Acids, Bases And Salts
Acids, Bases And Salts — Formulae Sheet (Tabular Form)
| Concept | Formula | Units | Key Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| pH | pH = −log[H⁺] | — | [H⁺] in mol dm⁻³ |
| Hydrogen Ion Concentration | [H⁺] = 10⁻ᵖᴴ | mol dm⁻³ | Inverse of pH |
| Hydroxide Ion Relation | [H⁺][OH⁻] = 1.0 × 10⁻¹⁴ | (mol dm⁻³)² | At 25°C |
| pOH | pOH = −log[OH⁻] | — | Related to pH |
| pH + pOH | pH + pOH = 14 | — | At 25°C |
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change O Level And IGCSE Chemistry Full Scale Course
| Concept | Formula | Units | Key Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Concentration | C = n / V | mol dm⁻³ | V in dm³ |
| Moles in Solution | n = C × V | mol | Core formula |
| Mass from Moles | m = n × M | g | M = molar mass |
| Neutralisation Ratio | Based on balanced equation | — | Acid : base ratio |
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change O Level And IGCSE Chemistry Full Scale Course
| Concept | Formula | Units | Key Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Titration Formula | C₁V₁ = C₂V₂ | mol dm⁻³, dm³ | Only if ratio is 1:1 |
| General Titration | n₁ / n₂ = ratio from equation | — | Use mole ratio |
| Volume Conversion | dm³ = cm³ / 1000 | dm³ | Must convert before use |
| Concentration (Mass) | C = m / V | g dm⁻³ | Alternative form |
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change O Level And IGCSE Chemistry Full Scale Course
| Concept | Formula | Units | Key Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Solubility | g per 100 g water | g | Temperature dependent |
| Precipitation Condition | Insoluble salt forms | — | From solubility rules |
| Ionic Equation | Remove spectator ions | — | Shows actual reaction |
| Neutralisation | Acid + Base → Salt + Water | — | General reaction |
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change O Level And IGCSE Chemistry Full Scale Course
| Concept | Formula | Units | Key Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Strong Acid | Fully ionised | — | e.g. HCl |
| Weak Acid | Partially ionised | — | e.g. CH₃COOH |
| Alkali | Base soluble in water | — | Produces OH⁻ ions |
| Salt Formation | Acid + metal / oxide / carbonate | — | Different reactions |
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change O Level And IGCSE Chemistry Full Scale Course