Experimental Techniques And Chemical Analysis
Experimental Techniques And Chemical Analysis — Formulae Sheet (Tabular Form)
| Concept | Formula | Units | Key Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Concentration | C = n / V | mol dm⁻³ | V must be in dm³ |
| Moles in Solution | n = C × V | mol | Core calculation |
| Mass from Moles | m = n × M | g | M = molar mass |
| Volume Conversion | dm³ = cm³ / 1000 | dm³ | Always convert before use |
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change O Level And IGCSE Chemistry Full Scale Course
| Concept | Formula | Units | Key Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Titration (1:1 ratio) | C₁V₁ = C₂V₂ | mol dm⁻³, dm³ | Only when mole ratio = 1:1 |
| General Titration | n₁ / n₂ = mole ratio | — | Use balanced equation |
| Mean Titre | Mean = (sum of concordant titres) / number | cm³ | Use close values only |
| Concordant Results | Difference ≤ 0.10 cm³ | cm³ | Acceptable readings |
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change O Level And IGCSE Chemistry Full Scale Course
| Concept | Formula | Units | Key Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rf Value | Rf = distance travelled by substance / distance travelled by solvent | — | Always < 1 |
| Percentage Error | % error = ( | measured − actual | / actual) × 100 |
| Percentage Yield | % yield = (actual / theoretical) × 100 | % | Reaction efficiency |
| Percentage Purity | % purity = (pure mass / total mass) × 100 | % | Impurity level |
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change O Level And IGCSE Chemistry Full Scale Course
| Concept | Formula | Units | Key Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Density | ρ = m / V | g cm⁻³ or kg m⁻³ | Used in experiments |
| Rate of Reaction | Rate = change / time | varies | From collected data |
| Average Rate | total change / total time | — | Overall rate |
| Graph Gradient | Rate = slope of graph | — | Steeper = faster |
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change O Level And IGCSE Chemistry Full Scale Course
| Concept | Formula | Units | Key Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uncertainty | ± half smallest division | — | Measurement precision |
| Percentage Uncertainty | % uncertainty = (uncertainty / measured value) × 100 | % | Compare reliability |
| Significant Figures | Match least precise value | — | Reporting answers |
| Temperature Conversion | K = °C + 273 | K | Required in some calculations |
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 11 World Records and 7 Distinctions, Educate A Change O Level And IGCSE Chemistry Full Scale Course