Definitions Globalization
CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL A LEVEL SOCIOLOGY (9699)
PAPER 4 — GLOBALISATION
COMPLETE DEFINITIONS NOTES
GLOBALISATION
Globalisation
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Increasing interconnectedness and interdependence between societies worldwide.
Economic Globalisation
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Expansion of global trade, investment and production across countries.
Cultural Globalisation
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Spread of ideas, values, lifestyles and cultural products globally.
Political Globalisation
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Growth of international political cooperation and global governance.
Technological Globalisation
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Worldwide spread of communication and information technology.
Social Globalisation
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Increased global interaction between individuals and communities.
Environmental Globalisation
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Global interconnectedness of environmental issues and policies.
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change.
ECONOMIC GLOBALISATION DEFINITIONS
Capitalism
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Economic system based on private ownership and profit-making.
Free Trade
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International trade without major government restrictions.
Trade Liberalisation
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Removal or reduction of barriers to international trade.
Privatisation
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Transfer of state-owned industries into private ownership.
Deregulation
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Reduction of government rules controlling businesses and markets.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
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Investment by companies in businesses located in another country.
Outsourcing
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Relocating business operations to external organisations or countries.
Offshoring
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Moving production or services to another country.
Global Market
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Worldwide system of economic exchange and trade.
Neoliberalism
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Political and economic ideology supporting free markets and limited government intervention.
Flexible Accumulation
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Rapidly changing production methods responding to global markets.
Consumerism
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Culture encouraging continuous consumption of goods and services.
Commodity
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Product bought and sold in markets.
Global Commodity Chain
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International network involved in producing and distributing products.
TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS
Transnational Corporation (TNC)
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Company operating in multiple countries.
Multinational Corporation
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Large company controlling production or services internationally.
Global Elite
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Powerful individuals and groups controlling major global resources and decisions.
Exploitation
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Unfair use of workers or resources for profit.
Sweatshop
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Workplace with poor conditions and low wages.
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change.
GLOBAL INEQUALITY DEFINITIONS
Dependency
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Situation where poorer countries rely economically on wealthier countries.
Dependency Theory
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Theory arguing poor countries remain underdeveloped due to exploitation by rich countries.
Core Countries
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Wealthy industrialised nations dominating global economy.
Peripheral Countries
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Poorer nations dependent on core countries economically.
Semi-Peripheral Countries
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Countries positioned between core and peripheral nations.
World Systems Theory
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Wallerstein’s theory explaining global inequality through core-periphery relationships.
Underdevelopment
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Lack of industrial and economic progress.
Global North
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Wealthier and more industrialised countries.
Global South
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Poorer and less industrialised countries.
Debt Dependency
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Reliance of poorer countries on loans from richer nations or institutions.
Structural Adjustment Programmes
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Economic policies imposed by global financial institutions on indebted countries.
Inequality
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Unequal distribution of wealth, power or opportunities.
CULTURAL GLOBALISATION DEFINITIONS
Cultural Imperialism
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Dominance of one culture over others through global influence.
Cultural Homogenisation
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Process where cultures become increasingly similar globally.
Westernisation
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Spread of Western culture and values worldwide.
Americanisation
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Global spread of American culture and lifestyles.
McDonaldisation
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Spread of standardised and uniform global culture.
Hybridisation
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Mixing of local and global cultures.
Glocalisation
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Adaptation of global influences to local cultures.
Global Culture
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Shared worldwide cultural practices and values.
Identity
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Individual or group sense of self.
Cultural Identity
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Identity based on shared culture, traditions or ethnicity.
Fragmentation
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Breakdown of shared identities into diverse lifestyles.
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change.
MIGRATION DEFINITIONS
Migration
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Movement of people from one place to another.
International Migration
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Movement between countries.
Immigration
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Entering a country to live there permanently.
Emigration
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Leaving a country to live elsewhere.
Refugee
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Person forced to leave country due to conflict or danger.
Asylum Seeker
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Person requesting protection in another country.
Brain Drain
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Emigration of highly skilled workers from poorer countries.
Diaspora
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Community living outside its original homeland.
Multiculturalism
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Existence of diverse cultural groups within one society.
Xenophobia
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Fear or hostility towards foreigners.
TECHNOLOGY & MEDIA DEFINITIONS
Digital Divide
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Inequality in access to digital technology.
Network Society
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Society organised around digital communication networks.
Global Village
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Idea that technology connects the world closely.
Time-Space Compression
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Technology reducing significance of distance and time.
Surveillance
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Monitoring individuals through technology and data collection.
Information Society
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Society where information and knowledge become central economic resources.
Cyberculture
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Culture created through digital communication and internet use.
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change.
POLITICAL GLOBALISATION DEFINITIONS
Global Governance
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International management of global issues through organisations and agreements.
Nation State
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Independent country with political sovereignty.
Sovereignty
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State’s authority to govern itself independently.
Global Institutions
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International organisations influencing global policies.
United Nations (UN)
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International organisation promoting peace and cooperation.
World Trade Organization (WTO)
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Organisation regulating international trade.
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
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Organisation providing financial assistance to countries.
World Bank
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International institution funding development projects.
Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO)
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Independent organisation working on social or humanitarian issues.
Human Rights
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Basic rights and freedoms belonging to all people.
Global Citizenship
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Sense of belonging to a worldwide community.
ENVIRONMENTAL GLOBALISATION DEFINITIONS
Climate Change
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Long-term changes in global climate patterns.
Global Warming
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Increase in Earth’s average temperature.
Carbon Emissions
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Release of carbon dioxide into atmosphere.
Environmental Degradation
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Damage to natural environment through human activity.
Sustainability
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Meeting present needs without harming future generations.
Risk Society
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Society increasingly focused on managing global risks.
Global Risks
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Dangers affecting societies internationally.
Environmental Justice
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Fair treatment regarding environmental policies and impacts.
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change.
POSTMODERN GLOBALISATION DEFINITIONS
Hyperreality
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Situation where media representations become more influential than reality.
Liquid Modernity
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Bauman’s concept describing unstable and constantly changing modern life.
Reflexivity
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Continuous reassessment of beliefs and lifestyles in modern society.
Individualisation
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Increasing importance of personal choice over traditional structures.
Global Flows
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Movement of people, ideas, money and technology globally.
Deterritorialisation
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Weakening connection between culture and geographic location.
FINAL GOLDEN RULE
GLOBALISATION DEFINITIONS SHOULD:
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Be sociological
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Use precise terminology
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Link to global interconnectedness
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Avoid storytelling
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Match examiner wording closely