Translation: Reference And Cohesion: Cataphoric Reference
| English Anaphoric Device | Urdu Translation | Usage Function | English Example Sentence | Urdu Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| he | وہ (مذکر) | Refers back to a previously mentioned male person | Ali worked hard. He passed the exam. | علی نے محنت کی۔ وہ امتحان میں پاس ہوگیا۔ |
| she | وہ (مؤنث) | Refers to a previously mentioned female person | Sara arrived late. She apologised. | سارہ دیر سے آئی۔ اس نے معذرت کی۔ |
| it | یہ / وہ | Refers back to a thing, idea, or event | The machine broke down. It stopped working. | مشین خراب ہوگئی۔ وہ چلنا بند ہوگئی۔ |
| they | وہ (جمع) | Refers back to multiple people or things | The students studied well. They succeeded. | طلبہ نے اچھی طرح پڑھا۔ وہ کامیاب ہوئے۔ |
| this | یہ | Refers back to the immediately preceding idea | The experiment failed. This caused delays. | تجربہ ناکام ہوگیا۔ اس نے تاخیر کا سبب بنا۔ |
| that | وہ | Refers back to a slightly distant idea | He lied to everyone. That shocked me. | اس نے سب سے جھوٹ بولا۔ وہ مجھے چونکا گیا۔ |
| these | یہ (جمع) | Refers to multiple ideas or items mentioned previously | We collected samples and measured values. These were recorded. | ہم نے نمونے جمع کیے اور قدریں ناپیں۔ یہ درج کی گئیں۔ |
| those | وہ (جمع) | Refers to earlier or distant items/ideas | The errors were found yesterday. Those must be corrected. | غلطیاں کل ملی تھیں۔ وہ درست کرنا ضروری ہیں۔ |
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 7 Distinctions and 11 World Records For Educate A Change O Level Urdu Second Language Full Scale Course
Anaphoric Reference with Noun Phrases
| English Phrase | Urdu Translation | Usage | English Example | Urdu Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| the former | پہلا والا | Refers back to the first of two items | I saw a cat and a dog; the former was friendly. | میں نے بلی اور کتا دیکھا؛ پہلا والا دوستانہ تھا۔ |
| the latter | دوسرا والا | Refers back to the second of two items | Ali and Bilal arrived; the latter was tired. | علی اور بلال آئے؛ دوسرا والا تھکا ہوا تھا۔ |
| the same | وہی | Refers back to a repeated idea | He repeated the mistake, the same happened before. | اس نے غلطی دہرائی، وہی پہلے بھی ہوا تھا۔ |
| such | ایسا / ایسے | Refers to a previously described type | He made rude comments; such behaviour is unacceptable. | اس نے بدتمیزی کی؛ ایسا رویہ ناقابلِ قبول ہے۔ |
| this problem | یہ مسئلہ | Refers to a just-mentioned problem | The equation is complex. This problem needs attention. | مساوات مشکل ہے۔ یہ مسئلہ توجہ چاہتا ہے۔ |
| that reason | وہ وجہ | Refers to a reason mentioned earlier | He apologised. That reason seemed genuine. | اس نے معافی مانگی۔ وہ وجہ مناسب لگی۔ |
| this situation | یہ صورتِ حال | Refers to present context | The power went out. This situation caused panic. | بجلی چلی گئی۔ یہ صورتِ حال پریشانی کا باعث بنی۔ |
| that situation | وہ صورتِ حال | Refers to distant or earlier context | The storm hit suddenly. That situation was dangerous. | طوفان اچانک آیا۔ وہ صورتِ حال خطرناک تھی۔ |
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 7 Distinctions and 11 World Records For Educate A Change O Level Urdu Second Language Full Scale Course
Extended Anaphoric Reference (whole clauses/sentences)
| English Pattern | Urdu Translation | Usage | English Example Sentence | Urdu Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| because of this | اس کی وجہ سے | Refers back to entire previous action | The machine overheated. Because of this, the test failed. | مشین گرم ہوگئی۔ اس کی وجہ سے ٹیسٹ ناکام ہوا۔ |
| despite this | اس کے باوجود | Refers back to previous difficulty | It rained heavily. Despite this, they played. | زور کی بارش ہوئی۔ اس کے باوجود وہ کھیلتے رہے۔ |
| after this | اس کے بعد | Refers to the earlier sentence/event | The lamp broke. After this, the room became dark. | لیمپ ٹوٹ گیا۔ اس کے بعد کمرہ اندھیرا ہوگیا۔ |
| due to that | اس کی وجہ سے | Refers back to a previous reason | He missed the bus. Due to that, he was late. | اس کی بس نکل گئی۔ اس کی وجہ سے وہ دیر سے پہنچا۔ |
| because of that | اسی سبب | Refers back to previous clause | She forgot her ID. Because of that, she couldn’t enter. | اس کا شناختی کارڈ بھول گیا۔ اسی سبب وہ داخل نہ ہوسکی۔ |
| as a result of that | اس کے نتیجے میں | Refers back to prior action with consequence | The wire snapped. As a result of that, the circuit failed. | تار ٹوٹ گئی۔ اس کے نتیجے میں سرکٹ فیل ہوگیا۔ |
| this caused… | اس نے… کا سبب بنا | Refers to the action just mentioned | The heating increased. This caused pressure to rise. | حرارت بڑھی۔ اس نے دباؤ بڑھا دیا۔ |
| that caused… | اس نے… کا باعث بنا | Refers to earlier distant event | He didn’t revise. That caused him to fail. | اس نے دہرایا نہیں۔ اس نے اسے ناکام کر دیا۔ |
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 7 Distinctions and 11 World Records For Educate A Change O Level Urdu Second Language Full Scale Course
Anaphoric Adverbs (Referring Back to Action/Idea)
| English Word | Urdu Translation | Usage | English Example | Urdu Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| then | پھر | Refers to sequence previously mentioned | He mixed the solution. Then he heated it. | اس نے محلول ملایا۔ پھر اسے گرم کیا۔ |
| afterwards | پھر بعد میں | Refers to earlier step | She checked the reading. Afterwards she wrote it down. | اس نے ریڈنگ چیک کی۔ پھر بعد میں لکھ لیا۔ |
| therefore | لہٰذا | Refers to earlier cause | The value was incorrect; therefore, he recalculated. | قدر غلط تھی؛ لہٰذا اس نے دوبارہ حساب کیا۔ |
| thus | یوں | Logical consequence referencing earlier sentence | The object moved; thus the force acted. | جسم حرکت میں آیا؛ یوں قوت نے اثر دکھایا۔ |
| hence | چنانچہ | Refers to earlier reason | It was raining; hence, they waited indoors. | بارش ہو رہی تھی؛ چنانچہ وہ اندر ہی رکے رہے۔ |
| so | اس لئے | Everyday linking | He studied well, so he passed. | اس نے اچھی طرح پڑھا، اس لئے وہ پاس ہوگیا۔ |
| in this way | اس طرح | Refers back to described method | He cooled the mixture. In this way, crystals formed. | اس نے محلول ٹھنڈا کیا۔ اس طرح کرسٹل بن گئے۔ |
| because of this | اس وجہ سے | Refers to the last-mentioned cause | She dropped the glass; because of this, it shattered. | اس کے ہاتھ سے گلاس گر گیا؛ اس وجہ سے وہ ٹوٹ گیا۔ |
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 7 Distinctions and 11 World Records For Educate A Change O Level Urdu Second Language Full Scale Course
Anaphoric Reference for People/Things Within Narratives
| English Expression | Urdu Translation | Usage | Example (English) | مثال (اردو) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| the man | وہ آدمی | Refers to a male already mentioned | I met a man. The man was kind. | میں ایک آدمی سے ملا۔ وہ آدمی بہت مہربان تھا۔ |
| the woman | وہ عورت | Refers back to earlier mentioned female | A woman called. The woman asked for help. | ایک عورت نے فون کیا۔ وہ عورت مدد مانگ رہی تھی۔ |
| the child | وہ بچہ | Refers to a child previously introduced | A child fell. The child stood up again. | ایک بچہ گر گیا۔ وہ بچہ دوبارہ کھڑا ہوگیا۔ |
| the object | وہ شے | Refers to earlier-mentioned object | I saw an object. The object was shiny. | میں نے ایک شے دیکھی۔ وہ شے چمکدار تھی۔ |
| the place | وہ جگہ | Refers back to location | We visited a garden. The place was beautiful. | ہم باغ گئے۔ وہ جگہ خوبصورت تھی۔ |
| the reason | وہ وجہ | Refers to cause already discussed | He didn’t come. The reason was illness. | وہ نہیں آیا۔ وجہ بیماری تھی۔ |
| the problem | وہ مسئلہ | Refers back to difficulty | We faced a problem. The problem was solved. | ہم ایک مسئلے سے دوچار ہوئے۔ وہ مسئلہ حل ہوگیا۔ |
| the result | وہ نتیجہ | Refers back to outcome | We tested the solution. The result was surprising. | ہم نے محلول کا تجربہ کیا۔ وہ نتیجہ حیران کن تھا۔ |
Written and Compiled By Sir Hunain Zia (AYLOTI), World Record Holder With 154 Total A Grades, 7 Distinctions and 11 World Records For Educate A Change O Level Urdu Second Language Full Scale Course