Paper 4 – Globalisation: Theory And Application: Dependency Theory And Underdevelopment (Copy)
Dependency Theory And Underdevelopment (Theory + Direct Application)
Core Idea Of Dependency Theory
- Development and underdevelopment are linked processes
- Poor countries are not “behind” — they are kept underdeveloped by global capitalism
Key Idea
- Wealth flows from periphery → core, creating dependency
Andre Gunder Frank – Development Of Underdevelopment
- Underdevelopment is actively produced
Key Idea
- Development in core countries depends on exploitation of periphery
Application
- Colonisation:
- Extraction of resources from colonies
- Post-colonial period:
- Continued economic dependence
- Result:
- Rich countries become richer
- Poor countries remain poor
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 7 Distinctions and 11 World Records For Educate A Change A2 Level Sociology Full Scale Course
Satellite–Metropolis Model
- World structured in hierarchy
Key Idea
- Resources flow from satellites (periphery) to metropolises (core)
Application
- Rural areas → cities
- Cities → global centres
- Each level extracts wealth from the one below
Unequal Exchange
- Trade relationships are unequal
Key Idea
- Periphery receives less value in trade
Application
- Raw materials exported cheaply
- Manufactured goods imported at higher prices
- Leads to:
- Trade imbalance
- Economic dependency
Role Of Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
- MNCs reinforce dependency
Key Idea
- Foreign companies control local economies
Application
- Extract profits from developing countries
- Pay low wages
- Limited reinvestment in local economy
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 7 Distinctions and 11 World Records For Educate A Change A2 Level Sociology Full Scale Course
Debt And Financial Dependency
- Developing countries rely on loans
Key Idea
- Debt traps countries in dependency
Application
- Loans from international institutions
- Conditions imposed:
- Economic policies favouring developed countries
- Leads to:
- Reduced sovereignty
- Continued underdevelopment
Structural Barriers To Development
- System prevents development
Key Idea
- Global structure limits opportunities
Application
- Lack of industrialisation
- Dependence on primary exports
- Vulnerability to global market changes
Cultural And Ideological Dependency
- Dependence not just economic
Key Idea
- Dominant ideas reinforce dependency
Application
- Western values promoted as superior
- Local cultures undervalued
- Maintains:
- Global hierarchy
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 7 Distinctions and 11 World Records For Educate A Change A2 Level Sociology Full Scale Course
Overall Application To Globalisation
- Dependency theory explains:
- Why some countries remain underdeveloped
- Globalisation leads to:
- Continued exploitation
- Unequal development
- Relationship between countries is:
- Unequal and dependent
Evaluation Through Application (Theory-Focused)
- Strong explanation of global inequality
- Highlights historical and structural factors
- However:
- Some countries have developed successfully
- Overly deterministic
- Underestimates role of internal factors
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 7 Distinctions and 11 World Records For Educate A Change A2 Level Sociology Full Scale Course