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- Theories & Applications64
- 1.1Foundational Theoretical Frameworks (Used Across All Topics): Structural Functionalism: Education, Social Order, And Value Consensus (Copy)
- 1.2Foundational Theoretical Frameworks (Used Across All Topics): Marxism: Education, Ideology, And The Reproduction Of Capitalism (Copy)
- 1.3Foundational Theoretical Frameworks (Used Across All Topics): Neo-Marxism: Resistance, Contradictions, And Relative Autonomy (Copy)
- 1.4Foundational Theoretical Frameworks (Used Across All Topics): Feminism: Patriarchy, Gendered Institutions, And Knowledge Control (Copy)
- 1.5Foundational Theoretical Frameworks (Used Across All Topics): New Right: Marketisation, Standards, And Cultural Decline (Copy)
- 1.6Foundational Theoretical Frameworks (Used Across All Topics): Postmodernism: Fragmentation, Choice, And The End Of Meta-Narratives (Copy)
- 1.7Foundational Theoretical Frameworks (Used Across All Topics): Social Democratic Perspectives: Equality, State Intervention, And Reform (Copy)
- 1.8Foundational Theoretical Frameworks (Used Across All Topics): Interactionism: Labelling, Identity Construction, And Micro-Processes (Copy)
- 1.9Foundational Theoretical Frameworks (Used Across All Topics): Weberian Theory: Power, Status, And Legitimation (Copy)
- 1.10Foundational Theoretical Frameworks (Used Across All Topics): Post-Structuralism: Discourse, Surveillance, And Institutional Control (Copy)
- 1.11Education: Theory And Application: Role And Function Of Education: Functionalist Theory Of Education And Social Solidarity (Copy)
- 1.12Education: Theory And Application: Role And Function Of Education: Marxist Theory Of Education And Ideological State Apparatus (Copy)
- 1.13Education: Theory And Application: Role And Function Of Education: Feminist Theory Of Education And Patriarchal Reproduction (Copy)
- 1.14Education: Theory And Application: Role And Function Of Education: Postmodern Views On Education And Individualised Learning (Copy)
- 1.15Education: Theory And Application: Role And Function Of Education: Human Capital Theory And Economic Productivity (Copy)
- 1.16Education: Theory And Application: Education And Inequality (Class, Gender, Ethnicity): Cultural Capital Theory And Educational Achievement (Copy)
- 1.17Education: Theory And Application: Education And Inequality (Class, Gender, Ethnicity): Cultural Deprivation Theory And Critiques (Copy)
- 1.18Education: Theory And Application: Education And Inequality (Class, Gender, Ethnicity): Material Deprivation Theory And Structural Inequality (Copy)
- 1.19Education: Theory And Application: Education And Inequality (Class, Gender, Ethnicity): Ethnocentric Curriculum Theory And Institutional Racism (Copy)
- 1.20Education: Theory And Application: Education And Inequality (Class, Gender, Ethnicity): Labelling Theory And The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy (Copy)
- 1.21Education: Theory And Application: Education And Inequality (Class, Gender, Ethnicity): Setting, Streaming, And Educational Differentiation (Copy)
- 1.22Education: Theory And Application: Education And Inequality (Class, Gender, Ethnicity): Meritocracy Theory And Its Ideological Function (Copy)
- 1.23Education: Theory And Application: Education And Inequality (Class, Gender, Ethnicity): Intersectionality Theory: Class, Gender, And Ethnicity Combined (Copy)
- 1.24Education: Theory And Application: Education And Inequality (Class, Gender, Ethnicity): Compensatory Education Theory And Social Policy Responses (Copy)
- 1.25Education: Theory And Application: Education And Inequality (Class, Gender, Ethnicity): Crisis Of Masculinity Theory And Male Underachievement (Copy)
- 1.26Education: Theory And Application: Education, Power, And Control: Correspondence Principle And Hidden Curriculum (Copy)
- 1.27Education: Theory And Application: Education, Power, And Control: Credentialism Theory And Qualification Inflation (Copy)
- 1.28Education: Theory And Application: Education, Power, And Control: Marketisation Theory And Parental Choice (Copy)
- 1.29Education: Theory And Application: Education, Power, And Control: Performativity Theory And Audit Culture (Copy)
- 1.30Education: Theory And Application: Education, Power, And Control: Surveillance Theory In Schools (Discipline And Regulation) (Copy)
- 1.31Paper 4 – Globalisation: Theory And Application: Globalisation Theory: Economic, Political, And Cultural Dimensions (Copy)
- 1.32Paper 4 – Globalisation: Theory And Application: Marxist Theories Of Global Capitalism And Exploitation (Copy)
- 1.33Paper 4 – Globalisation: Theory And Application: Neo-Liberal Globalisation Theory And Free Markets (Copy)
- 1.34Paper 4 – Globalisation: Theory And Application: World Systems Theory And Core–Periphery Relations (Copy)
- 1.35Paper 4 – Globalisation: Theory And Application: Dependency Theory And Underdevelopment (Copy)
- 1.36Paper 4 – Globalisation: Theory And Application: Cultural Homogenisation Theory (Westernisation / Americanisation) (Copy)
- 1.37Paper 4 – Globalisation: Theory And Application: Cultural Hybridisation Theory (Copy)
- 1.38Paper 4 – Globalisation: Theory And Application: Global Governance Theory And Power Of International Institutions (Copy)
- 1.39Paper 4 – Globalisation: Theory And Application: Risk Society Theory And Global Uncertainty (Copy)
- 1.40Paper 4 – Globalisation: Theory And Application: Postmodern Globalisation And Identity Fluidity (Copy)
- 1.41Paper 4 – Media: Theory And Application: Marxist Media Theory And Ideological Control (Copy)
- 1.42Paper 4 – Media: Theory And Application: Pluralist Media Theory And Audience Choice (Copy)
- 1.43Paper 4 – Media: Theory And Application: Neo-Marxist Media Theory And Hegemony (Copy)
- 1.44Paper 4 – Media: Theory And Application: Feminist Media Theory And Gender Representation (Copy)
- 1.45Paper 4 – Media: Theory And Application: Postmodern Media Theory And Hyperreality (Copy)
- 1.46Paper 4 – Media: Theory And Application: Media Effects Theory And Behavioural Influence (Copy)
- 1.47Paper 4 – Media: Theory And Application: Agenda-Setting Theory And Moral Panics (Copy)
- 1.48Paper 4 – Media: Theory And Application: Audience Reception Theory And Active Audiences (Copy)
- 1.49Paper 4 – Religion: Theory And Application: Functionalist Theory Of Religion And Social Integration (Copy)
- 1.50Paper 4 – Religion: Theory And Application: Marxist Theory Of Religion As Ideological Control (Copy)
- 1.51Paper 4 – Religion: Theory And Application: Feminist Theory Of Religion And Patriarchy (Copy)
- 1.52Paper 4 – Religion: Theory And Application: Weberian Theory Of Religion And Social Change (Copy)
- 1.53Paper 4 – Religion: Theory And Application: Secularisation Theory And Decline Of Religion (Copy)
- 1.54Paper 4 – Religion: Theory And Application: Postmodern Religion Theory And Spiritual Diversity (Copy)
- 1.55Paper 4 – Religion: Theory And Application: Fundamentalism Theory And Global Uncertainty (Copy)
- 1.56Paper 4 – Religion: Theory And Application: New Religious Movements Theory (Copy)
- 1.57Paper 4 – Religion: Theory And Application: Religion, Power, And Political Control (Copy)
- 1.58Paper 4 – Religion: Theory And Application: Religion, Identity, And Globalisation (Copy)
- 1.59Synoptic And Cross-Topic Theory Application: Applying Globalisation Theory To Education Systems (Copy)
- 1.60Synoptic And Cross-Topic Theory Application: Applying Feminist Theory Across Education, Media, And Religion (Copy)
- 1.61Synoptic And Cross-Topic Theory Application: Applying Marxist Theory Across All A Level Topics (Copy)
- 1.62Synoptic And Cross-Topic Theory Application: Comparing Structural Versus Postmodern Explanations (Copy)
- 1.63Synoptic And Cross-Topic Theory Application: Evaluating Meta-Theories Versus Micro-Theories (Copy)
- 1.64Synoptic And Cross-Topic Theory Application: Theory Competition: Which Explains Contemporary Society Best? (Copy)
- Cheat SheetsShort, Quick Revision Cheat Sheets100
- 2.1Theories About The Role Of Education: Functionalist Views About How Education Contributes To Value Consensus And Social Solidarity (Copy)
- 2.2Theories About The Role Of Education: Education And Role Allocation (Copy)
- 2.3Theories About The Role Of Education: Marxist Views About How Education Contributes To The Maintenance Of The Capitalist Economic System (Copy)
- 2.4Theories About The Role Of Education: Education As An Instrument Of Ideological Control And Cultural Reproduction (Copy)
- 2.5Theories About The Role Of Education: New Right And Social Democratic Views On The Relationship Between Education And The Economy (Copy)
- 2.6Education And Social Mobility: Equal Opportunity And The Idea Of Meritocracy (Copy)
- 2.7Education And Social Mobility: The Extent To Which Education Systems Are Meritocratic Today (Copy)
- 2.8Education And Social Mobility: The Importance Of Education In Influencing Life Chances, And The Consequences Of Educational Under-Achievement For The Individual And For Society (Copy)
- 2.9Education And Social Mobility: Evidence And Arguments About The Links Between Education And Social Mobility (Copy)
- 2.10Influences On The Curriculum: The Social Construction Of Knowledge (Copy)
- 2.11Influences On The Curriculum: Factors Influencing The Content Of The Curriculum, Including Power, Status, Culture, Economic Demands, And Gender (Copy)
- 2.12Influences On The Curriculum: Education And Cultural Reproduction, Including The Ethnocentric Curriculum, The Gendered Curriculum, And The Hidden Curriculum (Copy)
- 2.13Influences On The Curriculum: The Curriculum And The Concept Of Cultural Capital (Copy)
- 2.14Education And Inequality: Intelligence And Educational Attainment (Copy)
- 2.15Education And Inequality: Social Class And Educational Attainment (Copy)
- 2.16Education And Inequality: Ethnicity And Educational Attainment (Copy)
- 2.17Education And Inequality: Gender And Educational Attainment (Copy)
- 2.18Intelligence And Educational Attainment: The Difficulties In Defining Intelligence (Copy)
- 2.19Intelligence And Educational Attainment: IQ Tests And The Extent To Which They Are Influenced By Social Factors (Copy)
- 2.20Intelligence And Educational Attainment: Intelligence As An Influence On Educational Attainment (Copy)
- 2.21Social Class And Educational Attainment: The Relationship Between Material Factors And Educational Attainment (Copy)
- 2.22Social Class And Educational Attainment: Cultural Explanations For Patterns In Social Class And Educational Attainment, Including Parental Attitudes, Values, Speech Codes, And Cultural Capital (Copy)
- 2.23Social Class And Educational Attainment: In-School Factors, Including Labelling, Ability Grouping And Pupil Subcultures (Copy)
- 2.24Social Class And Educational Attainment: Compensatory Education Programmes (Copy)
- 2.25Ethnicity And Educational Attainment: Racism In Schools (Copy)
- 2.26Ethnicity And Educational Attainment: Cultural Explanations For Patterns In Ethnicity And Educational Attainment (Copy)
- 2.27Ethnicity And Educational Attainment: Ethnicity And Subcultures (Copy)
- 2.28Ethnicity And Educational Attainment: The Relationship Between Ethnicity, Social Class And Gender (Copy)
- 2.29Gender And Educational Attainment: The Relationship Between Gender Socialisation And Educational Attainment (Copy)
- 2.30Gender And Educational Attainment: Wider Social Changes And Gendered Educational Achievement, Including Changing Female Expectations And The Crisis Of Masculinity (Copy)
- 2.31Gender And Educational Attainment: Gender And Subcultures (Copy)
- 2.32Gender And Educational Attainment: Teacher Expectations And Gendered Behaviour In The Classroom (Copy)
- 2.33Perspectives On Globalisation: Key Definitions And Issues, Including Globalisation, Glocalisation, Global Culture, And Problems With Defining Globalisation (Copy)
- 2.34Perspectives On Globalisation: Different Dimensions Of Globalisation Including Cultural, Political And Economic (Copy)
- 2.35Perspectives On Globalisation: Perspectives On Who Benefits From Globalisation, Including The Marxist, Feminist, Postmodernist, Globalist, Sceptic And Transformationalist Perspectives (Copy)
- 2.36Globalisation And Identity: The Impact Of Globalisation On Identity, Including Ethnic Revitalisation, Cultural Defence And Hybrid Identity (Copy)
- 2.37Globalisation And Identity: Cultural Divergence Versus Cultural Convergence/Homogenisation (Copy)
- 2.38Globalisation And Identity: The Role Of Western Ideology In Shaping Identity And The Concept Of Westernisation (Copy)
- 2.39The Role Of Western Ideology In Shaping Identity And The Concept Of Westernisation: The Spread Of Liberal Democracy And Human Rights (Copy)
- 2.40The Role Of Western Ideology In Shaping Identity And The Concept Of Westernisation: Global Social Movements And Attempts To Oppose Globalisation (Copy)
- 2.41The Role Of Western Ideology In Shaping Identity And The Concept Of Westernisation: Debates About The Role Of The Nation State In Tackling Global Social And Environmental Problems (Copy)
- 2.42Globalisation, Poverty And Inequalities: Debates About The Impact Of Globalisation On Life Chances In Developing Countries, In Relation To Education, Income And Health (Copy)
- 2.43Globalisation, Poverty And Inequalities: The Role Of Transnational Organisations In Tackling Global Inequalities And The Extent To Which They Have Been Successful (Copy)
- 2.44Globalisation, Poverty And Inequalities: Sociological Explanations For Global Inequalities, Including Capitalism, Colonialism, Post-Colonialism And Patriarchy (Copy)
- 2.45Globalisation And Migration: The Causes Of Global Migration, Including Immigration, Emigration, Net Migration, Push And Pull Factors, Global Labour Patterns And Tourism (Copy)
- 2.46Globalisation And Migration: The Consequences Of Global Migration, Positive And Negative, Including Cultural Diversity, Economic Benefits, Concerns Over Scarce Resources And Negative Perceptions Of Migration (Copy)
- 2.47Globalisation And Migration: Debates About Who Benefits From Migration (Copy)
- 2.48Globalisation And Crime: Reasons For The Emergence Of Global Crimes, Such As Human Trafficking, Corporate Crime And Crimes Against The Environment (Copy)
- 2.49Globalisation And Crime: Explanations Of Who Benefits From Global Crime, Including Marxist And Feminist Perspectives (Copy)
- 2.50Globalisation And Crime: Policing And Prosecuting Global Crime, Including The Benefits And Challenges Resulting From Globalisation And New Technology (Copy)
- 2.51Traditional Media And The New Media: Trends Affecting The Organisation Of The Media, Including Cross-Media Ownership, Digitalisation, Media Conglomerates And Social Media (Copy)
- 2.52Traditional Media And The New Media: Debates About Who Controls The Media (Copy)
- 2.53Traditional Media And The New Media: Differences Between The Traditional Media And The New Media (Copy)
- 2.54Traditional Media And The New Media: The Debate About Whether The Traditional Media Has Been Undermined By The Growth Of The New Media (Copy)
- 2.55Theories Of The Media And Influences On Media Content: Pluralist Theories Of The Media (Copy)
- 2.56Theories Of The Media And Influences On Media Content: Marxist And Neo-Marxist Theories Of The Media (Copy)
- 2.57Theories Of The Media And Influences On Media Content: Factors That Influence The Selection And Presentation Of News (Copy)
- 2.58Theories Of The Media And Influences On Media Content: The Concepts Of Mass Manipulation And Hegemony As Different Ways Of Understanding The Production Of Media Content (Copy)
- 2.59Theories Of The Media And Influences On Media Content: The Postmodernist Contribution To Understanding The Media (Copy)
- 2.60Theories Of The Media And Influences On Media Content: Censorship As A Factor Influencing Media Content (Copy)
- 2.61Theories Of The Media And Influences On Media Content: How The Media May Influence The Political Process, Including Agenda Setting, Opinion Polls, And News Reporting (Copy)
- 2.62The Impact Of The New Media: How The New Media Is Contributing To Globalisation (Copy)
- 2.63The Impact Of The New Media: The New Media As A Challenge To Existing Power Structures (Copy)
- 2.64The Impact Of The New Media: The Debate About Digital Optimism Versus Digital Pessimism (Copy)
- 2.65The Impact Of The New Media: The Impact Of The New Media On Social Identities And Interpersonal Relationships (Copy)
- 2.66Media Representations Of Class, Gender, Ethnicity, And Age Groups: How Different Groups Are Represented In The Media (Copy)
- 2.67Media Representations Of Class, Gender, Ethnicity, And Age Groups: Ways That The Media Contributes To Gender Socialisation (Copy)
- 2.68Media Representations Of Class, Gender, Ethnicity, And Age Groups: Moral Panics Around Class, Gender, Ethnicity And Age Groups (Copy)
- 2.69Media Representations Of Class, Gender, Ethnicity, And Age Groups: The Relationship Between The Media And Popular Culture (Copy)
- 2.70Different Models Of Media Effects: Direct Effects Models Of Media Influence, Including The Hypodermic Syringe Model (Copy)
- 2.71Different Models Of Media Effects: Indirect Effects Models Of Media Influence, Including The Uses And Gratification Model, The Two-Step Flow Model, The Normative Model And The Cultural Effects Model (Copy)
- 2.72Different Models Of Media Effects: Debates About The Strengths And Limitations Of The Different Models Of Media Effects (Copy)
- 2.73Different Models Of Media Effects: Arguments And Evidence About The Extent To Which Human Behaviour Is Influenced By The Media (Copy)
- 2.74The Impact Of The Media On Behaviour: Arguments And Evidence About The Extent To Which Violent Media Leads To Violent Behaviour (Copy)
- 2.75The Impact Of The Media On Behaviour: The Impact Of The Media On Crime, Including Deviance Amplification And Moral Panics (Copy)
- 2.76The Impact Of The Media On Behaviour: Ways In Which The Media Might Have A Positive Impact On Human Behaviour (Copy)
- 2.77The Impact Of The Media On Behaviour: Ways In Which People May Be Affected By Media Sensationalism And Stereotyping (Copy)
- 2.78Religion And Society: Ways Of Defining Religion (Copy)
- 2.79Religion And Society: Difficulties In Measuring Religious Belief (Copy)
- 2.80Religion And Society: Social Groups And Religiosity, Including Class, Gender, Ethnicity And Age (Copy)
- 2.81Religion And Society: Religion And Other Belief Systems (Copy)
- 2.82Religion And Social Order: Functionalist Accounts Of How Religion Contributes To Social Order And Social Solidarity (Copy)
- 2.83Religion And Social Order: Marxist Accounts Of The Relationship Between Religion, Oppression And Capitalism (Copy)
- 2.84Religion And Social Order: Debates About The Strengths And Limitations Of Functionalist And Marxist Perspectives On Religion (Copy)
- 2.85Religion As A Source Of Social Change: Weber’s Theory Of The Role Of Religion In The Rise Of Capitalism (Copy)
- 2.86Religion As A Source Of Social Change: Alternative Views About The Relationship Between Religion And The Origins Of Capitalism (Copy)
- 2.87Religion As A Source Of Social Change: Liberation Theology As An Example Of Religion Acting As A Vehicle For Social Change (Copy)
- 2.88Religion As A Source Of Social Change: The Influence Of Religious Movements On Political Debates And Struggles, Examined Through Case Studies Such As The Evangelical Movement In US Politics Or The Influence Of The Ayatollahs In The Iranian Revolution (Copy)
- 2.89The Secularisation Debate: The Secularisation Thesis (Copy)
- 2.90The Secularisation Debate: Evidence For A Decline In Religious Belief (Copy)
- 2.91The Secularisation Debate: Discussions About Whether Rationalisation Is Leading To A Decline In Religious Belief (Copy)
- 2.92The Secularisation Debate: Debates About Whether Religion Has Lost Its Social Significance (Copy)
- 2.93Gender, Feminism And Religion: Feminist Perspectives On Religion (Copy)
- 2.94Gender, Feminism And Religion: Explanations For Patriarchy And Gender Inequality In Religion (Copy)
- 2.95Gender, Feminism And Religion: Moves Towards Gender Equality In Religious Organisations And Evidence That Religious Practices May Benefit Women (Copy)
- 2.96Religion And Post-Modernity: Discussions About Whether There Has Been A Growth In Privatised Religion (Copy)
- 2.97Religion And Post-Modernity: The Concept Of Spiritual Shopping And Its Contribution To Understanding Religiosity Today (Copy)
- 2.98Religion And Post-Modernity: Debates About Whether Resacrilisation Is A Feature Of Post-Modernity (Copy)
- 2.99Religion And Post-Modernity: The Significance Of New Religious Movements (NRMs) And New Age Ideas For Understanding The Meaning And Significance Of Religion Today (Copy)
- 2.100Religion And Post-Modernity: Different Explanations For The Growth In Fundamentalist Religions, Including Cultural Defence, Cultural Transition, Disengagement, Marginality, And Religious Revival (Copy)
- Notes (Rearranged Version 2)Notes Arranged In A Different Style For Preparation Ease25
- 3.1Theories About The Role of Education (Copy)
- 3.2Education And Social Mobility (Copy)
- 3.3Influences On The Curriculum (Copy)
- 3.4Intelligence And Educational Attainment (Copy)
- 3.5Social Class And Educational Attainment (Copy)
- 3.6Ethnicity And Educational Attainment (Copy)
- 3.7Gender And Educational Attainment (Copy)
- 3.8Perspectives On Globalization (Copy)
- 3.9Globalization And Identity (Copy)
- 3.10Globalization, Power And Politics (Copy)
- 3.11Globalization, Poverty And Inequalities (Copy)
- 3.12Globalization And Migration (Copy)
- 3.13Globalization And Crime (Copy)
- 3.14Traditional Media And The New Media (Copy)
- 3.15Theories of The Media And Influence On Media Content (Copy)
- 3.16The Impact of The New Media (Copy)
- 3.17Media Representation of Class, Gender, Ethnicity, And Age Groups (Copy)
- 3.18Different Models of Media effects (Copy)
- 3.19The Impact of The Media On Behavior (Copy)
- 3.20Religion and Society (Copy)
- 3.21Religion and Social Orer (Copy)
- 3.22Religion As A Source of Social Change (Copy)
- 3.23The Secularisation Debate (Copy)
- 3.24Gender, Feminism and Religion (Copy)
- 3.25Religion and Postmodernity (Copy)
Religion And Post-Modernity: Different Explanations For The Growth In Fundamentalist Religions, Including Cultural Defence, Cultural Transition, Disengagement, Marginality, And Religious Revival (Copy)
Growth of Fundamentalist Religions
Core Idea
| Concept | Explanation | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Fundamentalism | Strict, literal interpretation of religious texts; reaction against modernity and globalisation. | Christian fundamentalists in US, Islamic revival movements. |
| Growth | Explained by various sociological concepts in response to rapid change, uncertainty, and marginalisation. |
Explanations for Growth
| Explanation | Explanation | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Cultural Defence | Religion defends identity against external threats. | Islam in Iran resisting Westernisation; Catholic Church in Poland under communism. |
| Cultural Transition | Religion helps migrants adapt to new societies by providing community and support. | Mosques for Muslim migrants in the UK. |
| Disengagement | As states secularise, religion retreats and reasserts itself more strongly. | US religious right in response to secular liberalism. |
| Marginality | Marginalised groups turn to fundamentalism for hope and empowerment. | Nation of Islam in US attracting African-Americans. |
| Religious Revival | Renewed emphasis on traditional faith and practices. | Growth of Pentecostalism in Latin America. |
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia, World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 7 Distinctions and 11 World Records For Educate A Change A2 Level Sociology Full Scale Course
Theoretical Perspectives
| Perspective | View | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Giddens | Fundamentalism = reaction to globalisation and modernity. | Growth of radical Islam post-9/11. |
| Bauman | Response to postmodern uncertainty → “identity anchors.” | |
| Bruce | Fundamentalism grows where traditional values threatened. | US Evangelicals opposing secular policies. |
| Huntington (Clash of Civilisations) | Religious identities fuelling global conflict. | Islam vs West narratives. |
Criticisms
| Criticism | Explanation | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Overgeneralisation | Not all religious growth is fundamentalist. | Liberal Christianity also expanding. |
| Western Bias | Fundamentalism often stereotyped as Islamic. | Hindu nationalism also fundamentalist. |
| Political/Economic Factors | Not just religion — poverty, inequality drive it. | Middle East politics. |
| Secularisation Counter | In some regions, religion still declining. | Northern Europe. |
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia, World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 7 Distinctions and 11 World Records For Educate A Change A2 Level Sociology Full Scale Course
Quick Revision Phrases
- “Explanations: cultural defence, transition, disengagement, marginality, revival.”
- “Theorists: Giddens (globalisation), Bauman (uncertainty), Bruce (threat to values).”
- “Examples: Iran, Poland, Nation of Islam, Pentecostalism.”
- “Criticisms: overgeneralised, Western bias, ignores political/economic causes.”
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia, World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 7 Distinctions and 11 World Records For Educate A Change A2 Level Sociology Full Scale Course