV?
A red blood cells
B platelets
C lymphocytes/helper T cells
D ciliated epithelial cells only
-
Why does HIV infection increase the risk of other infections?
A it increases haemoglobin concentration too much
B it weakens the immune system by reducing important lymphocytes
C it produces antibiotics that kill phagocytes
D it prevents carbon dioxide from leaving the lungs
-
Which method can transmit HIV?
A sharing food with an infected person
B mosquito bites in the same room as an infected person
C exchange of infected blood or sexual fluids
D touching unbroken skin
-
Which method reduces the risk of HIV transmission?
A sharing needles after rinsing them with water only
B using condoms and screening blood before transfusion
C taking antibiotics after every meal
D avoiding vaccination for all diseases
-
Which statement about AIDS is correct?
A AIDS is the early stage when HIV first enters the body only
B AIDS is a condition where the immune system is severely weakened by HIV
C AIDS is caused by Plasmodium in red blood cells
D AIDS is cured by ordinary antibiotics
-
Malaria is caused by
A a bacterium transmitted by contaminated water
B a protoctist transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes
C a virus spread by coughing
D a fungus growing on skin
-
Which organism is the vector in malaria transmission?
A Plasmodium
B female Anopheles mosquito
C human liver cell
D antibody
-
Which organism is the pathogen in malaria?
A female Anopheles mosquito
B Plasmodium
C red blood cell
D lymphocyte
-
Which statement correctly distinguishes vector and pathogen?
A a vector causes the disease directly; a pathogen carries it only
B a vector transmits the pathogen; the pathogen causes the disease
C vectors are antibodies; pathogens are memory cells
D vectors occur only in plants; pathogens occur only in animals
-
Which method helps reduce malaria transmission?
A leaving stagnant water uncovered
B using insecticide-treated bed nets
C stopping all vaccination programmes
D using antibiotics to kill mosquitoes only
-
Why can draining stagnant water reduce malaria?
A it removes breeding sites for mosquitoes
B it kills HIV in the blood
C it prevents antibody production
D it increases Plasmodium reproduction
-
Which statement about malaria symptoms is most accurate?
A symptoms may include fever due to cycles of parasite reproduction and red blood cell bursting
B symptoms occur because antibiotics destroy lymphocytes
C symptoms only affect the lungs and never the blood
D symptoms are caused by lack of vitamin C
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change.
-
Which drug is most likely used to reduce pain without killing pathogens?
A painkiller
B antibiotic
C antiseptic
D vaccine
-
Which statement about antibiotics and painkillers is correct?
A antibiotics relieve pain directly but do not affect bacteria
B painkillers kill bacteria but antibiotics reduce fever only
C antibiotics kill or inhibit bacteria; painkillers relieve symptoms such as pain
D both work only by producing antibodies
-
A person takes a drug repeatedly and needs a higher dose to get the same effect.
Which term describes this?
A immunity
B tolerance
C vaccination
D phagocytosis
-
A person feels strong cravings and withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking a drug.
Which term best applies?
A addiction
B assimilation
C antibiotic resistance
D active immunity
-
Which statement about alcohol is correct?
A it is a stimulant that always increases reaction speed
B it is a depressant that can slow reaction time and affect judgement
C it is an antibiotic that kills viruses in blood
D it is a vaccine against liver disease
-
Which organ is most directly damaged by long-term excessive alcohol intake?
A liver
B retina only
C gall bladder only
D ureter
-
Which statement about smoking and disease is correct?
A nicotine is addictive and tar can damage lungs
B carbon monoxide increases oxygen transport by haemoglobin
C tar improves cilia movement in the trachea
D smoking reduces the risk of coronary heart disease
-
Which defence happens before pathogens enter body tissues?
A skin acts as a barrier
B memory cells produce antibodies
C lymphocytes divide after antigen recognition
D phagocytes digest bacteria in blood
-
Which defence is non-specific?
A antibodies binding to a particular antigen
B memory cells responding to one pathogen
C skin preventing pathogen entry
D lymphocytes producing one specific antibody
-
Which statement about antitoxins is correct?
A they neutralise toxins produced by pathogens
B they digest glucose into maltose
C they are secreted by platelets to clot blood
D they are the same as antibiotics
-
A vaccine fails to protect fully against a virus after many years because the virus changes its surface antigens frequently.
Which disease is most likely to show this problem?
A influenza
B scurvy
C rickets
D anaemia
-
Which statement is correct?
A antibiotics, vaccines and antibodies all work in exactly the same way
B vaccines prevent or reduce disease by stimulating immunity, while antibiotics treat bacterial infections
C antibiotics are the best treatment for all viral infections
D vaccines cure disease instantly by killing all pathogens already inside the body
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change.
-
Answer: C
A is wrong because bacteria have cytoplasm and ribosomes, and many have cell walls.
B is wrong because fungi are cellular organisms with cytoplasm, ribosomes and cell walls.
C is correct because viruses are not cells and lack cell wall, cytoplasm and ribosomes, so antibiotics do not work on them.
D is wrong because protoctists are cells with cytoplasm and organelles. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because not all microorganisms inside the body cause disease.
B is correct because a pathogen is an organism or agent that causes disease.
C is wrong because chemicals released by white blood cells are not pathogens.
D is wrong because a drug that kills bacteria is an antibiotic. -
Answer: C
A is wrong because cholera is caused by a bacterium.
B is wrong because HIV/AIDS is caused by a virus.
C is correct because malaria is caused by a protoctist, Plasmodium.
D is wrong because tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium. -
Answer: C
A is wrong because skin is a physical barrier.
B is wrong because mucus is mainly a physical trapping barrier.
C is correct because hydrochloric acid chemically kills many pathogens in the stomach.
D is wrong because cilia physically move mucus. -
Answer: C
A is wrong because mucus does not move by active transport.
B is wrong because mucus traps pathogens; cilia move mucus.
C is correct because mucus traps pathogens and cilia move it towards the throat to be swallowed or coughed out.
D is wrong because mucus is part of non-specific defence and is not produced only after antibodies. -
Answer: C
A is wrong because red blood cells transport oxygen.
B is wrong because platelets help in blood clotting.
C is correct because phagocytes engulf and digest pathogens.
D is wrong because lymphocytes produce antibodies, while phagocytes carry out phagocytosis. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because antibody production is done by lymphocytes, not phagocytosis.
B is correct because during phagocytosis, a white blood cell engulfs and digests pathogens.
C is wrong because pathogens do not produce memory cells.
D is wrong because vaccines do not kill all pathogens immediately. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because antibodies are produced by lymphocytes, not red blood cells.
B is correct because antibodies are specific to particular antigens.
C is wrong because antibodies do not digest pathogens by emulsification.
D is wrong because different diseases/pathogens have different antigens, so antibodies differ. -
Answer: A
A is correct because antigens on pathogens stimulate antibody production.
B is wrong because insulin is a hormone controlling blood glucose.
C is wrong because haemoglobin transports oxygen.
D is wrong because bile salts emulsify fats. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because viruses do have genetic material.
B is correct because if viral antigens change, previous antibodies may no longer bind effectively.
C is wrong because antibiotics do not destroy antibodies.
D is wrong because phagocytes can move in blood and tissue fluid. -
Answer: A
A is correct because lymphocytes produce antibodies and memory cells.
B is wrong because red blood cells carry oxygen using haemoglobin.
C is wrong because platelets and fibrin are involved in clotting.
D is wrong because kidneys filter urea. -
Answer: A
A is correct because memory cells remain after infection and allow a faster future response.
B is wrong because destroying red blood cells would be harmful and does not create immunity.
C is wrong because antibiotics do not remain permanently in blood.
D is wrong because antibodies are not digested by antigens.
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change.
-
Answer: A
A is correct because memory cells recognise the antigen quickly and produce specific antibodies faster.
B is wrong because the skin does not become thicker every time a pathogen enters.
C is wrong because antibiotics do not remain active for life.
D is wrong because red blood cells do not remember pathogen shapes. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because fully active disease-causing pathogens in high concentration would be dangerous.
B is correct because vaccines contain dead/weakened pathogens or antigens.
C is wrong because antibiotics are not vaccines.
D is wrong because haemoglobin does not produce immunity. -
Answer: A
A is correct because a vaccine introduces antigens, lymphocytes respond, and antibodies plus memory cells are formed.
B is wrong because urea does not stimulate immunity.
C is wrong because vaccines do not work by making memory cells disappear.
D is wrong because glucose storage does not create immunity. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because vaccination requires an immune response and immunity is not always instant.
B is correct because vaccination prepares the immune system before infection.
C is wrong because vaccines can work against viral diseases too.
D is wrong because vaccines do not work by lowering blood glucose. -
Answer: C
A is wrong because antibodies from mother to baby are passive immunity.
B is wrong because injected ready-made antibodies are passive immunity.
C is correct because active immunity occurs when the body produces its own antibodies after infection or vaccination.
D is wrong because antibiotics do not create active immunity. -
Answer: C
A is wrong because memory cells after vaccination are active immunity.
B is wrong because the body making antibodies after infection is active immunity.
C is correct because passive immunity is when ready-made antibodies are transferred from another source.
D is wrong because phagocytosis is non-specific defence, not passive immunity. -
Answer: A
A is correct because the recipient does not produce memory cells, so protection is temporary.
B is wrong because antibodies do not become red blood cells.
C is wrong because passive immunity is not limited to fungi.
D is wrong because antibodies can travel in blood. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because herd immunity does not require everyone to be infected.
B is correct because when many people are immune, disease spread is reduced, protecting vulnerable people too.
C is wrong because antibiotics in water do not create herd immunity.
D is wrong because herd immunity does not protect pathogens. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because viruses reproduce inside host cells, not only outside cells.
B is correct because many antibiotics target bacterial features such as cell walls or ribosomes, which viruses lack.
C is wrong because antibiotics do not work by entering animal cell nuclei.
D is wrong because bacteria do have metabolism. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because antibiotics do not “teach” bacteria to become resistant during treatment.
B is correct because resistant bacteria survive antibiotic treatment and reproduce, increasing their proportion.
C is wrong because antibiotic resistance is a bacterial issue, not viral.
D is wrong because resistant bacteria can spread. -
Answer: C
A is wrong because completing a prescribed course reduces survival of resistant bacteria.
B is wrong because using antibiotics only when needed reduces resistance risk.
C is correct because stopping early may leave resistant bacteria alive to reproduce.
D is wrong because vaccination can reduce antibiotic use and therefore reduce resistance pressure. -
Answer: A
A is correct because antibiotics act as a selection pressure; resistant bacteria survive and reproduce.
B is wrong because osmosis is water movement.
C is wrong because transpiration is water loss from plants.
D is wrong because active immunity is antibody production by the body, not bacterial selection. -
Answer: A
A is correct because antiseptics reduce microorganisms on living tissues/surfaces, while antibiotics act inside the body against bacteria.
B is wrong because it reverses and distorts their uses.
C is wrong because antibiotics do not generally kill viruses.
D is wrong because antiseptics and antibiotics do not produce memory cells or antibodies.
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change.
-
Answer: A
A is correct because HIV infection can lead to AIDS.
B is wrong because malaria is caused by Plasmodium.
C is wrong because cholera is caused by bacteria.
D is wrong because scurvy is caused by vitamin C deficiency. -
Answer: C
A is wrong because HIV does not mainly attack red blood cells.
B is wrong because platelets are involved in clotting.
C is correct because HIV attacks important lymphocytes/helper T cells.
D is wrong because ciliated epithelial cells are not the main HIV target. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because HIV does not increase haemoglobin.
B is correct because HIV weakens the immune system by reducing important lymphocytes, increasing infection risk.
C is wrong because HIV does not produce antibiotics.
D is wrong because HIV does not mainly prevent carbon dioxide leaving the lungs. -
Answer: C
A is wrong because HIV is not transmitted by sharing food.
B is wrong because HIV is not transmitted by mosquitoes.
C is correct because HIV can be transmitted through infected blood and sexual fluids.
D is wrong because touching unbroken skin does not transmit HIV. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because sharing needles is high risk, and rinsing with water is not enough.
B is correct because condoms reduce sexual transmission and blood screening reduces transfusion transmission.
C is wrong because antibiotics do not prevent HIV transmission.
D is wrong because avoiding vaccination does not reduce HIV risk. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because AIDS is not simply the early stage of HIV infection.
B is correct because AIDS is the condition in which the immune system is severely weakened by HIV.
C is wrong because Plasmodium causes malaria.
D is wrong because ordinary antibiotics do not cure AIDS. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because malaria is not caused by a water-borne bacterium.
B is correct because malaria is caused by a protoctist transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes.
C is wrong because malaria is not a coughing-spread virus.
D is wrong because malaria is not a fungal skin disease. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because Plasmodium is the pathogen, not the vector.
B is correct because the female Anopheles mosquito transmits malaria.
C is wrong because human liver cells are host cells, not vectors.
D is wrong because antibodies are immune proteins. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because the mosquito is the vector.
B is correct because Plasmodium is the malaria pathogen.
C is wrong because red blood cells are infected cells, not the pathogen.
D is wrong because lymphocytes are immune cells. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because it reverses vector and pathogen.
B is correct because the vector transmits the pathogen, while the pathogen causes the disease.
C is wrong because vectors are not antibodies and pathogens are not memory cells.
D is wrong because vectors and pathogens occur in many organisms, not only plants/animals in that way. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because stagnant water provides mosquito breeding sites.
B is correct because insecticide-treated bed nets reduce mosquito bites and malaria transmission.
C is wrong because stopping vaccination programmes does not reduce malaria transmission.
D is wrong because antibiotics do not kill mosquitoes. -
Answer: A
A is correct because draining stagnant water removes mosquito breeding sites.
B is wrong because this is about malaria, not HIV.
C is wrong because draining water does not prevent antibody production.
D is wrong because it reduces mosquito breeding, not increases Plasmodium reproduction. -
Answer: A
A is correct because malaria symptoms include fever linked to parasite cycles and red blood cell bursting.
B is wrong because symptoms are not caused by antibiotics destroying lymphocytes.
C is wrong because malaria strongly affects blood.
D is wrong because vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy, not malaria.
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change.
-
Answer: A
A is correct because painkillers reduce pain but do not kill pathogens.
B is wrong because antibiotics kill/inhibit bacteria.
C is wrong because antiseptics reduce microorganisms on surfaces/tissues.
D is wrong because vaccines stimulate immunity. -
Answer: C
A is wrong because antibiotics do not relieve pain directly.
B is wrong because painkillers do not kill bacteria.
C is correct because antibiotics kill or inhibit bacteria, while painkillers relieve symptoms such as pain.
D is wrong because neither works only by producing antibodies. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because immunity is protection against disease.
B is correct because tolerance means needing a higher dose to get the same effect.
C is wrong because vaccination stimulates immunity.
D is wrong because phagocytosis is engulfing pathogens. -
Answer: A
A is correct because addiction involves cravings and withdrawal symptoms.
B is wrong because assimilation is using absorbed molecules in cells.
C is wrong because antibiotic resistance is bacterial survival against antibiotics.
D is wrong because active immunity is production of antibodies by the body. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because alcohol is not a stimulant and does not always increase reaction speed.
B is correct because alcohol is a depressant that can slow reaction time and impair judgement.
C is wrong because alcohol is not an antibiotic against viruses in blood.
D is wrong because alcohol is not a vaccine. -
Answer: A
A is correct because long-term excessive alcohol intake can severely damage the liver.
B is wrong because the retina is not the main organ damaged.
C is wrong because the gall bladder is not the main organ damaged.
D is wrong because the ureter is not the main target of alcohol damage. -
Answer: A
A is correct because nicotine is addictive and tar can damage lungs and increase cancer risk.
B is wrong because carbon monoxide reduces oxygen transport by binding haemoglobin.
C is wrong because tar damages/paralyses cilia.
D is wrong because smoking increases coronary heart disease risk. -
Answer: A
A is correct because skin acts as a barrier before pathogens enter body tissues.
B is wrong because memory cell responses happen after antigen recognition.
C is wrong because lymphocyte division occurs after pathogen entry.
D is wrong because phagocytosis in blood occurs after pathogens enter. -
Answer: C
A is wrong because antibodies binding specific antigens is specific defence.
B is wrong because memory cells are specific.
C is correct because skin is a non-specific barrier against pathogen entry.
D is wrong because lymphocytes producing specific antibodies is specific immunity. -
Answer: A
A is correct because antitoxins neutralise toxins produced by pathogens.
B is wrong because amylase digests starch to maltose.
C is wrong because platelets help clotting, not antitoxin production.
D is wrong because antitoxins are not the same as antibiotics. -
Answer: A
A is correct because influenza viruses change surface antigens frequently, so vaccines may become less effective over time.
B is wrong because scurvy is vitamin C deficiency.
C is wrong because rickets is vitamin D/calcium deficiency.
D is wrong because anaemia is often iron deficiency. -
Answer: B
A is wrong because antibiotics, vaccines and antibodies work differently.
B is correct because vaccines stimulate immunity to prevent/reduce disease, while antibiotics treat bacterial infections.
C is wrong because antibiotics do not treat all viral infections.
D is wrong because vaccines do not instantly cure existing infections by killing all pathogens.
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change.
